Eriosoma Lanigerum Research Articles

Woolly Apple Aphid Outbreak Following Use of Fenvalerate in Apples in Canterbury, New Zealand1

Substitution of the synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate, for azinphosmethyl in an apple orchard spray program led to an outbreak of Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) within a single season of use. Aphid colonies on water sprouts of cv ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ had a mean of 7.88 colonies/water sprout by Dec. 12, 1978, in the fenvalerate treated block compared with 0.08 colonies under azinphosmethyl treatment. This was due to the low toxicity of fenvalerate compared with azinphosmethyl as shown in laboratory tests: Survival of treated colonies was 77.7 and 33.4%, respectively, with fenvalerate and azinphosmethyl. A midge, Dasineura mali Kieffer, also became much more prevalent under the fenvalerate treatment with 75% of water sprouts infested by mid-February 1979 compared with 14% in the azinphosmethyl block.

Population Density of Aphelinus mali1 , a Parasite of Eriosoma lanigerum2 in Iraq

Aphelinus male (Hald.) and its host, the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), were studied in Iraq in 2 unsprayed apple orchards with different cultural practices during 1974–75. Aphid population increased in late Mar., peaked in Apr. and the 1st wk of May, and then declined sharply and stayed low until Sept. A 2nd peak occurred in Nov. and Dec., followed by a decline during Jan. and Feb. Adult parasites began their activity during the 1st wk of Apr. Parasitization was high on both branches and trunks in Orchard 1 which had no regular pruning but was planted with clover. Parasitization was higher on branches than on trunks in Orchard 2 with regular pruning but without clover. This study showed that parasite activity was very much synchronized with its host and could be utilized successfully to control the aphid in Iraq.

The Toxicity of Some Pesticides to the Woolly Apple Aphid Parasite, Aphelinus mali

Abstract Five pesticides were tested against pupae of Aphelinus mali (Hald.), a parasite of the woolly apple aphid, in an approach to integrated control in Iraq. Malathion and pirimiphos-methyl were highly toxic while pirimicarb and dodine had the least effect.

Einfuhr und Ansiedlung der Blutlauszehrwespe, Aphelinus mali (Hald.) (Hym., Chalcidoidea) in Saudi Arabien

A report is given on the introduction and establishment of the ChalcididAphelinus mali in the Wadi Lia, Taif region, in Saudi Arabia in 1976, for the purpose of controlling the woolly apple aphid,Eriosoma lanigerum.

Colouring Matters of the Aphidoidea XLII. Purification and Properties of the Cyclising Enzyme [Protoaphin Dehydratase (Cyclising)] Concerned with Pigment Transformations in the Woolly Aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann (Hemiptera: Insecta)

Dried extracts of woolly aphid were treated with n-butanol, then by chromatography on DEAESephadex A50 and finally by filtration on Sephadex G150 to yield a substantially homogeneous protein catalysing the conversion of the aglucone of protoaphin into xanthoaphin. Traces of lowmolecular- weight contaminants were removed by chromatography on Sephadex G 100. The enzyme, which has a molecular weight of 120000�2000 and a high content of p-structure, was inhibited by naphthoresorcinol. Its glycoprotein nature was indicated by amino acid analysis.

Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand 1. Outline of experiment and general results

Experimental details for 1962–73 are given of an investigation into integrated control in an apple orchard near Nelson. These include a description of the orchard, crop records from several representative cultivars, incidence of pest damage, and information on the biology of the pests and their natural enemies. An integrated programme based on fungicides (but no lime‐sulphur), with ryania as the main insecticide, was compared with a standard programme of fungicides including lime‐sulphur, an insecticide schedule based on azinphos‐methyl applied eight or nine times each summer, and acaricides. The standard programme gave good control of insect pests, but Panonychus ulmi remained a recurring problem. Later, where the standard programme was used but specific acaricides were omitted, Typhlodromus pyri resistant to azinphos‐methyl became established. With the integrated programme, biological control of P. ulmi and Eriosoma lanigerum was achieved, and Edwardsiana froggatti was controlled by ryania. Control of L...

