Work Of International Organizations Research Articles

Better Ways to Protect Indigenous Knowledge and Cultures Through Intellectual Property

Indigenous knowledge can be understood as a network of knowledge, beliefs and traditions that can be preserved and have some commercial value over time. Along with the increasing visibility of indigenous cultures in the global marketplace, there are also significant challenges. These challenges are often related to the physical destruction and utilization of indigenous lands and knowledge. The historical context and uniqueness of indigenous cultures suggest that they require greater attention and special protection under the law. From the current provisions and judgments, some individual authors have been compensated while the rights of the broader indigenous community have not been adequately protected. From an international perspective, the focus of the work of international organizations has expanded to include indigenous peoples' land claims and cultural rights. In addition to various international organizations and related instruments, a number of countries and regions are working to protect the intellectual property rights of indigenous cultures. Australia is a country that is typically faced with the protection of indigenous intellectual property. For Australia, the effective protection of indigenous knowledge remains an issue that needs to be addressed and managed through the legal realm. The positioning of indigenous knowledge in the law is complex and incomplete. Australia has played an important role at the international level, but the actual response within Australia to the international level has been minimal. Australia should therefore recognize and respond to these developments in legislation as soon as possible.

China's Legal Strategy to Cope with U.S. Export Controls under the WTO Framework

The United States has established a number of export control regulations within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which have somewhat impacted Chinas exports. An major issue faced by China is how to employ legal tactics to counteract US export prohibitions. This study will examine Chinas current legislative framework and assess US export control laws within the context of the WTO. Targeted countermeasures will be recommended to satisfy Chinas legal obligations for dealing with US export controls under the WTO framework through the lens of issues and improvements. This study examines the issues with the current legal tactics and looks for potential solutions by analyzing pertinent domestic and international literature, laws, and regulations in combination with real-world case studies for comparison and summarizing. The study comes to the conclusion that Chinas legal defenses against US export controls inside the WTO framework have certain flaws. For instance, in order to properly respond to US export regulations, China needs to significantly develop its legal system. In addition, China should strengthen cooperation with other member countries to jointly face the challenges of US export controls. In response to these problems, this article puts forward some policy suggestions, including improving relevant laws and regulations, strengthening cooperation with other member countries, actively participating in the work of international organizations to protect Chinas export interests. At the same time, this article also recognizes that these strategies are only preliminary explorations, and further research and practical exploration are still needed in the future. In the field of international trade, China should continuously adapt to changes, strengthen the construction of its own legal system, and promote the development of China.

International Legal Support of Gender Equality in the Context of Climate Change

Introduction. Gender equality and human rights in the context of overcoming climate change is one of the key and debated topics at the annual UN Climate Conferences. The climate crisis creates social in justice between different population groups and has the greatest impact on the lives of vulnerable groups. Women, compared to men, are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change that limit their rights and opportunities. It is also worth noting that there is a widespread trend of feminization of poverty in the world, which means that poverty is increasing among women more than among men. In addition, women are under represented in international decision-making bodies related to climate change. This, above all, only confirms the lack of adequate support for womenʼs initiatives in climate decision-making. The aim of the article. The purpose of the research is to clarify the essence of gender equality and the peculiarities of its international legal support in the context of climate change based on the study of scientific works by reputable scholars and international legal acts. Results. Climate change is one of the major global problems of humanity, which is directly related to gender equality. As a result of climate change, women and men facenew challenges that affect the realization of their rights in the current environment.Women are more vulnerable to climate change and have fewer opportunities to adapt to it. The international community has faced a difficult task to eliminate the imbalance between the ability of women and men to realize equal rights in the context of climate change. Unfortunately, only a few of the international human rights instruments cover the issue of gender equality in the field of environmental protection, especially in the context of climate change. In addition, they donʼt enshrine the right to a safe, clean and sustainable environment, which is one of the main environmental human rights. The realization of this right is extremely important in the context of climate change. Conclusions. Thus, the issues of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the context of climate change are not properly regulated ininternational law or in the national law of Ukraine. Certain aspects of gender equalityin the context of climate change are reflected in General Recommendation №37 to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992, the Beijing Declaration of 1995, the Paris Agreement of 2015, UN General Assembly Resolution 70/1«Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development» and the Escazu Agreement of 2018. The solution to one of the global problems of humanity depends on the adoption of significant climate decisions that must take into account the gender principle. To date, the extent of womenʼs participation in shaping international climate policy is insufficient. That is why they must represent their governments internationally on equal terms with men, participate in the work of international organizations and in decision-making in the field of climate change. In turn, the needs of both women and men should be taken into account when developing strategic programs and measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change. As a future EU member, Ukraine is trying to integrate a gender component into environmental policy, especially in the area of climate change, by fulfilling its European integration commitments. Key words: gender equality, discrimination, climate change, human rights,sustainable development.

