Workability Of Asphalt Mixture Research Articles

Effects of coarse aggregate morphology on Asphalt mixture’s flowability: Parametric and prediction study

Morphological characteristics of aggregates affect the flowability and workability of asphalt mixtures during pavement construction. To quantify the effects of coarse aggregate morphological characteristics on its flow performance, aggregates were artificially smoothened through abrasion to different levels of angularity and then evaluted based on Angle of repose (AOR)tests in laboratory. Moreover, morphological characteristics of aggregates with different sizes were scanned and rebuilt based on Particle Flow Code (PFC). 61 sets of virtual Angle of repose tests were further conducted in order to get statistical results and help to develop a predictive model of aggregates’ flowability. The study results indicate that within the commonly used particle size range of 2.36–13.2 mm in pavement, the larger the particle size, the greater the AOR test results. Within 500 cycles of abrasion, most morphological parameters of aggregates show a clear positive correlation with its flowability. Variables based on the aggregate shape scale (Ellipse ratio and Aspect ratio), and angular scale variables(Circularity and 3D Angularity), can well predict the flowability of aggregates. The significance of their contribution to the flowability are shown as follow: Aspect ratio > 3D Angularity > Circularity > Ellipse ratio. Thus, it is important to control the morphological characteristics of aggregates within a reasonable range in order to improve the flowability and workability of asphalt mixtures during pavement construction phase.

Research on the migration law of aggregate particles in the compaction process of asphalt mixture based on discrete element method

Asphalt mixture compaction is among the key technologies in asphalt pavement construction, but the effect of asphalt mixture mixing quality on mixture compaction performance is still unclear. This research aimed to develop an asphalt mixture compaction model by discrete element simulation and verify it by compaction degree. Asphalt mixture compaction process was simulated and the effect of asphalt mixture workability on the stress, migration law and void distribution properties of aggregate particles during compaction process was investigated. The obtained results showed that the developed asphalt mixture compaction model was reasonable and correct. The more uniform the asphalt mixture is mixed, the smaller the average force on the aggregates, the aggregate particle migration velocity, and the aggregate particle displacement during the compaction of the asphalt mixture. Under the same conditions, increasing the mixing temperature from 140℃ to 180℃ increased the average velocity of the aggregates in the asphalt mixture by 92 %. It also decreased the voids in the compacted mixture specimens. At the same time, under the action of edge effect, void distribution at the center of compacted specimen was small, void distribution around the specimen was high, and void distribution along specimen compaction force direction was also high.

Geometrical characteristics of aggregates: The influence of sphericity, angularity, and surface texture on the workability of asphalt mixtures

Workability of asphalt mixtures is considered as an essential factor in quality control of asphalt pavement construction. However, there are fewer studies related to the influence of geometric properties of aggregates on the workability of asphalt mixture. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of aggregate sphericity, angularity and surface texture on the workability of asphalt mixture during the mixing process. Firstly, a self-developed workability equipment of asphalt mixture was used to analyze the differences in the asphalt mixture workability of three materials, namely, basalt, limestone and pebble. Next, using the Aggregate Image Measurement System (AIMS), the geometric characteristics of the aggregates were determined. Accordingly, the correlation between the geometric characteristics of the aggregates and the workability index was established through linear correlation analysis. Finally, investigating the distribution uniformity of asphalt film by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the influence of the geometric characteristics of the aggregates on the workability of the asphalt mixture was determined. The results demonstrated that, compared with limestone and pebble asphalt mixtures, a significantly greater workability value was observed for the basalt asphalt mixture. Moreover, the geometric characteristics of the aggregates were found to influence the change rule of workability in the following order: sphericity > surface texture > angularity. Furthermore, the geometric characteristics revealed to have a significant effect on the uniformity of the asphalt film.

