Blend Words Research Articles

English and Kiswahili Lexical Localization in Kibena

This paper has examined how English and Kiswahili borrowed expressions have been localized in Kibena. The study was guided by Kachru theory of language dominance and deficit, which deals with language contact and lexical borrowing between donor and recipient languages. In this study English and Kiswahili were the donor language and Kibena was the recipient language whereby the Kibena speakers consciously or unconsciously localized English and Kibena words in Kibena during communication process. The study employed a mixed approach and a descriptive research design in data collection, presentation, and discussion. Data were collected from fourteen written texts and fifty respondents through a questionnaire, interview, and documentary review. The data were analyzed using conceptual and rational content analysis methods. The findings underscore the significance of language contact in developing Kibena lexical knowledge through new lexical creation, borrowing, or localization in order to fill the lexical gap and for prestige attainment. The study realized that English and Kiswahili lexical which were localization in Kibena influenced the development of new words in Kibena through loan blend words formation, neologism creation and word to word translation techniques. The language contact was found to be among of the language’s vocabularies enrichment through words borrowing, naturalization, and adaptation. It is recommended that other research be done on the role of the phonological adaptation process of English and Kiswahili words into Kibena during lexical localization.

Comparison between two phonological awareness tasks in Arabic

Phonological Awareness (PA) in deep orthographies like English can be used to predict reading abilities in later grades. PA is a sensitive measure in identifying Arabic speaking children who struggle to read. The main objective of the present study was to compare two matched versions of a sound blending task to determine whether any of the two created versions (i.e., one with short vowels and the other without short vowels) of this task could yield a more accurate measure of PA in children speaking Jordanian Arabic. Data was collected from 20 randomly selected schools in Jordan. A randomly selected sample of 200 participants in grade 4 who were randomly divided into two groups (100 students each) and were tested on word blending, elision, word recognition, and oral reading fluency. Each group of participants was tested using a different version of the word blending task, while the other tasks used to test the two groups were the same. The major finding of the study revealed a significant difference between the two versions of the blending task in favor of the assumption that using a task without short vowels can produce inflated scores (i.e., the blending task without short vowels yielded higher scores); such scores demonstrated weak correlation with the reading measures. The implications of the current study support the presentation of blending tasks with all the constituent segments of the word including short vowels (i.e., presenting the word with consonants, long vowels, and short vowels), which can better contribute to gauging children's PA abilities.

Clipping and Blending Words in Japanese Internet Slang: Philosophical Perspective

Philosophy is a system of thought or rather a way of thinking that can be challenged. Philosophy is also a process, a way of searching for truth indefinitely. The philosophy of science, on the other hand, is a philosophical study that seeks to answer questions about the nature of science in terms of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. More than two decades ago, the world was stunned by a new technology known as the internet. As the internet matures into a technology that connects the world, the number of internet-related languages grows. Similarly, in Japanese, there are many words that were created and are related to the internet. There are special internet terms in Japanese that arose as a result of borrowing from English terms. There are also those that arise as a result of the word process. Some internet-specific terms, such as web or bug, are derived from English vocabulary that predates the internet. However, in Japanese, the term has been adapted into a new vocabulary related to the internet. This paper is designed to highlight the particular forming new words through the process of blending and clipping. This paper also intends to highlight philosophical aspects. It investigates the use of blend words and clipping in Japanese internet slang. In terms of internet in Japanese, the blending process consists of a combination of Japanese (wago) and English (gairaigo) words from different or the same word classes. Blends created from word which belong to the different words classes, the interpretation of their meaning generally involved straightforward process. Keywords: Clipping, Blending, Japanese, Internet slang