Modern Legal Forms of State Participation in the Activities of International Organizations

International intergovernmental organizations, as subjects of international law, play an important role in modern international relations. States have a key place in their activities. Currently, there are various legal forms of participation of states in the work of international organizations. Each form has its own characteristics, which are expressed primarily in the availability and scope of rights and obligations, as well as the level and conditions of interaction between States and international organizations. At the same time, the issues of the state’s participation or non-participation in the activities of an international organization, in choosing the form of such participation, are exclusively within its jurisdiction, which is one of the elements of state sovereignty. It is obvious that states have a variety of reasons for choosing the form of interaction with an international organization, while, as a rule, they are based on their own interests. The paper provides a comparative legal analysis of modern forms of state participation in the activities of international organizations, provides their practical examples, and notes the differences, advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is given to the institution of membership, which has a special status among the existing forms of participation of states in international organizations. The peculiarities of the legal status of a member of an international organization, its varieties, methods and grounds for the acquisition, suspension and loss of membership are revealed. The legal aspects of the interaction of states with international organizations as candidates for membership, partners, observers, specially invited countries are considered. The analysis suggests that the existence of different forms of participation of states in international organizations is an absolute achievement of modern international law, allowing the state to adopt the most appropriate ways of cooperation with international organizations.

Industry groups in international governance: a framework for reform

The Sustainable Development Goals and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights encourage engaging with businesses as partners in important global governance agendas. Indeed, many international organizations are now partnering with business groups to secure funding and private sector engagement. At the same time, reforms at the World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization and others seek to restrain the dangers of mission distortion and capture by business groups. Shareholders at major multinational oil and gas companies also recognize these dangers and seek to rein in lobbying that is at odds with the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement. Despite these tensions, little scholarly attention has been paid to the regulations that govern how industry and trade groups may participate in the work of international organizations. Specifically, little attention has been devoted to how those regulations could best capture the potential benefits of business engagement while restraining the potential harms. This article offers a history of engagement between international organizations and industry and trade associations, reviews arguments for embracing or restraining their participation, and develops a framework for regulations to govern their access.

The Transformation of International Organizations—Specialization, New Initiatives, and Working Methods—Some Observations on the Work of UNCITRAL Working Group III

ABSTRACT International organizations are essential actors in the international legal system and play key roles in all aspects of international law, from its creation to its enforcement and implementation. As their work becomes progressively more significant and specialized, international organizations have also embarked on many new initiatives and have adopted new working methods. An interesting example of this development is the effort of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group III (WGIII) to reform Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS), a unique international dispute settlement mechanism that permits a foreign investor to bring a claim against a State on issues related to international investment law. At a time of declining international codification, UNCITRAL WGIII’s plan to reform ISDS stands out as remarkably ambitious. It is also responsive to identified vacuums and needs and is likely to lead, at least partially, to a degree of reform of ISDS. In this short contribution, I first introduce the codification of international economic law issues as distinct from other kinds of codification. I then introduce UNCITRAL and explore the work of UNCITRAL WGIII more specifically. In particular, I explain and assess the ISDS reform process as an example of an ongoing transformation of the work of international organizations and a new initiative on which they embarked using a specific methodology of selecting issues, developing draft texts, and serving as a place for drafting negotiations.

ЦИФРОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ В БОРОТЬБІ З ВІДМИВАННЯМ КОШТІВ ТА ФІНАНСУВАННЯМ ТЕРОРИЗМУ: ОСНОВНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ

The methods used for money laundering and terrorist financing are constantly evolving. To ensure an effective fight against these processes, it is necessary to take into account new challenges and threats. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics of the main digital tools that have a decisive impact on anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. To achieve the goal, the following methods are used: comparative analysis, logical generalization, forecasting. The paper provides a brief description of artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotic process automation, big data, advanced analytics, graph analysis, blockchain. The directions for taking into account the specified advantages of digital tools in the researched field are reflected. The digital technologies and tools discussed are already involved or have great potential to be used in anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. Currently, digital technologies are being actively used in Ukraine to minimize the shadow sector and increase the effectiveness of the investigation of economic crimes. It was determined that the effectiveness of their application is determined by their successful combination. The possibility of combining these tools is associated with the advantages that digitization processes bring to almost all areas of activity, in particular, the reduction of time and money. Modern digital technologies are only tools for solving the problem, and to solve it, a clear procedure for their application, development of appropriate support is necessary. The effectiveness of the use of digital tools in anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism also depends on creating the proper conditions for their imple- mentation at the country level and defining a clear procedure for their use. Prospects for further research are the identification of threats caused by digitalization in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing. This will make it possible to substantiate the directions of further work of international organizations in this field.

International variability in the diagnosis and management of disorders of consciousness

This manuscript explores the international variability in the diagnosis and management of disorders of consciousness (DoC). The identification, evaluation, intervention, exploration, prognostication and limitation of therapy for patients with DoC is reviewed through an international lens. The myriad factors that impact the diagnosis and management of DoC including 1) financial, 2) legal and regulatory, 3) cultural, 4) religious and 5) psychosocial considerations are discussed. As data comparing patients with DoC internationally are limited, findings from the general critical care or neurocritical care literature are described when information specific to patients with DoC is unavailable.There is a need for improvements in clinical care, education, advocacy and research related to patients with DoC worldwide. It is imperative to standardize methodology to evaluate consciousness and prognosticate outcome. Further, education is needed to 1) generate awareness of the impact of the aforementioned considerations on patients with DoC and 2) develop techniques to optimize communication about DoC with families. It is necessary to promote equity in access to expertise and resources for patients with DoC to enhance the care of patients with DoC worldwide. Improving understanding and management of patients with DoC requires harmonization of existing datasets, development of registries where none exist and establishment of international clinical trial networks that include patients in all phases along the spectrum of care. The work of international organizations like the Curing Coma Campaign can hopefully minimize international variability in the diagnosis and management of DoC and optimize care.

Tendințe strategice ale organizațiilor internaționale de securitate pentru realizarea/consolidarea securității regionale și globale

"This article is an overview of the international strategic context in the next 20 years, designed to guide the work of international security organizations in achieving/consolidating regional and global security. The analysis is based on the work of international organizations as sound judgments on different alternative strategies that focus on the challenges of the most likely future themes. According to the assessment, the period up to 2040 will be a period of transition, characterized by instability, both in the relations between states and in the relations between groups within states. The world is likely to continue to face the reality of a changing climate, rapid population growth, resource scarcity, resurgence of ideologies, and above all, shifts in global power from West to East. No state, group or individual can face these challenges in isolation, only collective responses will be adequate. Therefore, the struggle to establish an effective system of global governance capable of meeting these challenges will continue to be a central theme of the age. Globalization, global inequality, climate change and technological innovation will affect the lives of everyone on the planet. There will be a constant tension between greater interdependence between states, groups and individuals, and increased competition between them. Dependence on complex global systems, such as global supply chains for resources, is likely to increase the risk of systemic problems."