Impact of the mastic phase and compaction temperature on the sigmoidal gyratory compaction curve of asphalt mixtures

In this study, the compactability and workability of asphalt mixtures are assessed in retrospect to key mix design factors. To better understand how the compactability and workability of asphalt mixtures evolve, asphalt mixtures compacted at different temperatures and asphalt mixtures with various mastic compositions were considered. The gyratory compaction data were further analysed using a sigmoidal curve model. To track changes in the mastic phase, the mastic film thickness and the mastic stiffness indicator (MSI) were considered. The sigmoidal curve parameters revealed that the mastic film thickness had a more pronounced effect on the compaction process compared to the effect of compaction temperature. Finally, two space diagrams are proposed for the assessment of compactability and workability, namely the C0 (initial compacity) versus CCIP (compacity at the inflection point), and the plot of β4/β3 versusβ3, with β4 and β3 being shape parameters of the sigmoidal curve.

Laboratory investigations of the effects of asphalt mortar and its viscoelasticity on the workability of asphalt mixtures

In order to understand the flow characteristics of asphalt mixture in the composition of materials, the influence of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mortar on asphalt mixture workability was investigated. In this study, an asphalt mixture workability test device was developed and the corresponding evaluation index was proposed. Analysis of the basic and rheological properties of asphalt mortar for different filler-asphalt ratios and asphalt compositions, and evaluated the corresponding asphalt mixture workability. Finally, the distribution uniformities of asphalt mortar, aggregate and pore structure in compacted asphalt mixture were analyzed according to digital image processing techniques. The obtained experimental results showed that asphalt mixture workability was closely related to asphalt mortar viscoelastic properties. Also, rheological indices such as viscosity, complex shear modulus G*, phase angle δ and rutting factor G*/sinδ of asphalt mortar were to be highly correlated with workability index. As the viscosity of asphalt mortar was increased, workability index was also enhanced. In addition, lower asphalt mixture workability resulted in poorer uniformity of material distribution.

Research on evaluation method of asphalt mixture workability based on minimum mixing energy consumption

The workability evaluation of hot mix asphalt mixtures is of particular importance for the uniformity analysis of asphalt mixtures and influence of later asphalt pavement properties. Currently, workability tests and evaluation systems for hot mix asphalt mixtures are not perfect. In this study, we have developed a testing device, proposed an evaluation index, and established an evaluation system for asphalt mixture workability. The compaction degree, asphalt distribution uniformity evaluation index (ADU), aggregate distribution uniformity evaluation index (HA), and coated uniformity of asphalt film evaluation index (CUAF) were measured to verify the workability evaluation index of asphalt mixture. Test results demonstrated that the newly developed asphalt mixture workability testing device and workability evaluation index accurately quantified the shift law of asphalt mixture workability during mixing process. The variation of the workability law was affected by asphalt type, mixture type, and mixing temperature. Compactness, ADU, HA and CUAF were closely correlated with workability evaluation indexes, and R2 values were 0.73, 0.77, 0.94 and 0.8, respectively. Validation results of the workability evaluation index of compactness, ADU, HA, and CUAF showed that the newly proposed workability evaluation index for asphalt mixture was feasible and effective.

Influence of asphalt mixture workability on the distribution uniformity of asphalt, aggregate particles and asphalt film during mixing process

Due to the homogenization of asphalt mixture, the service life and road performance of asphalt pavements are found to be seriously affected by the segregation of the asphalt mixture. The distribution mechanism of the asphalt on the aggregate as well as its distribution uniformity are also considered as major issues in the construction of asphalt mixtures during the mixing process. Accordingly, the present study aims at investigating the distribution uniformity of asphalt, aggregate particles, and asphalt film during the mixing process of asphalt mixture. Furthermore, the study intends to explore the effect of workability on the mixing uniformity of the mixture. To achieve these goals, a workability evaluation method was presented for the assessment of the asphalt mixture. In addition, using combustion furnace, scanning electron microscope (SEM), standard sieve, etc., the mixing uniformity was analyzed by evaluating the asphalt distribution uniformity (ADU), homogeneity of aggregate (HA), and coating uniformity of asphalt film (CUAF). Also, applying linear correlation, the correlation between workability and ADU, HA, and CUAF was determined. The obtained results corroborated the applicability of the proposed asphalt mixture, workability test equipment and evaluation metrics. The distribution of the asphalt and aggregate in the upper and the lower layers of the mixing pot was also found to be more severe than that of the different directions of the pot. Moreover, the existence of more coarse aggregates in the asphalt mixture was shown to result in a greater degree of aggregate dispersion. The homogeneity of the asphalt film was also observed to be greatly affected by the mixing temperature. Finally, the mixture’s workability was found to have a significant impact on the ADU, HA, and CUAF of the mixture.