Simulated cannibalism in an aphid

SYNOPSISThe insertion of nymphal stylets by Eriosoma lanigerum into adults and nymphs of the same species is recorded and its significance explained.

Aphids and Aphid Enemies: Effect of Integrated Control in an Ohio Apple Orchard123

In 1966, 1967, and 1968 natural enemies rather than insecticides were the only means of control for 3 damaging species of aphids in a 10-acre apple orchard. The more important natural enemies of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, and the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) were identified and evaluated. Natural enemies did not prevent damage by rosy apple aphids in 1967, or extensive leaf curl by A. pomi in 1968. Woolly apple aphids became numerous in 1967, and were reduced somewhat but not controlled satisfactorily in 1968. Because of possible long term debilitating effect by apple and woolly aphids, and the unreliability of natural control of rosy apple aphids, chemical control of aphids seems to be advisable as part of an integrated control program of apple pests. Ryania showed promise in prebloom sprays for control of rosy apple aphids. Azinphosmethyl was destructive to the major aphid enemies, but ryania and lead arsenate were harmless.

Soil application of systemic insecticides for control of woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.)) in Rhodesia

Previous attempts to control Woolly Apple Aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.)) in Rhodesia are briefly reviewed. By the application of dimethoate at a rate of more than 5.0 grams a.i. or of vamidothion at more than 6.0 grams a.i. to the soil in the drip area of the tree, it was found that good control of both the foliar and root populations of the insect could be obtained on three-year-old apple trees 10 feet high. and the treatment appeared to remain effective for three seasons. It is considered that the timing of the application, the soil temperature, and the amount of wead cover are all important factors in affecting the amount of insecticide taken up by the apple trees.

Some aspects of insecticidal and biological control of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.) in Rhodesia.

In insecticide trials in 1962–63 in Rhodesia against woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), no appreciable control was achieved by applying ½ fluid oz. of a 40 per cent, emulsifiable concentrate of dimethoate per tree at 2- to 3-week intervals for 16 weeks in any of the following ways: painted directly on the lower trunk; absorbed in a cotton-wool band applied to the trunk, after being diluted 1:3 in water; applied to a furrow around the stem after being diluted in four gallons of water; injected into the soil with a nematicide injector after being diluted 1:4 in water.A foliage spray of DDT (0·195% active ingredient) had a gradual controlling effect on the aphid and caused no upsurge such as might have occurred had the parasitic activities of Aphelinus mali (Hald.) been suppressed.Activity of the ant Pheidole megacephala (F.) was immediately halted on trees sprayed with DDT and was suppressed on trees the trunks of which were painted with dimethoate and on those banded with a dimethoate-soaked barrier.Over a fourteen-month period, the numbers of living aphid colonies fluctuated before decreasing at the same time as the activity of A. mali intensified.

Control of Insects and Mites on Fruit Trees by Trunk Injections

In greenhouse tests with the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.), the antibiotics cytovirin, cycloheximide, and streptovitacin A were effective when injected into peach seedling stems and sprayed on leaves. Cyclohcximidc was not effective when sprayed on trunks and limbs of peach seedlings or applied in bands of paste on limbs of mature apple trees. Trunk injections and foliar sprays of cycloheximide were effective also against peach silver mite, Aculus cornutus (Banks). Solutions of such water-soluble compounds as trichlorfon and methyl demeton moved rapidly to leaves of pear and cherry trees and gave good control of two-spotted spider mite. Water-insoluble compounds moved to leaves of cherry trees when injected in trunks in emulsions and in solution in dimethyl sulfoxide and some other solvents. Many solvents and solutions were phytotoxic at dosages used and caused considerable streaking or uneven distribution in different tree limbs owing to a much more rapid longitudinal than cross movement of materials from the injection site. Distribution was not improved when solutions were injected into a large tree root. Good control of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Forster, was obtained in biotests of adults on pear leaves 2 weeks after trees were injected with Bidrin® (3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl- cis -croton-arnide dimethyl phosphate) and Bayer 47043 (O,O-dimethyl-S- (N,N'-dimethylmalonicamide) thiophosphate). Trunk injections of dimethoate emulsions and some water solutions of other compounds gave control of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, and the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann).