Tendințe strategice ale organizațiilor internaționale de securitate pentru realizarea/consolidarea securității regionale și globale

"This article is an overview of the international strategic context in the next 20 years, designed to guide the work of international security organizations in achieving/consolidating regional and global security. The analysis is based on the work of international organizations as sound judgments on different alternative strategies that focus on the challenges of the most likely future themes. According to the assessment, the period up to 2040 will be a period of transition, characterized by instability, both in the relations between states and in the relations between groups within states. The world is likely to continue to face the reality of a changing climate, rapid population growth, resource scarcity, resurgence of ideologies, and above all, shifts in global power from West to East. No state, group or individual can face these challenges in isolation, only collective responses will be adequate. Therefore, the struggle to establish an effective system of global governance capable of meeting these challenges will continue to be a central theme of the age. Globalization, global inequality, climate change and technological innovation will affect the lives of everyone on the planet. There will be a constant tension between greater interdependence between states, groups and individuals, and increased competition between them. Dependence on complex global systems, such as global supply chains for resources, is likely to increase the risk of systemic problems."

Strategic Trends of International Security Organizations to Achieve/Consolidate Regional and Global Security

"This article is an overview of the international strategic context in the next 20 years, designed to guide the work of international security organizations in achieving/consolidating regional and global security. The analysis is based on the work of international organizations as sound judgments on different alternative strategies that focus on the challenges of the most likely future themes. According to the assessment, the period up to 2040 will be a period of transition, characterized by instability, both in the relations between states and in the relations between groups within states. The world is likely to continue to face the reality of a changing climate, rapid population growth, resource scarcity, resurgence of ideologies, and above all, shifts in global power from West to East. No state, group or individual can face these challenges in isolation, only collective responses will be adequate. Therefore, the struggle to establish an effective system of global governance capable of meeting these challenges will continue to be a central theme of the age. Globalization, global inequality, climate change and technological innovation will affect the lives of everyone on the planet. There will be a constant tension between greater interdependence between states, groups and individuals, and increased competition between them. Dependence on complex global systems, such as global supply chains for resources, is likely to increase the risk of systemic problems."

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL VISIONS IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Problems related to ecology and impact on the environment in recent years have transformed our vision of ordinary things and processes. The active development of society was accompanied by a global threat - an increase in the consumption of resources, the main of which was energy. Ecology, as a discipline that is only a century and a half old, catapulted to the forefront of society in the 1960s, when an "ecological crisis" was recognized. Since then, this term appears before us both as a problem and its solution. Environmental movements and changes in social attitudes draw the attention of architects to the problems of ecology. Architecture, along with related fields, naturally reacted to these changes, developing its own way and approaches to solving the environmental problem. During the modern development of society, the problems that have become the beginning of changes in ecology grow in scale and take on new forms. However, this very development makes it possible to solve these problems more effectively. The work of international organizations and institutions is focused on preserving the environment and solving ecological problems. Measures and goals are implemented in the policies of states and cities, and ecology becomes a regulatory requirement. The general vision that considers ecology as a protected article is sustainable development - a general concept regarding the need to establish a balance between meeting the current needs of humanity and protecting the interests of future generations
 On the example of the first concepts and approaches, the development of scientific and technical achievements and individual projects, it is possible to trace this process and describe the formation of an ecological approach in architecture. The article describes the process of emergence and formation of the trend of environmentalism in architecture. The key stages of the development of the problem of ecology are established and the first concepts of ecological architecture are analyzed. The main factors that influenced the emergence of ecological architecture were identified and systematized. The main goal of the study is to consider the main prerequisites for the formation of ecological views in architecture and to find peculiarities in approaches to the formation of an ecological approach. In addition, the influence of ecology on the formation of a new paradigm in architecture is considered.

IN SEARCH OF EFFECTIVE SCENARIOS FOR PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FOR THE UN AND NATO

Peacekeeping operations are considered one of the main tools for negotiating conflicts and are used by the international community to renew and keep international peace and security. The practice of peacekeeping activities has faced fundamental changes that have influenced its aims and principles. That is why the effectiveness of modern peacekeeping operations and operations for peace maintenance, as an answer to global challenges, need further assessment and explanations. The article aims to 1) characterise peacekeeping activities and principles and assess their effectiveness; 2) determine the main problems in the function of peacekeeping mechanisms; identify optimal methods for the future peacekeeping operations of the UN and NATO. This study proposes a complex systematisation of present approaches, assessing the effectiveness of both peacekeeping operations and operations for the maintenance of peace. The key goal is to develop optimal scenarios for peacekeeping missions. The practical importance of the research is the frameworks and conclusions that can be used as methodical recommendations in the work of international organisations that regulate peacekeeping activities.