A Comparative Review of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies from Environmental and Economic Perspectives: Towards a Sustainable Asphalt Pavement.

The environmental concerns of global warming and energy consumption are among the most severe issues and challenges facing human beings worldwide. Due to the relatively higher predicted temperatures (150-180 °C), the latest research on pavement energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission assessment mentioned contributing to higher environmental burdens such as air pollution and global warming. However, warm-mix asphalt (WMA) was introduced by pavement researchers and the road construction industry instead of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce these environmental problems. This study aims to provide a comparative overview of WMA and HMA from environmental and economic perspectives in order to highlight the challenges, motivations, and research gaps in using WMA technology compared to HMA. It was discovered that the lower production temperature of WMA could significantly reduce the emissions of gases and fumes and thus reduce global warming. The lower production temperature also provides a healthy work environment and reduces exposure to fumes. Replacing HMA with WMA can reduce production costs because of the 20-75% lower energy consumption in WMA production. It was also released that the reduction in energy consumption is dependent on the fuel type, energy source, material heat capacity, moisture content, and production temperature. Other benefits of using WMA are enhanced asphalt mixture workability and compaction because the additives in WMA reduce asphalt binder viscosity. It also allows for the incorporation of more waste materials, such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). However, future studies are recommended on the possibility of using renewable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective materials such as biomaterials as an alternative to conventional WMA-additives for more sustainable and green asphalt pavements.

Effect of warm mix asphalt additive on the workability of asphalt mixture: From particle perspective

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies, in recent decades, have gained much popularity given their proven benefits of improved workability, reduced energy consumption, and improved sustainability. However, how to select a WMA technology and determine its effectiveness at a required condition is still a question. Most current works focus on the binder’s rheological properties. Very few have investigated the particles’ behaviors during compaction, which should have a direct correlation with the mixture’s workability. With the development of a particle-size Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) sensor, SmartRock, this paper aims to analyze the particle’s kinematic behavior during compaction and explore its relationship with the mixture’s workability. With this motivation, 5 asphalt mixtures varying in the production temperature and the dose rate of the chemical additive are prepared and compacted in this study. To focus on the methodology, only one chemical additive with several dosage levels is utilized. It is found that particle rotation is a crucial property for compaction and can be used to evaluate the workability of asphalt mixtures. Relative rotation capacity (RRC) and average residual rotation (ARR) are then proposed and used to evaluate the mixture’s workability. It is verified that the higher production temperature and dosage rate of chemical additives can both improve the particle rotation and the mixture’s workability. The effect of temperature and WMA additive on workability improvement is different for the base conditions (i.e., base production temperature and usage of the WMA additive). Overall, the method proposed in this study is promising for evaluating the workability of asphalt mixtures in compaction.

Reducing Compaction Temperature of Asphalt Mixtures by GNP Modification and Aggregate Packing Optimization.

Compaction of hot mix asphalt (HMA) requires high temperatures in the range of 125 to 145 C to ensure the fluidity of asphalt binder and, therefore, the workability of asphalt mixtures. The high temperatures are associated with high energy consumption, and higher NOx emissions, and can also accelerate the aging of asphalt binders. In previous research, the authors have developed two approaches for improving the compactability of asphalt mixtures: (1) addition of Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs), and (2) optimizing aggregate packing. This research explores the effects of these two approaches, and the combination of them, on reducing compaction temperatures while the production temperature is kept at the traditional levels. A reduction in compaction temperatures is desired for prolonging the paving window, extending the hauling distance, reducing the energy consumption for reheating, and for reducing the number of repairs and their negative environmental and safety effects, by improving the durability of the mixtures. A Superpave asphalt mixture was chosen as the control mixture. Three modified mixtures were designed, respectively, by (1) adding 6% GNP by the weight of binder, (2) optimizing aggregate packing, and (3) combining the two previous approaches. Gyratory compaction tests were performed on the four mixtures at two compaction temperatures: 135 C (the compaction temperature of the control mixture) and 95 C. A method was proposed based on the gyratory compaction to estimate the compaction temperature of the mixtures. The results show that all the three methods increase the compactability of mixtures and thus significantly reduce the compaction temperatures. Method 3 (combining GNP modification and aggregate packing optimization) has the most significant effect, followed by method 1 (GNP modification), and method 2 (aggregate packing optimization).

