Work Surface Roughness Research Articles

Enhancing the indoor performance of organic photovoltaic devices: interface engineering with an aminobenzoic-acid-based self-assembled monolayer

Significant advances in the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices can facilitate their use in internet of things applications. However, achieving excellent photostability and high efficiency using stable, efficient OPV devices in indoor settings is considerably difficult. To address this issue, a zinc oxide (ZnO) electron transport layer (ETL) was modified with a self-assembled monolayer of 4-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) in the present study, and the impact of this modification was correlated with the indoor performance of an OPV device with the PM6:L8-BO photoactive layer. The ABA-treated ZnO ETL exhibited a significant reduction in the work function (from 4.51 to 4.04 eV), surface roughness (from 0.201 to 0.177 nm), and hydrophilicity of an indium-tin-oxide electrode; this aided in selectively extracting charge carriers from the device and minimizing trap-assisted recombination losses. Additionally, the ABA treatment of the ZnO ETL considerably enhanced the electron mobility and recombination resistance. It reduced the trap density, thereby enabling the ZnO/ABA-based device to achieve improved performance. Consequently, the ZnO/ABA-based device exhibited a noteworthy 14.68% higher maximum power output than that of the device without any ZnO surface modification under 1000 lx halogen (HLG) illumination (P out, max = 354.48 and 309 µA cm−2, respectively). Moreover, under thermal illumination conditions (1000 lx HLG lighting), the ZnO/ABA-based device sustained ∼74% of its initial power conversion efficiency over 120 h, significantly higher than its ABA-free equivalent (∼55%).

Facile fabrication of conductive graphitic carbon films as transparent electrodes in organic solar cells by ion beam irradiation of polystyrene films and carbonization

Conductive graphitic carbon films were fabricated from insulating polystyrene (PS) by ion beam irradiation and subsequent thermal treatment, and used as a transparent anode for organic solar cells (OSCs). Analyses of optical and chemical properties revealed that the thermally resistant oxidized carbon clusters in the PS precursors (spin-coated on quartz) were efficiently generated by ion beam irradiation at a fluence of 2 x 1016 ions/cm2, and transformed to graphitic carbon thin films through high-temperature treatment. The graphitic carbon films exhibited thickness-dependent conductivity (the highest conductivity of 374 S/cm), while their work function (5.20 eV) and surface roughness (0.560–0.596 nm) were unaffected by the thickness of the films. Furthermore, the introduction of the 10.2 nm-thick graphitic carbon films into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-based OSCs resulted in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.40%, demonstrating the feasibility of using the graphitic carbon films as transparent electrodes.

Atomic layer deposition-processed laminated In2O3:V2O5 nanocompounds: Versatile electrode platforms for high-performance organic photovoltaics and capacitor devices

Despite considerable advancements in transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs), their widespread use in energy storage and conversion devices remains limited. This is primarily attributable to factors such as the work function (WF), surface roughness, and charge mobility limitations. These challenges necessitate comprehensive solutions and innovative approaches to utilize TCEs for energy-related applications. Herein, In2O3:V2O5 nanocompound TCEs were fabricated with excellent transmittance (∼ 90%), high WF (5.33 eV), and large mobility (52.1 cm2/V·s) using atomic layer deposition. The performance of the In2O3:V2O5 nanocompound TCE was evaluated in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. In OPVs based on the PM6:Y6 active layer, a low surface roughness and suitable energy level alignment of In2O3:V2O5 nanocompound TCEs with the active layer eliminate the requirement of a hole-transport layer (HTL), resulting in an efficiency of 16.3% and an excellent fill-factor of 71.0% in HTL-free OPVs under simulated 1-sun illumination. Moreover, in MIM capacitor devices that employ the TiO2 dielectric, In2O3:V2O5 nanocompound TCEs exhibit a significantly lower leakage current (> 1800 times) and improved capacitance (2.5 times) compared with those of conventional TiN electrode-based capacitors. The dual functionality of the proposed In2O3:V2O5 nanocompound TCEs validates their potential for use in several optoelectronic devices.

