Word Descriptors Research Articles

Knowledge graph construction in hyperbolic space for automatic image annotation

Automatic image annotation (AIA) is a fundamental and challenging task in computer vision. Considering the correlations between tags can lead to more accurate image understanding, benefiting various applications, including image retrieval and visual search. While many attempts have been made to incorporate tag correlations in annotation models, the method of constructing a knowledge graph based on external knowledge sources and hyperbolic space has not been explored. In this paper, we create an attributed knowledge graph based on vocabulary, integrate external knowledge sources such as WordNet, and utilize hyperbolic word embeddings for the tag representations. These embeddings provide a sophisticated tag representation that captures hierarchical and complex correlations more effectively, enhancing the image annotation results. In addition, leveraging external knowledge sources enhances contextuality and significantly enriches existing AIA datasets. We exploit two deep learning-based models, the Relational Graph Convolutional Network (R-GCN) and the Vision Transformer (ViT), to extract the input features. We apply two R-GCN operations to obtain word descriptors and fuse them with the extracted visual features. We evaluate the proposed approach using three public benchmark datasets. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture achieves state-of-the-art performance across most metrics on Corel5k, ESP Game, and IAPRTC-12.

Assessment of pain in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis using the pediatric pain questionnaire

Background Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic autoinflammatory disease of unknown etiology and is the most common cause of autoimmune musculoskeletal disease in children. Pain is a commonly reported symptom in JIA. There are levels of pain that interfere with physical, educational, emotional, and social activity, even when disease activity is controlled. Assessment of pain at each office visit is the cornerstone of effective pain management. Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) uses a 100-mm horizontal visual analog score (VAS) anchored with happy and sad faces to assess the present pain intensity and the worst pain intensity in the past week. Patients are also asked to choose from a list of 46 word descriptors to express sensory (e.g., cutting), affective (e.g., horrible), and evaluative (e.g., sad) qualities of their pain. Aim The aim of the study was to assess pain in children with JIA attending the Rheumatology Clinic in Alexandria University Children’s Hospital and to determine its relation to disease activity. Patients and methods Fifty-eight patients and their parents who attended the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic of Alexandria University Children Hospital were asked to fill out the questionnaire. Of the patients 58.6% were females and 41.4% patients were males; the mean age of the patients was 10.36±3.34 (months). Results According to pain and emotion, most parents in this study answered that the pain seemed worse when their children are tired. Distribution of the studied cases for present pain on VAS in this study showed that no significant differences were found between the children and parent scorings of present pain on VAS. All correlations were highly significant for present pain (P<0.001*). The distribution of the studied cases for worst pain last week on the VAS showed no significant differences between the children and parents scorings of worst pain on the VAS. All correlations were highly significant for worst pain (P<0.001*). Distribution of the studied cases according to the relationship between pain intensity on VAS and disease activity score showed no significant difference between pain intensity reported by children, parents, and physicians on VAS and disease activity score. Conclusion This work should be viewed in the light of some potential limitations. The results of this study revealed that the PPQ questionnaire was valid, reliable, and sensitive to the assessment of pain. Integrating patient-reported outcome measures of pain severity and responsiveness to standard clinical practice is feasible and applicable in the follow-up of patients and monitoring the treatment effectiveness.

Still Battling for Equity: Examining Biological Sex Portrayals Through the Lens of the Gold Coast During Australian Prime Time Coverage of the 2018 Commonwealth Games

This study examined differences in the Seven Network’s primetime coverage of male and female athletes who participated at the 2018 Commonwealth Games that were held in Australia. Over 31 hours of total coverage was analyzed for clock-time, name mentions, and the descriptions of athletes by announcers divided by biological sex. Results found that male athletes received the bulk of the clock time and were featured more in two of the three most-telecasted sports: swimming and track cycling. However, there were few other significant results in the word for word descriptors of success, failure, physicality, and personality, which indicates that the announcers on the Seven Network provided a relatively balanced depiction of athletes. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.