Phonological Construction of Indonesian Blends

Blends are formed by joining two clipped words into one. For example, in English, ‘breakfast’ and ‘lunch’ are joined to become ‘brunch’. While studies of blends usually focus on the morphological aspect, this study aims at describing the phonological aspects of blend formation, particularly the syllable formation of Indonesian blends. Moreover, the phonological constraints for blend formation are also investigated. The data were obtained from observing blending words used in daily conversations, as well as in media such as television and online news. To gather the data, the researcher asked each of her 20 students to find five samples of Indonesian blends. As a result, as many as 100 Indonesian blends were found. The data were then categorized based on their syllable structures and the phonological constraints for blend formation were analyzed using optimality theory. The results showed that blending words can be categorized into six types, which are (CVC+CVC), (CV+CVC), (CV+CVC), (V+CVC), (CV+CV), and (VC+CVC). For example, the second type (CV + CVC) ‘mager’ is formed from the first part of the first source word and the first part of the second source word as in ‘malas’ and ‘gerak’. Moreover, there are some possible constraints that make a new blend acceptable or unacceptable in Indonesian, such as the recognizability of blend from its source words and the semantic similarity of the blend with the already existing word. For example, the word ‘mantul’ is acceptable blend of mantap + betul, since ‘mantul’ already exists but it has different meaning. The results of this study imply that forming new words by blending the already existed words is still possible, but their acceptance or usage depend on the users’ familiarity with phonological knowledge.

Development of Reading Skills for Thai Grade 1 Students Through Smart Training Application Innovation

This research aimed to create a smart training application innovation to develop Thai language reading skills for Thai grade 1 students, targeting an efficiency standard of 80/80. The study compared the reading abilities of Thai grade 1 students before and after using the application. These students were from the Network School of the Teacher Professional Experience Center, Faculty of Education, Loei Rajabhat University. Specifically, 13 students from Ban Na Si School were selected using purposive random sampling for the first semester of the academic year 2023. This school was intentionally selected due to its eagerness to implement this innovative approach. The study utilized two versions of the smart training application: one focused on words without tone marks and the other on consonant blend words. Four lesson plans were designed (two for each version), and a 20-question reading achievement test was administered. Through the E1/E2 value calculation and a t-test, it was deduced that the application surpassed the 80/80 efficiency standard, scoring 81.15/86.15. Furthermore, students exhibited a significant improvement in their reading skills after using the application, as evidenced by a higher post-study performance at a 0.05 significance level.

THE SURNAMENOMICS, POWERFUL TOOL DESCRIBING OUTSTANDING FACTS AND POLICIES OF OUR DAYS

We deal with an instrument which seems to be close to branding, that is the impact of a term on our knowledge and for a better understanding of a certain situation or action. In fact, it’s about any public, influential and notorious person, related with economic policies or outstanding economic impact in society who receives the suffixnomics linked to its name. This analyzed aspect is a contribution to the renewal of Economic Theory, putting at work elements of different economic domains. We used data from media and Internet sources regarding such blend words list and we’ve selected the most important with a sound impact on specialists or readers. Conclusion is that, in our opinion, the Surnamenomics treatment is very appropriate to those analyzed in the paper. At the same time, we think that revealing sound reasons, we can propose other names in such manner, but in order to be approved by a large base of professors, specialists and journalists, and after that to be spread all over the world and to remain stuck in the collective memoire.

A lexicographical approach to neologisms created through blending

Blending has long been regarded as an unproductive word-formation process. “Portmanteau”, a word formed through blending, can be traced back to Lewis Carroll’s Through The Looking-glass, published in 1871, but the earliest words created this way were found to be in use in the late Middle English period and many of them did not survive. The number of blends failed to experience any apparent increase in the several centuries that ensued. Since the beginning of the 20th century, blending has been playing an ever-increasing role in forming neologisms. Simonini (1966) found that blend words comprised approximately 3% of new English words. Algeo’s (1991) research into neologisms revealed that about 5% of the words were blends. Among the 1,186 new words analyzed by Cook and Stevenson (2010), around 43% were blends. The growing number of new blends in the English vocabulary means the inclusion of more such words in English dictionaries. In the recent updates of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), neologisms such as shockvertising, sharenting, Xennial, and staycation are formed through blending. This paper intends to make a thorough research into new blends recorded not only in monolingual English dictionaries such as the OED, Collins English Dictionary, and Merriam-Webster Dictionary but also in bilingual dictionaries such as An English-Chinese Dictionary of Neologisms in Present-day English and A Dictionary of Blends in Contemporary English. The blends found therein will be classified, and the deficiencies in the coverage of blends in dictionaries like the OED will be discussed in detail.