Experimental investigation into the effect of magnetorheological fluid damper on vibration and chatter in straight turning process

Magneto-Rheological (MR) dampers have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to the potential of offering semi-active control. MR dampers have been successfully applied in the vibration control of several machining processes. However, the effect of the material of the damper's fluid chamber on its magnetic properties has not been studied much. In this study, an MR damper has been designed to control the chatter vibration of the straight turning operation. The magnetic properties of the MR damper are simulated in the FEM software COMSOL Multiphysics with two types of steel AISI 410 and AISI 1018, and the material with the best performance for constructing the fluid chamber is determined. Then, the MR damper with an assembly to hold the cutting tool was fabricated and experimentally tested during straight turning operation and its effect on the tool vibration, and work surface roughness was analyzed. From the result, it was observed that the MR damper reduced tool vibration and chatter effectively. The results obtained in this research confirm that the application of the MR damper in the straight-turning process can either suppress the chatter or greatly reduce the frequency amplitude of the chatter. The reduction of the tool's acceleration amplitude with the MR damper was more intense in the condition of chatter suppression and reached up to 89.42 %. Moreover, the MR damper reduced the roughness of the machining surface. This reduction was higher in cases where the chatter was suppressed and it was observed up to 29 %.

Turning of Al 7075-T6 aerospace alloy under different sustainable metalworking fluid strategies by coated carbide tools

ABSTRACT We primarily need to reduce the consumption of metalworking fluid to ensure sustainable and eco-friendly machining of aerospace alloys. The present study was planned to determine the efficiency of various eco-friendly metalworking fluid strategies for the sustainable turning of aerospace aluminium alloy (Al7075-T6) coated carbide tools under different eco-friendly metalworking fluid strategies namely dry machining, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT), and compressed air. Machining performance was investigated in terms of micro-hardness, tool tip temperature, tool wear, cutting forces, work surface roughness, chip morphology, and energy consumed. Results manifested that MQL and tool coatings can significantly lower tool tip temperature by up to 16%, tool wear by up to 102–106%, average cutting forces by 17–21%, and surface roughness reduced from 11–21% as compared to dry conditions. Abbreviations: BUE, built-up edge; CVD, chemical vapour deposition; CrN, chromium nitride; DCR, disposed chip ratio; DLC, diamond like carbon; DSPR, disposal scrap part ratio; EDS, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; MF, metalworking fluid; MoS2, molybdenum disulphide; MQL minimum quantity lubrication; PVD, physical vapour deposition; RHVT, Ranque-hilsch vortex tube; RPSR, recycled part scrap ratio; RSPR, remanufacturing scrap part ratio; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; SDSS, super duplex stainless steel; TiAlN, titanium aluminium nitride

Influence of the working surface roughness of the pulsed X-ray radiation galvanic sensor on its performance

A new design of a galvanic sensor of pulsed X-ray radiation is proposed, which is a flat electric capacitor with a window in one metal lining and a solid dielectric made of a single-crystal sapphire with a thickness of 200-300 μm inside. The influence of the surface roughness of the sapphire in the window area on the galvanic linear sensor of X-ray radiation has been established. Tests have shown that, with ultra-smooth polishing of the sapphire plate working surface in the window area to a roughness of Rq≤ 0.2 nm, it is possible to provide the galvanic linear detection of X-rays with an energy in the range of 0.1-1 keV and power density of 1-2 MW· cm-2 with a sensor response time of about 8 ns. Sensors of this type can be used in studies of inertial nuclear fusion processes. Keywords: X-ray radiation, galvanic sensor, sapphire, dielectric, flat capacitor.

Laminated indium-oxide/molybdenum-oxide nanocomposites for high-work-function electrodes in organic photovoltaics and capacitor devices