New Methodology to Characterize the Workability of Asphaltic Concrete Mixtures Based on Kinematic Compaction Energy

The workability of asphalt mixtures influences the logistical processes and workmanship during pavement construction. There are various methods for analyzing the workability of asphaltic concrete mixtures. However, there is a lack of user-friendly laboratory methods that enable asphalt technologists, pavement engineers, laboratory technicians, and researchers to characterize the trend of workability via Newtonian physics. In this paper, a new methodology, based on momentum theory, has been proposed to evaluate the effects of construction temperature and compaction aid additives on mixture workability. Additionally, a new parameter, namely, the kinematic densifying index (KDI), is defined by the energy conservation theory. The results indicate a linear relationship between compaction energy and bulk specific gravity, which proportionally influence the indirect tensile strength of the mixtures. An adverse correlation between the KDI and the compaction energy index (CEI) was detected. The trend of the KDI strongly depends on the mixing temperature and the additive content. In conclusion, in the future, the KDI can be recommended as a supplementary indicator to analyze the workability of asphalt mixtures. More research is required to correlate the KDI and the other workability indicator for various aggregate gradations and binder types.

Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt Additive on the Workability of Asphalt Mixture: From Particle Perspective

Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt Additive on the Workability of Asphalt Mixture: From Particle Perspective

Effect of Rejuvenators on the Workability and Performances of Reclaimed Asphalt Mixtures.

The use of rejuvenators has enhanced the workability of asphalt mixtures containing the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). This conclusion is based on the determination of viscosity of asphalt binders, while not validated from reclaimed asphalt mixtures. In this study, the effect of two rejuvenators (ordinary and emulsified rejuvenator) on the workability of reclaimed asphalt mixtures was evaluated by measuring the mixing torque and determining the air void content of reclaimed mixtures. In addition, their effects on the performances of reclaimed mixture were studied via the three indexes tests, rutting test and freeze-thaw splitting tests. The experimental results show that mixing torque and air void content of reclaimed mixtures with the emulsified rejuvenator is 4% and 6% lower than that with the ordinary rejuvenator, respectively. This indicates that improvement of the workability of reclaimed mixtures can be achieved by using an emulsified rejuvenator, but not by an ordinary rejuvenator. That is also the reason that at least 20% greater high-temperature stability is found for reclaimed mixtures by using the emulsified rejuvenator than using the ordinary rejuvenator. In addition, reclaimed mixtures with the emulsified rejuvenator show similar moisture susceptibility to that with the ordinary rejuvenator. This study provides a feasible method to assess the workability effect of rejuvenators on reclaimed mixtures directly and recommends the use of an emulsified rejuvenator to improve the workability and high-temperature stability of reclaimed mixtures.

Effect of Bagasse and Coconut Peat Fillers on Asphalt Mixture Workability

Workability is of importance during asphalt construction, which plays a role in increasing stability and other performances. Using different mineral fillers can result in different asphalt workability in the same mix design. While fillers can increase stability, viscosity with regards to asphalt mastic needs to be considered for working in the field. Nowadays, waste natural materials can allow agriculturists to get more income by recycling in many industries. In this study, the objective is to determine the effect of using bagasse and coconut peat as filler on mastic viscosity and the resistance to failure performances. Findings show that the viscosities of asphalt mastic with coconut peat and bagasse fillers are relatively similar to those with limestone filler for all temperatures at 20 percent filler content. Additionally, the stabilities and flows of asphalt mixtures mixed with waste natural fillers were close to those mixed with mineral fillers at equivalent temperatures. In conclusion, the mastic viscosity is vital for determining the workability of asphalt mixture. The waste natural fillers including bagasse and coconut peat give similar mastic viscosity to limestone filler and higher than granite filler, which shows less difference to performance results.