46 Are Reading Strategies Related to the Orthographic Depth of Languages Acquired Through Bilingual Education?

Objective:This longitudinal study investigates whether reading strategies are influenced by the orthographic depth of languages, specifically Spanish or Cantonese, acquired through enrollment in bilingual immersion programs. Spanish shares an alphabet with English and is considered a phonologically transparent language (Sun et al., 2022). Research has shown that second language learners of Cantonese, an opaque language, performed better on orthographic awareness tasks that involve whole-word visual information processing (Wang and Geva, 2003). We hypothesize that students enrolled in a bilingual immersion program will outperform peers in general education (GENED) on selected reading tasks. More specifically, those in Spanish-immersion programs will perform better on English tasks involving phonological processing; whereas those in Cantonese-immersion programs will perform better on single-word/character processing tasks.Participants and Methods:Participants (n=102) were native English speakers recruited from the San Francisco Unified School District. Our sample included 42 females and 60 males. Thirty-nine identified as White, 33 Mixed Race, 25 Asian, 4 Latinx, and 1 Black. Thirty-nine children were in GENED, 33 in Spanish immersion programs (Sp), and 30 in Cantonese immersion programs (Cn). Each child was assessed on a core language/behavioral battery at Kindergarten (T1) and 2nd-3rd grade (T2). Time 2 participants were between 7 and 9 years old.Those that scored at least one standard deviation below the mean (SS=85) on a nonverbal intelligence screener (KBIT-2 Matrices) were excluded to mitigate confounds of intellectual disabilities. Groups' performance in English was compared on English tasks involving phonological processing (CTOPP-2 Blending Words and Elision) and single-word/character information processing tasks (WJ-IV Letter Word Identification and KABC-II Rebus).Results:Simple main effects analysis showed that time did have a statistically significant effect on test performance (p <0.001). At T2, analysis revealed a significant impact of school enrollment on Blending Words [F (2, 51.0) = 4.19, p = 0.018]. As predicted, post-hoc analysis revealed the students enrolled in the Spanish-immersion program significantly outperformed those in general education on this task. Across the other three tasks, those enrolled in Spanish and Cantonese immersion programs performed as strong as or better than those in GENED, but the variability was not statistically significant.Conclusions:This study uniquely isolated the effects of bilingual education without confounding factors of access to resources of a more heterogeneous socioeconomic sample. Mixed results partially supported our hypotheses: Spanish-immersion participants performed significantly better than those in GENED on one English phonological processing task (Blending Words). Although Cantonese immersion students had a higher mean performance than those in GENED on single-word/-character processing tasks, the variance was not statistically significant. This implies that bilingual education may offer advantages in either reading strategy. According to the literature, characteristics of a language may influence literacy acquisition; thus, subsequent research may continue to examine the effect of learning multiple languages with varying levels of orthographic depth on the development of English reading strategies.

A WORD FORMATION IN PRODUCT NAMING ON SNACK BRANDS

Word formation processes have become one of the most important steps for company in creating brand names. This study aims to identify and describe the word formation processes on snack brands. There were 30 objects of snack brands in this study. The object of this study was snack names found in Alfamart and Indomaret. Qualitative descriptive method was applied in this study. The results show that that there were six words formation processes found on snack names, namely blending, compounding, borrowing, acronyms, coinage and multiple processes. From the data, the writer found 53,3% compound words, 23,3% blending words, 13,3% borrowing words, and 3,3% acronyms, 3,3% coinage and 3,3% multiple processes.

단어 형성의 관점에서 본 전문 용어 줄임말의 유형과 특성

This paper aims at revealing the types and properties of term abbreviations in Urimalsaem. Until now, abbreviations have been discussed only in the basic types such as AC, AD, BC, and BD. However, even when targeting term abbreviations for Urimalsaem, the types are not so simple. In this respect, in order to categorize 794 term abbreviations of Urimalsaem, in addition to the ‘basic type’, ‘extended type’ and ‘applied type’ were assumed. In addition, the ‘complex type’ which is combined with the basic type and the extended type was considered as a separate type, and those that did not belong to any type were grouped into ‘other type’. Through this classification, except for ‘other type’, they were subdivided into 11 extended types, 14 applied types, and 1 complex types in addition to 4 basic types. This results clearly show that the term abbreviation types are very complicated themselves. These abbreviation types have a very high sum of the proportions of the extended, applied, and complex types, although the proportion of the overall basic types is over half at 53.4%. In the case of the AD type, the ratio of the extended type (15.74%) is more than twice as high as that of the basic type (16.30%). On the other hand, compared to the ratio of AC and AD types, BC and BD types are not very productive in abbreviation methods because the sum is only 5.66% of them. When it comes to the abbreviation type, it can also be seen that the number of syllables plays a very important role in the formation of abbreviations. On the other hand, as the structural characteristics of the abbreviation, AC and AD types with the highest type frequency and item frequency were mentioned. The relationship between acronyms for AC type and blended words for AD type was also noted. In addition, among the term abbreviations, some elements appear repeatedly and continuously as former or latter position. Some of them are affixes, but others are not. Therefore, they can be separately called ‘abbreviators’. It is worth noting that these abbreviators make us predict the type of term abbreviations not just in current but also in future.