Epidemiological characteristics of congenital malformations: data from the Moscow Region register

The aim of this work is to analyze the epidemiology of congenital malformations in different populations in comparison with the data of the regional register of congenital malformations of the Moscow Region. The article provides a brief description and results of the work of international organizations that collect and analyze data on the prevalence and structure of congenital anomalies — EUROCAT (European network of population-based registries for the epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies) and ICBDSR (The International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research). For countries where there are no monitoring systems for congenital malformations recording, the Modell World Database of Congenital Diseases (MGDb) has been developed, which makes it possible to calculate the estimated population prevalence of congenital malformations in these regions. According to international registers, the most common groups of congenital malformations are malformations of the cardiovascular, genitourinary, central nervous systems and malformations of the extremities. To date, the epidemiological picture of the prevalence and structure of congenital malformations around the world looks stable.The article analyzes data from the population-based register of congenital malformations in the Moscow Region from 2011 to 2019, with a coverage of 83% of births in the region. The overall prevalence of congenital malformations was 25.42 per 1000 births. It is determined that the structure of congenital malformations in the Moscow Region is comparable to the data of international studies, but one should pay attention to the lower frequency of most groups of malformations, which is most likely due to insufficient registration of malformations. The Moscow Region register of congenital malformations provides relevant and qualitative data on the frequency and structure of the congenital malformations in the region, which allows, if necessary, to extrapolate obtained prevalence rates to other constituent entities of the Russian Federation as well.

Rights in the mandate and work of international organisations

ABSTRACT The normative output of international organisations is rarely legally binding as such. Yet, agendas and operational policies of international organisations have implications for both states and individuals. The current special issue explores the variety through which international organisations engage with human rights. The contributions of the special issue all approach this question from the perspective of the mandate and work of individual organisations. While on the one hand the engagement of organisations with human rights is defined by the institutional law of the organisation, it is also determined by administrative processes, normative frames and professional culture. In exploring the variety by which human rights become part of the work of organisations, the contributions raise questions ranging from conceptual endorsement of a rights-based approach, to performing organisation-specific functions and practical implementation, to staff emancipation. All of these aspects, the special issue shows, can be crucial for understanding the human rights endorsement (or lack of it) of international organisations.

SOSYAL BİLGİLER DERS KİTAPLARINDA YER ALAN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜTLER KONULARINA DAİR BİR ANALİZ

In today's age of technology, international organizations have become an indispensable element for all states by increasing their importance in the international system. States become members of international organizations for various purposes such as the continuation of their own systems and the establishment of relations with other states and to find solutions to existing common problems. For this reason, there are many international organizations of which every state is a member. In our country, the definitions and aims of international organizations are discussed in Social Studies textbooks by associating them with 'achievements'.
 In this study, it is aimed to analyze the way in which international organizations in the Social Studies textbooks at the primary and secondary school level are handled, with which subjects they are associated and what kind of examples are given about these organizations. In this study, in which the qualitative research method was adopted, the document analysis method was used. Based on the data obtained, it has been seen that the textbooks include various newspaper news prepared for the purpose of providing information about international organizations, reading texts in which the reports published on the work of international organizations are subject, and supporting questions about them. It has been concluded that international organizations are mostly included in the "Global Connections" section, which is the last learning area of ​​the textbooks, and UNESCO, which is affiliated to the United Nations, is the most discussed among these organizations.