Influence of warm mix additives on the low-temperature behavior of bitumen using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)

The mechanical and rheological characteristics of bitumen are crucial for the behavior and durability of the bituminous road layers. A bitumen susceptible to high temperatures can lead to plastic deformation of the bituminous layers, whereas a low temperature susceptible binder can lead to cracking of the bituminous layers. The penetration test at 25 °C, softening point - ring and ball method and ductility test were carried out on a 50/70 bitumen and five types of bitumen blends. In order to determine the behavior of bitumen at low temperatures, the Bending Beam Rheometer method was implemented. The presented research aims to determine how different additives that have the purpose to increase the workability of asphalt mixtures (for making warm mix asphalts) influence the behavior of a 50/70 bitumen commonly used in Romanian road technique. In this regard, the results regarding the susceptibility of bitumen at low temperatures are presented, compared to those of the same binder in which various additives were introduced. To further highlight the influence that the additives used have on the low temperature behavior of the bitumen, the research is completed by tests on bituminous mastic for each type of binder. The additives do not lead to significant changes in the rheology of pure bitumen. The wax has the biggest influence on the bitumen‘s properties. The limit temperature increases with the addition of filler in the blends.

Investigation of Moisture Dissipation of Water-Foamed Asphalt and Its Influence on the Viscosity.

Water-foamed asphalt is capable of improving the workability of asphalt mixture. It has been extensively used for its energy-saving and emission-reducing features. Water plays an essential part in improving the workability of water-foamed asphalt mixture. However, there is still lack in profound studies of moisture dissipation of the water-foamed asphalt over time and its influence on workability. In this study, the evolutions of residual water content and rotational viscosity of the water-foamed asphalt with time were respectively measured by the analytical balance and modified rotational viscometer (RV). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis was conducted to discuss the mechanism of viscosity reduction of water-foamed asphalt. The results showed that moisture evaporation is significantly influenced by the foaming water content and ambient temperature, which results in the different stabilizing time of water-foamed asphalt. When water-foamed asphalt was stabilized, the residual water inside the asphalt was less than 0.01% relative to the asphalt mass. The AFM analysis showed that the foaming process changed the distribution of wax in the water-foamed asphalt resulting in reduction of viscosity. The viscosity reduction of asphalt is highly related to the initial foaming water content. After the foaming process, the viscosity keeps stable and is independent of moisture dissipation.

Correlation between geometric parameters of coarse aggregates and mixing rheological indices of asphalt mixture

The workability of asphalt mixtures significantly influences the construction of the asphalt pavement. In this study, a mixing rheometer was developed to characterize the workability of asphalt mixtures during mixing and further to investigate the effect of coarse aggregates. In addition, the corresponding rheological indices for evaluating the mixing rheological properties were proposed, including the b value related to the initial mixing resistance and the k value related to the steady-state mixing resistance. Moreover, the correlation between the geometric properties of the coarse aggregate and the mixing rheological indices was established. Results show that the sieving diameter/shape index of single-size aggregates (SA) and single-size aggregate mixtures (SAM) exhibits a strong linear correlation with the rheological indice k value. The fluctuation of SAM’s mixing rheological indices was reduced by about 1 time compared with SA’s. Therefore, asphalt plays a lubricating role in the mixture to reduce mixing resistance and reduce the sensitivity of aggregate geometric characteristics to mixing rheological indices. As the aggregate size increases, the mixing rheological properties of the mixture deteriorate. During the initial mixing, the b values of SA, SAM and GAM are most sensitive to the aggregate shape index, angularity and sieving diameter, respectively. During the steady-state mixing, the aggregate sieving diameter is most sensitive to the mixing rheological indice k value, followed by the shape index, while the angularity is less sensitive to the k value.

Evaluation of cracking resistance of healed warm mix asphalt based on air-void and binder content

This paper investigates the effects of air-void and binder content on the cracking mechanism of asphalt concrete by using induction heating. Semi-circular bending test was used to evaluate the cracking resistance of induction asphalt mixture, including fracture energy index, crack velocity, crack resistance index, and flexibility index. Compaction energy index was computed to evaluate the influence of the additive agents on the workability of asphalt mixture. Even though the healing level of asphalt mixture recovered up to 80%, cracking resistance declined greatly after one damage-healing treatment. It was observed that air void plays a major role in both healing capacity and cracking resistance, while the impact of asphalt content is milder. Furthermore, analysis results from Matlab® image processing demonstrated that the crack shape of samples was retained after induction healing, the crack area expanded approximately 18% compared to the virgin sample. The analysis also indicates that aggregate crack failure not only causes low healing level but also deteriorates cracking resistance of induction healed sample.