Children's and adolescents' descriptors of asthma symptoms: An integrative review.

Accurate assessment of asthma symptoms is central to appropriate treatment and management; however effective communication about symptoms-how it is perceived and reported-remain challenging in pediatric clinical and research settings. To synthesize the existing pediatric literature on children's and adolescents' word descriptors of asthma symptoms. In this integrative review, we systematically searched Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PubMed databases to identify original research studies from 1980 to 2021 on children and adolescents' word descriptors of asthma symptoms. The search yielded 2,232 articles, of which 21 studies met the eligibility criteria. Scientific literature focused on children and adolescents' descriptions of asthma symptoms are limited. In addition to standard asthma symptom terminology (e.g. cough, wheeze, chest tightness, shortness of breath), pediatric populations used nonstandard word choices to describe the asthma symptom experience. Children and adolescents used a variety of affective (e.g. 'helpless', 'afraid of dying') and sensory words (e.g. 'pressure in chest', 'tightness, lungs feel shut') to describe the phenomena. Literature examining race differences in word descriptors in pediatrics is limited; thus it is unclear if word descriptors vary by race or ethnicity. Evidence of relationships between descriptors and gender and age are also lacking. Our review elucidates gaps in the literature regarding the full extent of the language common to racially and ethnically diverse samples of children and adolescents. Further research is warranted to help clinicians and researchers query children and adolescents' experience of asthma symptoms.

The menstrual taboo and the nuances of misogyny: Comparing feminine hygiene TV advertisements in the Arab and western worlds

Feminine hygiene advertisements are key sources of information for menstruators and others. This research used quantitative content analysis to examine the representation of menstruation in advertisements in the Arab and western worlds. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 222 advertisements – 157 western and 65 Arab – produced between 2000 and 2020. Coding sheet questions focused on the social interactions of advertisement actors and the word descriptors used to define aspects of menstruation. Results were consistent with the literature on the menstrual taboo and social stigmas surrounding menstruation, as well as research suggesting that Arab societies exhibit relatively greater degrees of social conservatism regarding gender. In particular, findings, which are contextualized in light of feminist theory, showed that ads consistently concealed key aspects of menstruation, showed models in isolation, employed euphemisms, rarely spoke of menstrual blood and almost never portrayed blood in a realistic red colour. Both Arab and western advertisements highlighted the feminine hygiene product’s role as saviour. Examined Arab advertisements were more conservative than western ads. Arab ads were more likely to mention secrecy terms, and less likely to label menstrual fluid as ‘blood’, display menstrual blood in the colour red and show female models interacting with male models.

Gender Representation at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games From an Australian Broadcast Perspective

This study examined differences in the Seven Network’s primetime coverage of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games on all of its channels. Over 102 hr of total coverage was analyzed for clock time, name mentions, and the descriptions of athletes by announcers divided by gender. Results found that male athletes received the bulk of the clock time; 13 of the top 20 most-mentioned athletes were men. There were also gender differences in the word for word descriptors of success, failure, physicality, and personality. From a theoretical perspective, results found the framing of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games to favor male Olympians. The top three sports that were broadcast featuring women were ice hockey, freestyle skiing, and snowboarding, which differs from other studies in this line of scholarship, so differences in the sports covered in the Australian context provides a unique context to study the Winter Olympics. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.

Holistic word descriptor for lexicon reduction in handwritten arabic documents

Most of word recognition systems rely on a pre-defined lexicon in aims to achieve high performance. Recently, the availability of training /testing data allows to include a huge number of words in the lexicon to recognize. However, this leads to high computation cost as the lexicon is grown. In addition, including more and more word-classes may lead to increase the burden on classification methods and degrade the recognition rate. In this work, we propose a holistic word descriptor for word lexicon reduction in Arabic handwritten documents. The proposed descriptor represents geometrical features of word shape through three main feature sets, defined from multi-scale convexity concavity analysis. The first two sets are dedicated to defined the number of peaks and their intensity levels of convexity/concavity peaks, respectively. In contrast, the last set is dedicated to define a region codes of the peaks by analyzing their regions according to their spatial information. Given a query word and lexicon(reference dataset), the lexicon reduction system is applied by first defining the holistic word descriptor for both query word and each word in the lexicon. The lexicon is then indexed according to its distances to the query word descriptor. Finally, the reduced lexicon is formulated from the first kth entries of the indexed lexicon. The proposed system has been evaluated under two well-known Arabic datasets, namely Ibn Sina and IFN/ENIT. Reported results show superior performance compared to prior art, with 93.7% and 91.2% reduction efficacy for Ibn Sina and IFN/ENIT, respectively.