Research on the development of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) has been rapidly progressing. However, the limitations of the work function (WF), charge mobility, and surface roughness of TCOs hinder their widespread use in optoelectronic devices. In this study, we fabricated an atomic layer deposited (ALD)-transparent conductive electrode based on In2O3:MoOX nanolaminates with low resistivity (240 μΩ·cm) and high near-infrared region transmittance (∼90 %). The performance of In2O3:MoOX nanolaminates with high mobility (92.6 cm2/V·s) and WF (5.03 eV) was examined in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and metal–insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. In OPVs, the high WF of the proposed In2O3:MoOX nanolaminates simplifies the process by eradicating the requirement of the hole-transport layer (HTL). In this study, the In2O3:MoOX nanolaminates replaced PEDOT:PSS, a widely used HTL, thereby maintaining an efficiency greater than 90 % from its initial value after 500 h in a 1-sun environment. Further, in the MIM capacitor, the In2O3:MoOX nanolaminate-based capacitor demonstrated a high capacitance at high frequencies (1 MHz) and substantially low leakage current owing to its higher WF than those of conventional TiN-based capacitors. Thus, the diverse functionality of the proposed In2O3:MoOX nanolaminates demonstrated their excellent suitability for other optoelectronic devices.

Sustainable Machining: Tool Life Criterion Based on Work Surface Quality

Extending the use of a component without compromising its intended functionality is the neatest approach to enhance sustainability. From this perspective, limiting the working life of a cutting tool based merely on the blunting of its cutting edge to a specific value is highly questionable. The very question that serves as the motivation for this work is, “why should tool life criterion be based on the shape of the tool when all that matters for business is the quality of the part being machined?”. This work puts forward a tool life criterion based on the surface quality of the machined part. The proof of the concept is provided by a series of face-turning experiments performed on a commonly used alloy steel using the following cutting inserts in dry conditions: (1) uncoated carbide; (2) coated carbide; and (3) cubic boron nitride (CBN). It is found that different combinations of tooling and cutting parameters lead to entirely different values of surface roughness at the same level of flank wear, thus raising the possibility of extending the working life of the tools. Overall, the CBN inserts yielded the longest tool life values, especially at high levels of cutting speed. Being more economical in respect of acquisition cost than the CBN inserts and more effective than the uncoated carbide inserts regarding tool life, the coated carbide inserts came out as the most sustainable tooling option. Finally, it is concluded that a tool life criterion based on work surface roughness can yield longer tool life values and make the machining process more sustainable. For the experimental work reported herein, the surface-quality based tool life criterion yielded on average 23% longer tool life. The presented work is novel as it presents a new approach to extend the working life of cutting tools without compromising the other sustainability measures. The outcomes are expected to find applicability in all sectors of the metal cutting industry, which are striving for elongations in tool life and improvements in work surface quality.

Etching Characteristics and Changes in Surface Properties of IGZO Thin Films by O2 Addition in CF4/Ar Plasma

Plasma etching processes for multi-atomic oxide thin films have become increasingly important owing to the excellent material properties of such thin films, which can potentially be employed in next-generation displays. To fabricate high-performance and reproducible devices, the etching mechanism and surface properties must be understood. In this study, we investigated the etching characteristics and changes in the surface properties of InGaZnO4 (IGZO) thin films with the addition of O2 gases based on a CF4/Ar high-density-plasma system. A maximum etch rate of 32.7 nm/min for an IGZO thin film was achieved at an O2/CF4/Ar (=20:25:75 sccm) ratio. The etching mechanism was interpreted in detail through plasma analysis via optical emission spectroscopy and surface analysis via X-ray photoelectron microscopy. To determine the performance variation according to the alteration in the surface composition of the IGZO thin films, we investigated the changes in the work function, surface energy, and surface roughness through ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy, respectively. After the plasma etching process, the change in work function was up to 280 meV, the thin film surface became slightly hydrophilic, and the surface roughness slightly decreased. This work suggests that plasma etching causes various changes in thin-film surfaces, which affects device performance.

On Coolant Flow Rate-Cutting Speed Trade-Off for Sustainability in Cryogenic Milling of Ti-6Al-4V.

Application of cryogenic fluids for efficient heat dissipation is gradually becoming part and parcel of titanium machining. Not much research is done to establish the minimum quantity of a cryogenic fluid required to sustain a machining process with respect to a given material removal rate. This article presents an experimental investigation for quantifying the sustainability of milling a commonly used titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) by varying mass flow rates of two kinds of cryogenic coolants at various levels of cutting speed. The three cooling options tested are dry (no coolant), evaporative cryogenic coolant (liquid nitrogen), and throttle cryogenic coolant (compressed carbon dioxide gas). The milling sustainability is quantified in terms of the following metrics: tool damage, fluid cost, specific cutting energy, work surface roughness, and productivity. Dry milling carried out the at the highest level of cutting speed yielded the worst results regarding tool damage and surface roughness. Likewise, the evaporative coolant applied with the highest flow rate and at the lowest cutting speed was the worst performer with respect to energy consumption. From a holistic perspective, the throttle cryogenic coolant applied at the highest levels of mass flow rate and cutting speed stood out to be the most sustainable option.

