Word Retrieval System Research Articles

Implementation of Winnowing Algorithm and Simple Additive Weighting SAW for Publication Reference Journal Search System

Reference journals have several different writing arrangements. In the reference journal, there is some information or words needed in making scientific journals. With this information or word retrieval system, it can help to find journals that match the similarities between input and information or words in the journal that will be used as a reference. In this study, the input process of equations and information or words will be processed using the Winnowing algorithm as an algorithm that can find the similarity of words or texts with N-gram functions, rolling hash, and Jaccard Coefficient. In general, the search only uses the same words or text without any weighting on the composition of the reference journal. To be able to find journals and their level of importance in the order of journals, a weighting method is needed. This study also uses the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method as a process to determine the value of the order of urgency in journals so that it can provide results in the form of rankings based on searches and urgency weights in reference journals. The results of the similarity query with documents obtained 60% precision, 77% recall, and 81% accuracy, documents, and documents had 41% precision, 83% recall, and 66% accuracy. using Winnowing Algorithm, the search system can detect the similarity of text.

Zipf’s Law in Non-Fluent Aphasia

We studied Zipf’s law in the spontaneous speech of four people with non-fluent aphasia, and compared that to the spontaneous speech of four speakers from the Corpus of Spoken Dutch. Our results show no worse fit to Zipf’s law for aphasic compared to healthy speech but only a difference in slope. We argue that the fact that Zipf’s law is unaffected in people with aphasia, who suffer from problems with word retrieval rather than word storage, suggests that it is the organization of the mental lexicon that renders speech to conform to Zipf’s law and not the word retrieval system.

Towards an omnilingual word retrieval system for ancient manuscripts

In this article, we introduce the first method that allows the indexation of ancient manuscripts of any language and alphabet. We describe a word retrieval engine inspired by recent word-spotting advances on ancient manuscripts. Our approach does not need any layout segmentation and makes use of features fitted to any type of alphabet (Latin, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) and writing. The engine is tested on numerous documents and in several use-cases.

Where is the effect of frequency in word production? Insights from aphasic picture-naming errors

Some theories of lexical access in production locate the effect of lexical frequency at the retrieval of a word's phonological characteristics, as opposed to the prior retrieval of a holistic representation of the word from its meaning. Yet there is evidence from both normal and aphasic individuals that frequency may influence both of these retrieval processes. This inconsistency is especially relevant in light of recent attempts to determine the representation of another lexical property—age of acquisition or AoA—whose effect is similar to that of frequency. To further explore the representations of these lexical variables in the word retrieval system, we performed hierarchical, multinomial logistic regression analyses of 50 aphasic patients’ picture-naming responses. While both log frequency and AoA had a significant influence on patient accuracy and led to fewer phonologically related errors and omissions, only log frequency had an effect on semantically related errors. These results provide evidence for a lexical access process sensitive to frequency at all stages, but with AoA having a more limited effect.

Naming Multiple Objects: Neural Correlates as Measured by Positron Emission Tomography

The aim of this study was to examine the neural substrates of multiobject naming by positron emission tomography in normals. Multiobject naming is used in a technique called contextual priming (CP) to elicit contextual effects on picture naming through systematic manipulation of the relatedness of to-be-named pictures in an array. Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of CP on naming have been used both to highlight the inner dynamics of the normal word retrieval system and to treat naming difficulties caused by acquired anomia. Because of the complexity of the CP technique, it is unclear whether it merely reflects lexical retrieval or whether it also recruits general cognitive resources such as attentional control and response selection to a significant degree. When compared with a baseline situation in which colored circles were named, multiobject naming elicited increased blood flow in the occipital lobe and in the left inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. These areas have been related to visual pattern recognition and semantic access, and the pattern of activation is in line with previous functional imaging studies on single picture naming. In conclusion, multiobject naming does not appear to activate brain regions beyond those needed for single object naming. These findings thus provide independent evidence for the claim that CP is a valid paradigm for the study of word production proper.

Modulation of the visual word retrieval system in writing: a functional MRI study on the Japanese orthographies.

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether the act of writing involves different neuropsychological mechanisms between the two script systems of the Japanese language: kanji (ideogram) and kana (phonogram). The main experiments employed a 2 x 2 factorial design that comprised writing-to-dictation and visual mental recall for kanji and kana. For both scripts, the actual writing produced a widespread fronto-parietal activation in the left hemisphere. Especially, writing of kanji activated the left posteroinferior temporal cortex (lPITC), whereas that of kana also yielded a trend of activation in the same area. Mental recall for both scripts activated similarly the left parietotemporal regions including the lPITC. The writing versus mental recall comparison revealed greater activations in the left sensorimotor areas and right cerebellum. The kanji versus kana comparison showed increased responses in the left prefrontal and anterior cingulate areas. Especially, the lPITC showed a significant task-by-script interaction. Two additional control tasks, repetition (REP) and semantic judgment (SJ), activated the bilateral perisylvian areas, but enhanced the lPITC response only weakly. These results suggest that writing of the ideographic and phonographic scripts, although using the largely same cortical regions, each modulates the visual word-retrieval system according to their graphic features. Furthermore, comparisons with two additional tasks indicate that the activity of the lPITC increases especially in expressive language operations regardless of sensory modalities of the input stimulus.

Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks

Recent evidence suggests that letter and semantic category verbal fluency tasks may use different component processes of a distributed word retrieval system. We hypothesized that the retrieval of words that begin with the same letter places greater demands on frontal lobe mediated strategic search processes than on temporal lobe mediated semantic knowledge. Conversely, generation of words from the same semantic category places greater demands on semantic knowledge than on strategic search. This hypothesis was tested by requiring subjects to generate lists of words to letter and semantic cues alone and while performing an interference task. A motor sequencing task (developed by Moscovitch, Neuropsychology of Memory, pp. 5–22, 1992) was used to activate frontal regions and an object decision task was used to activate posterior temporal cortex. In support of the hypothesis, letter fluency was reduced to a greater extent by concurrent performance of the motor sequencing task than by the object decision task. The opposite interference pattern was found for semantic category fluency.

Effect of Verbal Context on Latency of Word Selection

GOLDMAN-EISLER1,2 found that low transition probabilities between words were associated with the occurrence of pauses in speech, both for the original speaker selecting words spontaneously and for subjects guessing missing words from the same verbal context. We can assume that differences in latency reflect, however crudely, something of the search or word retrieval system used in selecting words. Oldfield and Wingfield3 have recently used it to throw light on object naming, using a range of objects the names of which varied in frequency of occurrence in the language. They found a linear relation between latency of naming and the logarithm of the frequency of occurrence of the object's name. A comparable investigation is reported here on latencies for guessing words removed from a number of different verbal contexts the redundancy of which varied from that of random words to a passage of coherent prose.