Gluten-induced Neurocognitive Impairment: Results of a Nationwide Study.

Goals:This study aimed to understand the neurocognitive symptoms associated with gluten exposure in individuals with self-reported celiac disease (CD) and nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS).Background:While gluten-induced neurocognitive impairment (GINI; eg, “celiac fog” or “brain fog”) is commonly described by individuals with CD and NCGS, there are little data regarding the prevalence and symptoms associated with these experiences.Study:A 9-question online survey was accessed by 1396 individuals (1143 with CD; 253 with NCGS). Forced choice and free-response questions were asked of participants to obtain a description of neurocognitive symptoms experienced after gluten ingestion. Free-response answers were coded using a coding structure developed based on the Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument.Results:The majority of survey participants (89% of CD and 95% of NCGS) reported having GINI symptoms. When describing symptoms, the most common word descriptors for both groups were difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, and grogginess. Timing of symptoms, including onset and symptom peak, were similar across the 2 groups. Coding of free responses found the most common references were to cognitive, physical, psychological, and overall quality of life impacts.Conclusions:This survey suggests that GINI is common and may be severe in both individuals with CD and NCGS. Cognitive impairment and decline in physical functioning may be similar to that occurring in other illnesses, such as lupus. Clinical follow-up with both individuals with CD and NCGS should include assessment of GINI symptoms. Further research is warranted, including the development of a patient-reported outcome measure including neurocognitive effects of gluten exposure.

Sum of variance for quantifying the variation of multiple sequential data for the crispness evaluation of chicken nugget.

Crispness is one of the words most frequently used to describe the texture of fried or dried food in addition to being a key to the determination of freshness for many non-fried foods. In this study, a new feature value called the sum of variance was assessed for its contribution to the estimation of crispness. Dynamic time warping and its averaging algorithms were employed to determine the sum of variance from a set of sequential force data measured using an instrument. The sum of variance is a feature value that expresses the variance of multiple sequential data. In an experiment, seven chicken nugget samples were prepared, and five panels evaluated their texture according to six Japanese word descriptors. An instrument experiment determined the six feature values, including the sum of variance from the measurement data, whereas multiple linear regression was applied to determine the relationship between the sensory values and feature values. For three of the six textures, the sum of variance reduced the error between the sensory values and their estimated values by up to 50%, confirming that this feature contributes to the textural estimation of food crispness.

How to be functionally fluent during a crisis?

PurposeThis paper aims to provide leaders with language that can support them during crisis communication using the functional fluency model with positive 30 word descriptors or adjectives to improve their effectiveness with the right words.Design/methodology/approachThe functional fluency model has nine modes of communication. Five of them aid in effective communication, while four bring about ineffective communication. Each of the modes have six word descriptors or adjectives to best describe a specific mode. Hence, out of total 54 adjectives, 30 are associated with positive ways of communication. Based on these 30 word descriptors, indicative sentences are framed for positive communication.FindingsLeaders can effectively use word descriptors from the “fabulous five” modes of structuring, nurturing, accounting, cooperative and spontaneous to word their responses. Moreover, they can be mindful of the word descriptors related to the negative modes.Research limitations/implicationsThe sentences framed against the word descriptors/adjectives are indicative. However, versions can be framed suited to a particular situation.Practical implicationsThe word descriptors of the functional fluency model supports practitioners of crisis communication and leaders to be functionally fluent in a crisis.Originality/valueEffective communication can be a struggle during a crisis. It is here that the functional fluency model with its 30 adjectives associated with positive modes can help leaders with appropriate expressions.