Study on wall-slip effect of magnetorheological fluid and its influencing factors

The wall-slip effect is observed in areas with magnetorheological fluids (MRFs). A slip layer is formed, which reduces the friction between the solid particles and working surface that causes relative movement of the particles. This leads to errors in the measurement of rheological parameters and an inaccurate braking torque model. Thus, here, a rheometer with a sandpaper on the rotor is used to change the working surface roughness to analyze the wall-slip effect of the MRFs. Based on the experimental results, the influence patterns of wall-slip effect on fluid viscosity and yield stress are obtained. Furthermore, a MRF model is established that considers wall-slip effect, which is different from the conventional models. The model is employed to establish a magnetorheological (MR) braking torque model. To verify the braking torque model, a prototype was manufactured, and its mechanical properties were tested. When compared with a smooth rotor, the braking torque of MR brakes with rectangular grooves is increased. This confirms the existence of the wall-slip effect and shows that the wall-slip effect of MRF can be effectively suppressed by incorporating grooves on the rotor surface.

Lubrication Performance of Helical Gear Pair Under Dynamic Load Based on Local Involute Profile

Abstract The tribological properties of gear interface have been widely concerned in the past decades. In this study, based on the local involute profile and crown modification, a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication model is proposed for a helical gear pair. To discuss the influences of dynamic load on the tribological properties of helical gear pair, the dynamic mesh force of tooth surface is obtained by torsional vibration model. The influences of working conditions and surface roughness on the tribological properties of helical gear pair are investigated. The tribological properties are evaluated in terms of the average film thickness, friction coefficient, mechanical power loss etc. Results show that the dynamic effect of gears has a significant effect on the tribological properties, especially at a specific speed, such as resonance speed. In order to simulate gear lubrication accurately, it is recommended to adopt local involute tooth profile and consider tooth profile modification to calculate geometric clearance. The influence of input rotation speed on the dynamic characteristics and tribological properties of gear is more significant than that of input torque. The surface roughness significantly changes the distribution of interface pressure and film thickness. With the increase of roughness amplitude, the local fluctuation amplitude of pressure and film thickness increase and the dry contact occurs at the end of contact line. Meanwhile, the maximum subsurface stress moves toward the tooth surface, especial for the high frequency engineering roughness. This local stress concentration is harmful to the fatigue life of gear meshing process.

Theoretical and experimental study of the chatter vibration in wet and MQL machining conditions in turning process

Turning is one of the most commonly used cutting processes for manufacturing components in production engineering. The turning process, in some cases, is accompanied by intense relative movements between tool and workpiece, which is called chatter vibrations. Chatter has been identified as a detrimental problem that adversely impacts surface finish, tool life, process productivity, and dimensional accuracy of the machined part. Cooling/Lubrication in the turning process is normally done for some reasons, including friction and force reduction, temperature decrement, and surface finish improvement. Wet cooling is a traditional cooling/lubrication process that has been used in machining since the past. Besides, a variety of new cooling and lubricating approaches have been developed in recent years, such as the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), cryogenic cooling, nanolubrication, etc., due to ecological issues. Despite the importance of cooling/lubrication in machining, there is a lack of research on chatter stability in the presence of cutting fluid in cutting processes. In this study, the chatter vibration in turning process for two cooling/lubrication conditions of conventional wet and MQL is investigated. An integrated theoretical model is used to predict both the metal cutting force and the chatter stability lobe diagram (SLD) in turning process. This model involves deriving a math equation for predicting metal cutting force for both wet and MQL conditions using experimental training force data and a Genetic Expression Programming (GEP)-based regression model. Also, the traditional single degree of freedom chatter model is used here for predicting the SLDs. The chatter model is discussed and verified with experimental tests. Then, the experimental results of the tool's acceleration signal, work surface texture, surface roughness, chip shape, and tool wear are presented and compared for wet and MQL conditions. The results of this study show that the cooling/lubrication systems such as wet or MQL have a considerable effect on the SLDs. Also, the predicted results of metal cutting force and SLD for both wet and MQL techniques are in good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore, it is recommended that for each lubrication condition including wet, or MQL, the SLD be determined to achieve higher machinability.