The Role of international Organizations in the Process of countering Cybercrime

The subject of the study is the role of international organizations in the formation of an international legal system for countering cross-border cybercrime. The purpose of the study is to identify current trends in the work of international organizations in the field of the formation of regional and global legal systems for countering cybercrime. The system approach and formal legal approach are used as the main research methods. As a result of the study, specific features of regional international organizations and legal problems of countering cybercrime were identified, the question of the applicability of existing international law to cyberspace was analyzed. In particular, it is noted that at the moment modern international law is not capable of adequately and effectively countering cybercrime. The absence of a universal international legal act regulating the process of combating cybercrime is emphasized. On the other hand, the positive role of individual international organizations in the formation of the international legal system of counteraction is noted. In particular, the study describes the practice of forming expert groups by such organizations, as well as assistance to other regional international organizations in the process of creating their own international legal systems. One of the main conclusions is the conclusion that the absence of a universal UN legal document creates certain difficulties in the course of interstate coordination of procedural actions of law enforcement agencies and interaction of relevant international organizations. The author also concludes that the law-making experience of individual international organizations can be taken as a basis for the creation of a universal international legal act regulating the fight against cybercrime.

Cybercrime and Artificial Intelligence. An overview of the work of international organizations on criminal justice and the international applicable instruments

The purpose of this paper is to assess whether current international instruments to counter cybercrime may apply in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies and to provide a short analysis of the ongoing policy initiatives of international organizations that would have a relevant impact in the law-making process in the field of cybercrime in the near future. This paper discusses the implications that AI policy making would bring to the administration of the criminal justice system to specifically counter cybercrimes. Current trends and uses of AI systems and applications to commit harmful and illegal conduct are analysed including deep fakes. The paper finalizes with a conclusion that offers an alternative to create effective policy responses to counter cybercrime committed through AI systems.

Compassion for change. Nurturing the motivation of staff in UN institutions dedicated to the promotion of human rights

ABSTRACT Mandated to promote the respect of human rights across countries, UN agencies are both guided by those legal instruments, and committed to promote their translation into practice. Despite their inspiring foundation and mission, they often remain underneath their potential to make a difference. The central argument of this paper is that the UN will be able to promote human rights, and through them individual wellbeing and collective welfare if, and only if it lives and breathes these rights internally. Forming part of a Special issue, dedicated to ‘Rights in the mandate and work of international organizations’ the purpose of the present article is to emphasize that the changes that are required externally to make rights efficient and effective, begin inside, with the aspirations and actions of staff. While the focus of this paper is on the United Nations, many of the challenges and proposed solutions are applicable to the wider aid sector, covering humanitarian and development organizations. Anchored in a multidisciplinary paradigm for understanding and improving individual and collective existence, the article presents the Compassion for Change (C4C) approach. The approach arose from the author’s experience and research.

Парадипломатия российских регионов: возможности и ограничения (на примере Свердловской области)

Introduction. For three decades, the subjects of the Russian Federation have been participants in international relations, establishing international, foreign economic, cross-border cooperation with foreign partners. What are the opportunities and limitations of the international activities of the Russian regions? Have they transformed during this period? If so, in which direction and what was the reason for this? The purpose of this article is to find answers to these questions. Methodology. The conceptual basis of this study is the concept of paradiplomacy. The methodological basis of the study was the approach of Manuel Du- ran. The researcher suggests studying four aspects relevant to the study of the role of subnational government (powers, capabilities, abilities and presence). Methods. From the view point of the research design, the article is a case study, because it is based on the method of studying specific cases (case-study). The Sverdlovsk region was chosen as the object of the research. Results. Summarizing the results of the analysis of the Sverdlovsk region’s paradiplomacy, the author comes to the conclusion that Russian regions enter into international / foreign economic agreements, but only with the subjects of foreign federal states, administrative-territorial entities of foreign states. Secondly, the subjects of the Russian Federation take part in the work of international organizations, but only with those created specifically for these purposes. Thirdly, the regions also communicate with foreign states authorities, but only with the consent of the Government of the Russian Federa- tion. Fourthly, the subjects of the Russian Federa- tion open their representative offices outside the country, but in agreement with the Russian Foreign Ministry. Finally, the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation create institu- tions of paradiplomacy, which is expressed in the activities of regional ministries whose task is to as- sist in the developing international cooperation. Conclusions. The author outlines possibilities and limitations of paradiplomacy at the legislative level. Informally, the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be guided by the foreign policy line formulated by the head of the state. On a number of foreign policy events, certain Russian governors can take a firmer position than the federal center.