New Algorithm for the Development of a Musical Words Descriptor for the Artificial Composition of Oriental Music

New Algorithm for the Development of a Musical Words Descriptor for the Artificial Composition of Oriental Music

Expectancy versus experience – Comparing Portion-Size-Effect during pre-meal planning and actual intake

Research on eating behaviour has confirmed that portion size can substantially influence intake, a phenomenon known as the Portion-Size-Effect (PSE). Despite extensive research interest, there is limited understanding about the PSE on intended consumption (often measured by Expected Intake). It also remains unclear whether the presentation of food cues (e.g., Word Descriptors; Food Images) can modulate PSE during pre-meal planning. The current study addressed these questions by comparing PSE on intended versus actual consumption, with 62 participants based on a within-subject design. Participants firstly rated Expected Intake for a pasta dish of three sizes (400, 600, and 800 g), with each size presented in three different formats of food cues. The participants' actual pasta intake with the three portion sizes was tested in three ad libitum sessions over 7 weeks. The results suggested that Expected Intake increases as portion size becomes larger, following a nearly linear relationship. In comparison, the Actual Intake had a smaller increment after the presented portion size exceeded the ‘appropriate’ range. Relating to these results, the pre-meal PSE was found to be comparable to the actual PSE with moderate portion sizes (i.e., 600 g-400 g), but significantly stronger than the actual effect with large portion sizes. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that portion size can have a stronger influence on meal planning than actual food intake, and show that the format of food cues has considerable influence on Expected Intake. Studies of pre-meal planning should carefully consider the role of portion sizes and food cues on Expected Intake.

M-Learning in an Undergraduate Business Program: Recruitment Promises, Student Perceptions, and Mixed Realities

The purpose of the study described in this paper was to explore student views (n=136) on the use of Apple iPad technology within various in-class courses offered by a School of Business at a small Ontario university as well as the overall effectiveness of a recruitment message focused on mobile learning. The results of the study are as follows: 1) over half of the students had not heard about the offer of a “free” iPad before they had enrolled at the University; 2) students expressed positive and negative views regarding the use of iPads in their face to face classes (e.g., the iPads were helpful in enhancing learning; the iPads were time consuming to use and distracting in the classroom; other devices work better in the classroom); and 3) differences that existed between students’ in-class and everyday use of their iPads could be connected to their frustrations with the steep learning curve experienced by faculty. Key word descriptors: millennials, tablet technology, mobile technology, digital technology, learning transferability, higher education, iPad

Characteristics of Glutamate-Evoked Pain in the Masseter Region: Differences Between Targeted Injections in Subcutaneous, Muscle, and Bone Tissues

To investigate whether glutamate-evoked pain in the masseter region differs between three different depths of injection, targeting subcutaneous, muscle, and bone tissues. A total of 16 healthy volunteers participated and, in a randomized order, received injections of glutamate (1.0 M, 0.2 mL) and isotonic saline (0.9%, 0.2 mL) in the masseter region that targeted subcutaneous, intramuscular, and bone surface tissues. Following injection, pain intensity was measured using electronic visual analog scale (eVAS) and numeric rating scale (NRS) scores of unpleasantness, tiredness, tension, soreness, and stiffness. Pressure pain sensitivity (PPS), pain drawing areas, and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) scores were also assessed. Repeated-measures analysis of variance, McNemar test, and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analyses. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Overall, subcutaneous injections induced significantly more unpleasantness and pain than intramuscular injections, and PPS scores evoked after glutamate injection at the surface of the bone were significantly higher than after intramuscular glutamate injection. Subcutaneous glutamate injections were more often described as "sharp" and "pinching." The subcutaneous injection was more painful and unpleasant than the intramuscular injection. The glutamate injection at the surface of the bone sensitized the deep pain tissues to pressure stimulation. Clinically, it may be difficult to differentiate between the source or site of pain originating from the masseter region, but the specific quality and word descriptors could assist in differential diagnosis.