Optimasi nilai keausan pahat dan kekasaran permukaan benda kerja terhadap parameter pemesinan milling dengan benda kerja magnesium menggunakan kombinasi metode taguchi dan grey relational analysis

The Taguchi method is widely used to determine the optimal quality of a process with a single response. While for multi-response cases, Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are widely used. With multi-phone GRA, it can be simplified into one single response. Tool wear and surface roughness of the workpiece in the milling machining process is affected by the diameter of the tool, depth of feed, spindle speed, and feeding speed. This study examines the response of tool wear and work surface roughness with three levels and four factors. For tool diameters, using 6.8 mm and 10 mm. The depth of feed used 1; 1,5 mm and 2 mm. Spindle speeds at 910, 1280, and 1700 rpm. While the feeding speed is 75 mm/minute, 145 mm/minute, and 220 mm/minute. Optimal results obtained in conditions of 6 mm tool diameter with 1,5 mm depth of feeding, spindle speed of 1280 rpm, and feeding speed of 75 mm/minute. The optimal response obtained is 0,059 mm for tool wear and 0,364 μm for work surface roughness. The significant factor influencing is the feeding speed which influences 76,14 %. Keywords: Grey Relational Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Taguchi Method, Milling, Tool Wear, Roughness

Effect of Tool Vibration on Flank Wear and Surface Roughness During High-Speed Machining of 1040 Steel

In recent years, the tool condition monitoring mechanism is necessary for analyzing the failure of the cutting tools in production practices. In a machining environment, steady and catastrophic failures of a tool are general faults associated with a machining process. The relationship between surface roughness, tool wear and vibration is explored during high-speed dry machining by using main input factor. L27 numbers of trials were performed in a CNC lathe with uncoated carbide CNMG120408 tool and alloy steel AISI 1040 workpiece. The predictable model is capable of expecting surface roughness (Ra), tool wear (VBc), and vibration of amplitude using observed data when turning alloy steel. The vibration was recorded only in the turning direction with a uniaxial accelerometer. Additionally, tool flank wear and finished work surface roughness are measured at various combinations of parameters. The outcomes of the work show that the axial feed rate is the main effective turning variable that influences surface roughness largely (91.97%). Optimization of turning process variables plays a significant role in turning to develop quality, manufacturing production rate and decrease production price. In this analysis, an advanced weighted principal component analysis strategy was initiated to optimize process variables in turning of 1040 alloy steel and the optimum relation was found to be d3 (0.5 mm)–f1 (0.06 mm/rev)–v3 (300 m/min). Higher depth of cutting along with largest cutting speed confirms the larger production rate which is desirable for industrial concern. Also, at the optimal setting, the excellent finish of surface with low wear and low acceleration is noticed with an improved S/N ratio of CQL from initial setting. However, the current work presented a better co-relation between tool vibrations, tool wear, and test surface finish which will be beneficial for the industrial uses.

Sustainable Milling of Ti-6Al-4V: Investigating the Effects of Milling Orientation, Cutter′s Helix Angle, and Type of Cryogenic Coolant

Ti-6Al-4V, the most commonly used alloy of titanium, possesses excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, which is the prime reason for the continual rise in its industrial demand worldwide. The extraordinary mechanical properties of the alloy are viewed as a hindrance when it comes to its shaping processes, and the process of milling is no exception to it. The generation of intense heat flux around the cutting zones is an established reason of poor machinability of the alloy and unacceptably low sustainability of its machining. The work presented in this paper attempts to enhance sustainability of milling Ti-6Al-4V by investigating the effects of milling orientation, cutter’s helix angle, cutting speed, and the type of cryogenic coolant and lubricant on the sustainability measures, such as tool damage, cutting energy consumption, process cost, milling forces, and work surface roughness. It was found that micro-lubrication is more effective than the two commonly used cryogenic coolants (carbon dioxide snow and liquid nitrogen) in reducing tool wear, work surface roughness, process cost, and energy consumption. Furthermore, down-milling enormously outperformed up-milling with respect to tool wear, work surface quality, and process cost. Likewise, the high levels of cutter’s helix angle and cutting speed also proved to be beneficial for milling sustainability.