Destigmatizing disfluency

Background: Typically understood as a symptom of a speech disorder, stuttering is the verbal repetition of sounds, words, or phrases that suspend the progression of a speaker’s turn. Method: Using conversation analysis, over 180 phrasal multisyllabic stutters were found in audio recordings of peer telephone support in the United States. Results: Most phrasal stutters arise from early, within-turn indicators of potential sequential, semantic, or syntactic trouble. Typically produced with quick pacing, the stutters are varied, including the latching of sounds across words, abbreviated words, word blends, and/or unintelligible sounds. Elongated or cut-off sounds often indicate the seeming end of a stutter, with either abandonment or a typically fluent completion of a current turn occurring upon a stutter’s conclusion. Importantly, the other interactant never interrupts or completes the stutter. Discussion/conclusion: These findings contradict prior conversation analytic studies of stutters and describe stuttering as a normalized everyday action, where speakers can successfully navigate disfluency to reach eventual fluency.

Major Trends in Vocabulary and Usage in the English Language in the 21st Century

It has been evident that human language recurrently changes over time and undergoes constant evolution. There have been extensive changes in the English language in terms of grammatical structures, new word patterns, and vocabulary and their usage. Consequently, the present study envisions outlining some major trends in vocabulary usage in modern 21st century English. A qualitative analysis method is used to explore the patterns of change with respect to time in the English language. The study has investigated the newly emerged trends in language usage, such as the use of abbreviations and short phrases, changes in the grammar and pronunciations over time, the concept of borrowed words. Moreover, the word-formation processes, coining of words, occasionalism and nonce words, compounding and formation of compound words, blending of words, as well as derivation are also discussed.

تداخل مسميات اساليب الترجمة واثرها في اللغة العربية ودراسات الترجمة

Some translation methods overlap to the extent that they are an unnecessary proliferation of terms. The aim of this study therefore is twofold: Firstly, it examines four methods of translation (literal translation, overt translation, semantic translation, and direct translation). The study finds that these methods overlap to different degrees. While semantic and overt methods of translation apply similar features, literal translation has subtle differences from semantic and overt methods of translation. Direct Translation has more distinctive features than the other three methods. Secondly, the study examines the names for these methods in the Arabic language and shows how the Arabic terms overlap to a large extent, which is confusing to Arab practitioners. The study therefore suggests other names for the methods to minimize their overlap and increase their practicality. تفترض هذه الدراسة التداخل الكبير لبعض اساليب الترجمة، لدرجة انهم يشكلون توزيع غير ضروري لمسميات هذه االساليب. ينقسم هدف هذه الدراسة الى شقين. االول: دراسة اربع انواع من اساليب الترجمة(الترجمة الحرفية، الترجمة الظاهرة، الترجمة الداللية، الترجمةالمباشرة.) وجدت الدراسة ان هذه االساليب تتداخل بدرجات متفاوتة. حيث تنطبق على الترجمة الداللية والظاهرة الكثير من الصفات المتشابهة. في حين هناك اختالفات حاذقة بين الترجمة الحرفية والترجمة الداللية والواضحة.بينما للترجمة المباشرة سمات مميزة تختلف عن اساليبالترجمة الثالثة االخرى.ركز الشق الثاتي من الدراسة على اسماء هذه االساليب باللغة العربية. حيث ان المسميات العربية لهذه االساليب تتداخل بشكل كبير، وتشكل مصدرا لالرباك للعديد من ممارسين المهنة. لذلك قامت هذه الدراسة باقتراح اسماء اخرى لهذه االساليب للحد من نسبة تداخلها وزيادة عمليتها