Cultural adaptation of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool in Turkish children with cancer.

Pain is very common among pediatric cancers. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT). In this methodological study, language validity and content validity of the words in the third section of the scale, which was administered to children with cancer, were tested using the Q-sort method. The APPT was used to measure test-retest reliability once for each of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks of the chemotherapy protocols for 30 children. A reliability test was conducted using the APPT for 96 children with cancer. The number of words included in the third section of the APPT was reduced to 56 following the completion of the language and content validity using the Q-sort method. In the test-retest method, results from the three measures taken showed that the intra-class correlation coefficient was good. The internal consistency of the scale was also good (α = .78) in terms of the total number of body areas marked on body outline diagram, pain severity, pain intensity ratings, total number of word descriptors, and total number of sensory, affective, evaluative and temporal word descriptors. Correlations were found between the total number of body areas marked on the body outline diagram and the total number of word descriptors (r = .53), the pain severity and pain intensity ratings (r = .95), and the total number of word descriptors (r = .38). The Turkish version of the APPT was determined to be valid, reliable and easy to use for pediatric cancer patients.

Automatic classification of ceramic sherds with relief motifs

A large corpus of ceramic sherds dating from the High Middle Ages has been extracted in Saran (France). The sherds have an engraved frieze made by the potter with a carved wooden wheel. These relief patterns can be used to date the sherds in order to study the diffusion of ceramic production. The aim of the ARCADIA project was to develop an automatic classification of this archaeological heritage. The sherds were scanned using a three-dimensional (3-D) laser scanner. After projecting the 3-D point cloud onto a depth map, the local variance highlighted the shallow relief patterns. The saliency region focused on the motif was extracted by a density-based spatial clustering of FAST points. An adaptive thresholding was then applied to the depth to obtain a binary pattern close to manual sampling. The five most representative types of motif were classified by training an SVM model with a pyramid histogram of visual words descriptor. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed approach succeeded in classifying up to 84% of the binary patterns on a dataset of 377 scanned sherds. The automatic method is extremely time-saving compared to manual stamping.

A Qualitative Description of Chronic Neck Pain has Implications for Outcome Assessment and Classification.

Background:Neck pain is common, but few studies have used qualitative methods to describe it.Purpose:To describe the quality, distribution and behavior of neck pain.Methods:Sixteen people (15 females; mean age = 33 years (range = 20-69)) with neck pain >3 months were interviewed using a semi-structured guide. Interview data were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Descriptive content analysis was performed by two authors. Participants then completed an electronic descriptive pain tool, placing icons (word and icon descriptors to describe quality) on anatomic diagrams to identify location of pain, and intensity ratings at each location. This data was triangulated with interviews.Results:Aching pain and stiffness in the posterior neck and shoulder region were the most common pain complaints. All patients reported more than one pain quality. Associated headache was common (11/16 people); but varied in location and pain quality; 13/16 reported upper extremity symptoms. Neuropathic characteristics (burning) or sensory disturbance (numbness/tingling) occurred in some patients, but were less common. Activities that involved lifting/carrying and psychological stress were factors reported as exacerbating pain. Physical activity was valued as essential to function, but also instigated exacerbations. Concordance between the structured pain tool and interviews enhanced trustworthiness of our results. Integrating qualitative findings with a previous classification system derived a 7-axis neck pain classification: source/context, sample subgroup, distribution, duration, episode pattern, pain/symptom severity, disability/participation restriction.Conclusions:Qualitative assessment and classification should consider the multiple dimensions of neck pain.