Performance evaluation of stone mastic asphalt mixture with different high viscosity modified asphalt based on laboratory tests

To seek the optimum asphalt binder used in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture of steel deck pavement, the common modified asphalt in the SMA-13 mixture was replaced with high viscosity modified (HVM) asphalt, and the four kinds of HVM asphalts were selected in this paper. The different test methods such as experimental device of mixing power at different velocities, rutting test, Hamburg wheel tracking device(HWTD) test, bending test at low temperature and indirect tensile fatigue test were conducted to evaluate the construction workability, temperature stability, water stability and fatigue performance of HVM asphalt mixture. Besides the performance difference of various HVM asphalt mixture was also discussed. The results show that construction workability of SMA-13 mixture is significantly affected by the asphalt type and mixing temperature, and the influence of mixing temperature on construction workability is more obvious. Besides it is proved that the construction workability of asphalt mixture is influenced by asphalt viscosity and mineral aggregate. The SMA mixture with self-developed HVM asphalt composed by the linear and star styrene-butadienestyreneblockcopolymer (SBS) modifier has advantages in construction workability and comprehensive properties. Thus the above asphalt can be selected to prepare SMA mixture applied in steel deck pavement. The construction workability, high temperature performance and fatigue performance of HVM asphalt mixture with SBS compound modified asphalt are close to HVM asphalt mixture with TPS additive or HVM asphalt mixture with SINOTPS, and the the former low temperature performance and water stability are superior to HVM asphalt mixture with TPS additive and HVM asphalt mixture with SINOTPS. The dosage of SBS compound modifier in HVM asphalt is just 6.0%, and the blending ratio of linear SBS modifier and star SBS modifier in the compound modifier is 2:1. It means that the self-developed HVM asphalt with SBS compound modifier has the high performance-price ratio. The reduction of key modified materials in HVM asphalt will be conducive to saving the construction cost of pavement, which will promote the HVM asphalt with SBS compound modifier applying in SMA mixture of steel deck pavement.

Asphalt mixture workability and effects of long-term conditioning methods on moisture damage susceptibility and performance of warm mix asphalt

Abstract The destructive effects of moisture remain to be the main distress adversely influencing pavement performance. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) compacted at lower temperatures than Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is more vulnerable to moisture infiltration and subsequent stripping at the asphalt-aggregate interface. To evaluate the potential mechanisms, the failure severity was computed in indirect tension. Two binder types and various compaction temperatures were used for sample fabrications. The gyratory compaction data were used to quantify the mixtures Workability Index (WI) and Compaction Energy Index (CEI). Six long-term conditioning methods were used namely, Long-Term Aged (LTA), Long-Term Aged + 1 Freeze-Thaw (F-T), LTA + 3 F-T, LTA + 1 F-T (Accelerated Laboratory Vacuum Saturation (ALVS)), simultaneous LTA + Moisture-Induced Damage and simultaneous LTA + Water Damage. The ALVS was used to subject asphalt mixtures to the combined effects of pore pressure and high temperature. As aging and moisture damage occur concurrently during the pavement service life, a new moisture conditioning chamber was fabricated to simulate the simultaneous effects of LTA and moisture/water damage. The effects of conditioning on the indirect tensile strength (ITS), fracture energy, resilient modulus and percentage adhesive failure were investigated. The percentage adhesive failure and broken aggregates were quantified using the advanced 3-D imaging technique. WMA compacted at lower temperatures exhibited improved workability in terms of lower CEI and higher WI than HMA. The mixtures percentage adhesive failure increased, while ITS reduced with F-T cycles. Asphalt mixtures subjected to simultaneous LTA and water damage exhibited the highest percentage adhesive failure and lowest ITS compared to other conditioning methods. ALVS conditioned specimens showed slightly higher percentage adhesive failure than LTA + 1 F-T specimens. The test results also demonstrated that polymer modified binder mixtures exhibited superior moisture resistance than unmodified binder mixtures, regardless of compaction temperature and conditioning level.