WORD FORMATION ANALYSIS IN ELON MUSK’S TWEETS AND REPLIES: MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH

Humans have been using creativity to invent new words and expression, through which resulting language to evolve. This process of creating words and expression is called word formation process. Word formation is important to be analysed in order to comprehend the morphological structure and the word origin. By this reason, the aim of this research is to analyse the types of word formation process as well as their part of speech changes in Elon Musk’s tweets. Elon Musk’s tweets and replies in Twitter are full interesting diction of words associated with economy, science and politics. Many words in Elon Musk’s tweets were found unique and could possibly be invented by himself. The researchers used the theory of Yule (2010) in categorizing the types of word formation process, with the addition of two more types brought by O’Grady & Archibald (2015). Furthermore, the researchers categorized the collected data into their part of speech to know how some processes affect the word class. This research is qualitative, and data was collected by using observational method, which then reduced into the tweets and replies from May 15 to June 21, 2022. As the result of this research, it was found that there were 13 acronyms, 12 borrowings, 11 coined words, 7 blend words, 4 clippings, 3 backformations, 34 compound words, 1 onomatopoeia expression, 11 conversions, and 123 derivations, with the total of 218 words. It was also found that word formation process was crucial for the word’s part of speech.

Blending as a Word-Formation Process

Although there are several ways of creating new words, the article investigates the morphological process that is referred to as lexical blending. Even if this minor word-formation process is increasingly popular, it is still not clearly defined and limited. This process is present in many languages, and is clear proof of how inventive a language can be. The first part of the article presents an examination of defining characteristics of blending and blend words according to different authors. The second part of the article is of a practical nature. Some of the key characteristics of blends discussed in the first part are tested on the basis of a corpus, which was compiled specifically for this purpose and contains 458 English and 396 French blends. Blends from each language are analysed separately in order to reveal any major discrepancies between English and French. The focal points of the analysis are the lexical categories of blends and of the source words entering each blend, the presence or absence of shortening of source words, the type of shortening of source words, the structural patterns of blends, the presence or absence of overlap between the source words, the type of overlap and the frequency of infixation. These parameters are corroborated by the statistical analysis of the corpus in order to reveal any prominent structural patterns in both languages. Additionally, some of these points of analysis are compared to the findings presented by Vincent Renner in “French and English lexical blends in contrast” (2018). His study includes 97 French and 374 English blends from two corresponding dictionaries in both languages, namely the Grand Robert de la langue française and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.

WORD FORMATION PROCESS FOUND in LESTY KEJORA’S CAPTION on INSTAGRAM

This study aims to decipher Word formation Process Found in Lesty Kejora'scaption on Instagram". The method in this study utilizes a qualitative descriptive method, with keep tabs as the next conciliation, we got the data source from Lesty Kejora's captions on Instagram during a year(April 2021—April 2022).In this research, the writers utilizes Yule's theory (1996) for analyzes the word forming found in Lesty Kejora's caption on Instagram, for analyzing 10 word formation processes, they are (1) coinage, (2) borrowing, (3) blending, (4) clipping, (5) acronyms, (6) derivation, (7) compounding, (8) backformation, (9) multiplyprocesses, (10) conversion. To analyze the data, the researcher make the results of classifying the word formation made in the form of a table, so that the researcher analyzed the data. The results displayed that there were 96 words with 65 words Borrowing, 11 compounding, 4 derivation words, 10 acronyms, 1 word blending and 5 clipping words. The dominant type in the word formation process in Lesty Kejora's captions on Instagram is borrowing, which is have 65 data found.