Woolly aphid of apple, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), and its control in Southern Rhodesia

In insecticide trials in Southern Rhodesia against the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), using methyl-demeton (0·078 and 0·052 per cent. active ingredient), dimethoate (0·0625 and 0·0417 per cent. active ingredient), diazinon (0·0625 per cent. active ingredient) and malathion (0·1041 per cent. active ingredient) as foliar sprays, all insecticides gave good control of infestations above ground, but methyl-demeton and diazinon gave the best control, and treatments were followed by slower rates of repopulation.Injecting the lower part of the trunks of trees 25 to 30 years old with ½ fluid ounce of a concentrate of a systemic insecticide, 50 per cent. methyl-demeton or 40 per cent. dimethoate, at a single point gave excellent control where that part of the sap stream supplying the aphid colonies was intercepted. By injecting with a spiral of small holes around the trunk using ½ fl. oz. 50 per cent. methyl-demeton, control of all aphids on the tree could generally be achieved.Good control of subterranean aphid colonies on 15-year-old trees was achieved by the application to the soil of 4 gal. per tree of a fluid containing 100 cc. of a concentrate containing 75 per cent. of V-C 13 (O,O-diethyl O-2,4-dichlorophenyl phosphorothioate) diluted with water.Biological control of E. lanigerum in Southern Rhodesia by the Hymenopterous parasite Aphelinus mali (Hald.), which was introduced in 1961, shows great promise.

The Inheritance of Resistance to Woolly Aphid,Eriosoma Lanigerum(HSMNN.), in The Apple

SummaryThe world literature on the resistance of cultivated varieties of apple to Eriosoma lanigerum is critically surveyed, and a list of 18 varieties found immune or highly resistant by at least three independent workers is provided. In addition, 19 varieties are tabulated that have been variously described as immune (or highly resistant) and susceptible in different localities. Well authenticated but conflicting reports on a further 43 varieties confirm that biologic races of the aphid must exist.Despite this, Northern Spy has maintained an outstanding level of resistance wherever it has been tested. This resistance is shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene, Er, having little or no minor gene background. This gene appears to be closely linked with an incompatibility gene. The gene Er has considerable potential value in breeding for resistance in rootstock and scion apple varieties.

Some Notes on the Dipterous Enemies of Aphids Harmful for Apple Growing in Nova Scotia

During a stay at the Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture at Kentville, Nova Scotia, from July 3 to October 16, 1959, I had the opportunity to make some observations on the natural enemies of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), and the green apple aplud, Aphis pomi Deg. An inventory of these enemies was made in the Annapolis Valley in apple orchards. sprayed according to the principles of the spray schedule of Dr. A. D. Pickett. This schedule avoids spraying with fungicides and insecticides such as sulphur and phosphorus compounds, which are very harmful to the enemies of a number of pests, studied by Dr. Picktett and his staff (cf. Pickett 1959). The dipterous predators and their enemies are dealt with in this paper.

Dispersal behavior of the first instar nymphs of the woolly apple aphid

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. Introduction The woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), has been known for over 150 years as a pest of apple trees that causes a loss in tree vigor and that produces honeydew which drips on the fruit. Only in recent years. has it been considered a pest of the fruit itself. In 1942, Essig4 reported its presence in the cores of Yellow Newtown Pippin apples from the Watsonville area of California. This condition was reported again in 1954 by Madsen, Borden, and Koch. It was found that these apples have an opening through the calyx into the core of the fruit. The aphids can enter this small opening when they are first instar nymphs and can establish colonies. inside the fruit. Almost the entire crop of this variety of apple is used for canning. During the canning process the cores are removed mechanically, but the coring machines are not always accurate, and portions of the core may escape removal. If aphid colonies are present in those cores which are not removed, insects or insect fragments would be contained in the finished product. In the course of investigations on preventing the presence of aphids in the cores of the fruit, it was felt that some attention should be given to when and why the aphids moved into the fruit. In addition, woolly apple aphids were observed to be continually moving up and down the tree between limbs and roots. For these reasons, studies were undertaken of the time and direction of the movements, the number of aphids involved, and some of the factors controlling the movement. Taxonomy Eriosoma laniqerusn is a member of the family Aphidae, subfamily Eriosomatinae, according to (Palmer (1952)). The species was first described by Hausmann in 1802 as Aphis lanigera. Since that time it has been given several generic and specific names by various authors.