Alexithymia as a Predictor of Chronic Tension Headaches

Alexithymia as a violation of inter-hemispheric communication which has no visible organic brain changes is now regarded as a predictor of many chronic physical and neurological diseases, but it has not yet been regarded in connection with chronic tension headaches. The authors examined 137 people with tension-type headache (33 men, 84 women) aged 30–50 years (average age 40,75 ± 6,29) in order to clarify a link to alexithymia. The diagnosis of tension headache was conducted according to the International classification of headaches, 3rd edition (beta version). The authors used the original headache diary, Toronto alexithymia scale, Hospital anxiety and depression scale, the measurement of the space under the curve of headache. It was found that the patients with alexithymia have difficulty in describing the place of headaches (the average number of word descriptors at most 1 word), distrust of doctors, abuse of analgesics and tend to use alternative medicine methods. The intensity (p = 0.0001) and the frequency of headaches (p = 0.0028) is significantly higher in patients with alexithymia, and the more common are depression (p = 0.042) and impaired nocturnal sleep (p = 0.001). Patients with chronic tension-type headache associated with sleep disorders, adaptation and symptoms of depression should be considered as alexithymic personalities until the contrary is proved. Physicians should be aware of the fact that alexithymic patients have problems with feelings verbalization, and if patient’s complaints are vague a doctor should use questionnaires, words-descriptors, phrases-descriptors and other auxiliary verbal techniques for accurate diagnosis.

Psychometric Testing of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS): A New Pain Scale for Military Population.

The Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS 2.0) is a pain assessment tool that utilizes a numerical rating scale enhanced by functional word descriptors, color coding, and pictorial facial expressions matched to pain levels. Four supplemental questions measure how much pain interferes with usual activity and sleep, and affects mood and contributes to stress. Psychometric testing was performed on a revised DVPRS 2.0 using data from 307 active duty service members and Veterans experiencing acute or chronic pain. A new set of facial representations designating pain levels was tested. Results demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.871) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.637 to r = 0.774) for the five items. Excellent interrater agreement was established for correctly ordering faces depicting pain levels and aligning them on the pain intensity scale (Kendall's coefficient of concordance, W = 0.95 and 0.959, respectively). Construct validity was supported by an exploratory principal component factor analysis and known groups validity testing. Most participants, 70.9%, felt that the DVPRS was superior to other pain rating scales. The DVPRS 2.0 is a reliable and valid instrument that provides standard language and metrics to communicate pain and related outcomes.

Long-term quality of life and functionality after ventral hernia mesh repair.

The absence of recurrence and pain are important for good quality of life (QoL) after ventral hernia mesh repair. We wanted to study long-term outcome after laparoscopic (LVHR) and open ventral hernia mesh repair (OVHR) using validated scales to measure QoL and functional outcome. We conducted a single-center follow-up study of 194 consecutive patients after LVHR and OVHR between March 2000 and June 2010. Of these, 27 patients (13.9%) died and 14 (7.2%) failed to attend their follow-up appointment. Of 153 (78.9%) patients who attended, 81 (52.9%) patients had LVHR and 72 (47.1%) patients had OVHR, including 11 conversions (surgery group). One hundred and twelve patients with non-recurrent ventral hernia were also enrolled consecutively as controls (non-surgery group). Quality of life was measured by the SF-36 short form questionnaire and functional outcome by the Activities Assessment Scale (AAS) with the revised Life Orientation Test to measure the influence of dispositional optimism on pain and functionality. Assessment of pain was done using a 100-mm visual analogue scale ruler anchored by word descriptors. Median time from hernia mesh repair to follow-up was 48 and 52months after LVHR and OVHR, respectively. There were no long-term differences between LVHR and OVHR measured by SF-36 and AAS. Physical dimensions in SF-36: physical function, restrictions in physical function and bodily pain, were significantly better in the surgery group compared to the non-surgery group, but only for incisional hernia. Recurrence was associated with a significant reduction in QoL in all dimensions of SF-36 in both hernia repair cohorts. Chronic pain and impairment were closely related. Optimistic patients had less impairment than pessimistic patients. LVHR and OVHR reduce chronic pain and physical impairment and improve long-term QoL. Hernia recurrence and persistent pain reduce the beneficial effect of hernia surgery. Dispositional optimism can modulate QoL reporting and improve functionality.