Multi-objective optimization of roundness, cylindricity and areal surface roughness of Inconel 825 using TLBO method in wire electrical discharge turning (WEDT) process

Wire electrical discharge turning (WEDT) is a non-conventional machining process, which was developed to machine cylindrical components on difficult-to-machine, but electrically conductive materials with high precision. In the present work, roundness, cylindricity and areal surface roughness of the parts created by WEDT process are investigated. Inconel 825 was the material chosen for the present study. The main objective of this study is to identify the optimum process parameters required to obtain improved geometry of the turned components with respect to roundness, cylindricity and areal surface roughness. The effects of machining parameters in WEDT process on the output responses are studied using experiments based on Box–Behnken design. ANOVA has been performed to study the effect of process parameters on the output responses. A novel optimization approach is used to identify the optimum parameters for each response. Teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) is used to optimize the process, considering the three output responses in order to improve the quality of the turned products. Validation experiments were conducted, and the predicted results were verified. It is observed that the roundness, cylindricity and areal surface roughness of components machined with WEDT process obtained from TLBO technique and validation experiments are in close agreement. The surface morphology of the samples having maximum and minimum Sa value was studied using SEM micrographs. Finally, a microelectrode of 185 µm diameter and 4 mm length was successfully fabricated with multiple cut strategy using the WEDT setup in order to demonstrate the process capability.

Surface energy calculation using Hamaker’s constant for polymer/silane hydrophobic thin films

Understanding the behavior of a surface is important for various applications. Non-wettable surfaces inspired from lotus leaf phenomenon was described by Wenzel and Cassie Baxter theories. Hydrophobic surface can be obtained by enhancing surface roughness which is inversely proportional to the surface energy. The determination of Hamaker’s constant is necessary for the calculation of surface energy. Here in this work surface roughness and energy of various silane and polymer blend were calculated using Hamaker’s constant which implies hydrophobicity.

“Mechanically prepared copper surface in oxidizing and non-oxidizing conditions”

In the present work surface roughness of copper samples after mechanical surface preparation processes (polishing, grinding, sand-blasting) and after exposure in non-oxidizing (high purity argon) and oxidizing (air) conditions at 700 and 750 °C have been evaluated by contact profilometer and by fractal analysis. Quantitative description of surfaces that are hidden from the sight of conventional methods is possible by fractal analysis, e.g. in the present work, the roughness of Cu2O/Cu boundary has been evaluated under oxide layer. It has been pointed out, that in both oxidizing and non-oxidizing conditions initial surface roughness of copper is affected by annealing at high temperature: at 700 °C surface roughness of polished and ground samples increased but at 750 °C decreased in comparison to surface roughness prior to heat treatment. For sand-blasted samples in both oxidizing and non-oxidizing conditions the lowest values of surface roughness parameters were obtained at 750 °C. It is then concluded that two phenomena are responsible for such effect: chemical reaction between copper and oxygen and surface diffusion of copper due to high temperature of annealing.

Influence of Turning Parameters on Surface Integrity of D840 Wheel Material

The machined surface integrity of heavy-haul freight wheel is one of the direct factors which affects the wheel’s service performance and life. Based on the wheel turning parameters, single-factor experiments on D840 wheel material under dry cutting condition were performed. The changing laws including the surface work hardening, surface microstructure, surface roughness, and surface morphology were analyzed via micro-hardness tester, metallographic microscope, SEM and surface profilometer under different cutting parameters. The results show that the surface hardness and the hardening layer increase with the increase of feed and cutting depth within a certain range of cutting parameters. The surface amorphous layer and fiber layer thicken with the increase of feed and cutting depth. The fibrosis of proeutectoid ferrite in the plastic deformation layer and the extrusion deformation of the flake pearlite are obvious. Meanwhile, pearlitic lamellar spacing decreases gradually. The surface roughness increases with the increase of feed, and cutting speed a cutting depth have less effect on roughness.