Control of the Woolly Apple Aphid on Roots of Apple Nursery Stock

Suspensions of BHC, lindane, and aldrin applied at 20 pounds and of dieldrin at 40 pounds per acre to the soil surface in a band about the tree rows a few days after planting gave complete protection against woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm. )) on the roots of apple nursery stock without injuring the trees. Unfortunately, such heavy dosages are impractical and lighter ones failed to give complete control. Heavy dosages of demeton and chlordane were also ineffective. Dipping the roots of apple seedlings into pastes made up of 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls of BHC (10% gamma isomer), 50% dieldrin, an aldrin wettable powder containing 25% of the active ingredient with 1½ pounds of Attaclay or charcoal in 1 quart of water reduced the infestation and did not injure the trees but was cumbersome to carry out. In trunk-spray experiments moderate practical dosages of BHC, Sevin® (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), demeton, and Guthion® (O,O-dimethyl S-(4-oxo-3H-1,2,3-benzotriazine- 3-methyl) phosphorodithioate), (about 6 to 10 ounces per acre) near the ground and to a narrow band of soil about the tree rows gave an encouraging degree of control and caused no injury. The minimum effective dosages remain to be determined. Trithion® (S-(p-chlorophenylthio)methyl O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate), schradan, and Nemagon (1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane) were less effective.

SOME ASPECTS OF A RYANIA-GLYODIN SPRAY SCHEDULE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA APPLE ORCHARDS: I. ENTOMOLOGICAL, HORTICULTURAL, AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

In apple orchards at Summerland, B.C., four applications of 100 per cent ryania at 48 lb. per acre per application, with glyodin as the fungicide, gave control of light infestations of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), similar to that from four sprays of 50 per cent DDT at 12 lb. per acre, with lime-sulphur, ferbam, and wettable sulphur. In a heavily-infested orchard, ryania was inferior to DDT. The ryania-glyodin schedule also controlled the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.), and the apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeG. It had little detrimental effect on predacious mites. Except for the apple rust mite, Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.), phytophagous mites were usually not so troublesome where the modified schedule was used.Packing-house records showed that the ryania-glyodin schedule reduced the size and lowered the grade of McIntosh, Newtown, and Delicious apples, and reduced the size of Red Delicious. Grade of Red Delicious was better with the modified than with the standard schedule. The 1954 applications of the modified schedule evidently reduced the size of the 1955 crops on all varieties; most seriously affected were McIntosh with 76.2 per cent reduction and Delicious with 53.7 per cent.

Woolly Apple Aphid in Codling Moth and Mite Control Spray Plots1

Journal Article Woolly Apple Aphid in Codling Moth and Mite Control Spray Plots Get access J. H. Newton, J. H. Newton Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Geo. M. List Geo. M. List Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 45, Issue 4, 1 August 1952, Pages 643–645, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/45.4.643 Published: 01 August 1952

INFLUENCE OF OIL ON TOXICITY OF BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE

In 1946, a water-dispersible powder (formulation P. 530) containing 6% gamma benzene hexachloride and 50% goulac (lignin pitch) was tested in the field for control of black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi (F.)), apple aphid (Aphis pomi Deg.), mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus arundinis (F.)), wooly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.)) and pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Foerst.). The material was compared at 0.25 lb. gamma isomer per 100 gal. in (1) water alone, and (2) plus 0.5 gal. of either distillate oil (42. S.S.U. Vis. 100° F., 77% U.R.) or summer oil (60-64 S.S.U. Vis. 100° F., 78% U.R.). Three gallons of each mixture were applied by bucket pump and two trials were made, the first beginning July 10 and the second July 16. Results are given in Table 1.

Effect of DDT, Xanthone, and Nicotine Bentonite on the Woolly Apple Aphid

Effect of DDT, Xanthone, and Nicotine Bentonite on the Woolly Apple Aphid