A-263 Literacy Acquisition Shaped by Bilingual Education

Abstract Objective: This study investigates how literacy acquisition is shaped by bilingual education. We hypothesize that learning a phonetic language, like Spanish, will improve performance on phonologically-based tasks in English. Comparatively, we expect learning a different orthographic system, like Cantonese, will improve performance on semantically-based English tasks. Methods: Participants included 107 native English speakers between 7 and 9 years old from San Francisco schools. There were 42 children in general education English programs (GENED), 35 in Spanish (Sp) immersion programs, and 30 in Cantonese (Cn) immersion programs. Students scoring less than 85 on a nonverbal intelligence screener were excluded (KBIT-2 Matrices). Groups' performance in English was compared on phonological (CTOPP-2 Blending Words) and orthographic learning tasks (KABC-II Rebus). Results: One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of bilingual education on phonological task performance at the p < .05 level [F(2, 66.4) = 3.52, p = .035]. As predicted, the Spanish-immersion group performed better on the phonological task (Blending Words, p = .035; GENED M = 8.55, Sp M = 10.09, Cn M = 9.03). Performance on the semantic task did not significantly vary among groups [F(2, 67) = 3.11, p = .051]. Conclusions: This suggests that learning a second language may shape literacy acquisition in the primary language. Results indicated that learning Spanish, a phonetic language, was associated with stronger performance on an English phonological task when compared to GENED and Cn immersion. Although the variance between groups on the semantic task was not significant, further research could characterize the impact of different orthography on English acquisition.

BLENDED WORDS WITH PROPER-NAME COMPONENTS TO EXPRESS QUALITY IN PRESENT-DAY AMERICAN SPORTS DISCOURSE

The article deals with compounding in present-day English. A specific type of compound words, blended words, used in modern American sports media discourse was studied. Specifically, blended words of adjectival nature were analyzed in the paper. The author analyzes blended words created by means of joining contracted forms of a proper name and an adjective or participle II. This type of blended words in American sports media discourse is suggested to be specific to sports terminology only; however, the trend in this type of word formation penetrates other spheres of human activity. The component represented by a proper name always refers to an athlete’s or team name. The major function of such lexemes is to describe a game or recent period of the athlete or team by means of stylistic effect. Pun is the basic device used in formation of such blended words. It has been established that the researched lexical units can be divided into two major groups: blended words with adjectives and blended words with participle II. A slight semantic difference between the groups has been revealed. It has also been indicated that such blended words are primarily used as headlines to articles posted on Internet pages to describe a recent match or successful/unsuccessful period for a team. Broader sentences are used in contaminated form to create certain stylistic affect and attract reader’s attention to the article. Specific examples slightly deviating from the entire group of lexemes have been analyzed, namely blended words used in a speech of a sports commentator and blended words having slightly different morphological structure. The research contributes greatly to the theory of word formation, namely compounding. Further prospects of the research have been singled out.

The English Blending words in Tempo English Magazine

Blending offers a unique and unusual character which is frequently used by mass because of its creativity and this study aims to figure out the pattern of English blending words in Tempo English Magazine created and the meanings of those blending words. The study found that the complex words show the pattern. The pattern of those analysis complex words are categorized into AB + CD =AD. These patterns are based on Plag’s theory about blending words. The meaning of those complex words was built based on the first and the second words. It follows the pattern of AD, namely the first term (A) and the last term (D) are combined. The eight blending words discussed are not common in English itself. It is because these English complex words have been domesticated by Indonesian’s terms. Keywords: Blending, Words, Tempo, English, Magazine, Morphology

Classification of Blended Words: Thematic Aspect

The article deals with the classification of contaminated lexical units, also known as telescope words or blends. This issue has been raised in the works of some Russian and foreign linguists. However, it has not been studied systematically. As far
 as we know, researchers give their consideration to certain aspects of this problem, although they have achieved certain success. We have set the goal of summarizing
 available approaches and examples, mainly in English, but also in Russian, to create a complete and consistent classification of words formed by means of fusion.
 The second part of the paper presents a classification of blends in connection with different fields of activity, since each of them is created to designate a new object or phenomenon that combines elements of two or more words that are already
 known. We can distinguish several areas, in particular «science and technology», within which, in turn, we have designated three groups: «natural science terms and
 terminoids» correlating with various scientific disciplines (chemistry, biology, physics, etc.), «technical terms», including names of devices, «names of hybrids of living
 beings», both real and fictional. Within the «everyday life» area, the «food» groups are presented, including names of drinks, serving items, etc., «clothing», as well as
 shoes and accessories, «home» and «recreation and entertainment». Moreover, we
 have identified a number of separate groups: «politics», «economics», «art», «lin-guistics», etc. Each large group can be divided into subgroups.
 Most of the blends, as we have already noted in the first part of the article, are represented by nouns, therefore, they form the basis of each thematic group of words. However, it is possible to distinguish two groups formed almost exclusively
 by adjectives: «description of a person», including both appearance and character, and «signs of an object or phenomenon». In the end, the article draws general con-
 clusions on both parts of our research.