Woollen Goods Research Articles

A Poetic Community: Colonel David Humphreys' Model Industrial Village

AbstractThis is the story of David Humphreys' efforts to plan and develop America's first sustained and successful woollen textile mill and village in the United States beginning in 1806. Informed by the debates over the future economic direction of the new nation, his efforts represented a coalescence of the pro‐agricultural thoughts and ideas commonly espoused by the Democratic‐Republican Party and the pro‐manufacturing positions of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists. The Humphreysville experiment showed that America could competitively manufacture high‐quality woollen goods; factory‐based manufacturing could be undertaken in a healthy, safe, and moral community; and agricultural and industrial interests could be combined for the public welfare. Moreover, Humphreysville was intended to be a model village where economic, social, and cultural aspects of the community were just as important as the economic production of cloth. Many of the elements of the social planning found in Humphreysville were later applied in the Slater‐Rhode Island and Waltham‐Lowell systems of textile mills and settlements throughout the nineteenth century.

Domesticating Colour in the Early Modern Age: Dyeing Wool in Black in Portugal

Mastering a colour—as such, its ‘domestication’—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros (‘regulation of fabrics’ or ‘regulation of drapers’), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue (‘celestial blues’) by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools.

Green, Eco-Friendly, and Waterless Anti-Felting Process by Three Different DESs, Compared with Chlorinated Anti-Felting Process to Produce Superwash Woolen Goods

Green, Eco-Friendly, and Waterless Anti-Felting Process by Three Different DESs, Compared with Chlorinated Anti-Felting Process to Produce Superwash Woolen Goods

Using an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent for waterless anti-felting of wool fibers

Anti-felting or felting resistance process is a major finishing process for woolen goods which guarantees the dimensional stability of the product in washing and cleaning procedures mainly by covering or removing the scales from the surface of the wool fibers. Today, about 90 percent of anti-felting operations are carried out in a water-based chlorination process which releases tons of chlorine-containing discharge into the environment. Here we introduced deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green substitutes for non-environmentally friendly sodium hypochlorite for getting anti-felting properties on woolen goods. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on four factors and in three levels, using Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used for designing the experiments and optimizing effective parameters in the anti-felting process of wool fibers using DESs. It was found that a special DES called Reline which is a mixture of choline chloride and urea in a 1:2 M ratio can successfully work as a green anti-felting agent and non-aqueous reaction medium. The shrinkage percentage of the Reline (DES) treated wool was 10% and very close to the 8.56% shrinkage seen on the hypochlorite-treated wool sample compared to more than 32% shrinkage observed on untreated fibers. Reline exhibited better preservation of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the fibers causing only a 6.04% reduction in the breaking load of wool fibers compared to the hypochlorite-treated sample with a 24.86% reduction in breaking load of fibers. Anti-felted wool using the new Reline agent exhibit much better whiteness and lower yellowness compared to the chlorine-treated fibers. Microscopical observations, reflectance spectrophotometry, and tensile measurements all confirmed the superiority and numerous advantages of using Reline as a green anti-felting agent instead of polluting chlorinated chemicals. Reline usage as a green chemical encompasses other benefits such as reduced water consumption, reduced effluent, and more importantly DES recyclability and reuse.

Cassimere: Hiding in Plain Sight

In the nineteenth century, cassimere was one of the most produced woolen fabrics in American mills. Cassimere appears in nineteenth century texts, as in George Cole’s Complete Dictionary of Dry Goods, first published in 1890. Cole describes cassimere as “the general term applied to that class of allwool cloths used for men’s clothing, woven either plain or twilled, coarse or fine of “woolen” yarn.” Cassimere is much in evidence in census reports of wool manufacture from 1837 to the early 1900s. It appears early in the twentieth century in the Thomas Register of American Manufacturers Buyers guide of 1905-06 under “Woolen goods” (after whistles, wigs, and witch hazel) and the Register lists at least 101 mills making cassimere at that time. But If you look for cassimere in the indexes of later fabric reference books, you will probably not find it, or if you do, as in the 1967 Dan River Mills Dictionary, it is defined as worsted suiting. Does this mean that it existed in the nineteenth century but is now gone? No, but it is hiding in plain sight today, mostly as a humble woolen twill. A simple draft was published in 1817 in Bronson’s Domestic Manufacturer’s Assistant, with later textile designers developing infinite variations. These included backed casssimeres, double cassimeres, diamond cassimere, Harris’s “double and twist” cassimere (using plied yarn in the warp), requiring anywhere from eight to thirty-two shafts. Fancy cassimere also included color effects such as pinwheel, houndstooth, and log cabin. Because it was not napped, the weave structure and color patterning showed clearly. Fashion moved on, and cassimere was eventually replaced by worsted and eventually synthetic fabrics. However, decades of inventiveness and the resulting trove of cassimere design ideas are still used by contemporary designers.

Specific Features of Application of the FAS Order No. 220 in Respect of Determination of Commodity Boundaries of the Merchandise Market (On the Example of the Mineral Wool Market)

Authors of this research analyze specific features of application of the Order of the Federal Anti-Monopoly Service (FAS) No. 220 in respect of determination of commodity boundaries of the market and creation of necessary conditions for competition in the mineral wool market. Preliminary determination of the commodities, which was carried out on the basis of analysis of the All-Russian classifiers of products and kinds of economic activity, has shown that in the course of determination of the merchandise market it is necessary to include glass wool, slag wool, and stone wool into one and the same commodity group. Due to the complexity of performance of the comprehensive and representative expert investigation, it is possible to utilize the data of the RF FAS research, which was carried already. Authors of this article describe specific features of determination of the merchandise market through the example of such commodities as ‘the glass wool goods’: this market was subject to analysis of the RF FAS in 2017. Selection of the investigation methods is to be made on the basis of the investigation periods and accessibility of information (among other factors).

Workshops, Factories and Subcontractors in the Chinese Woolen Industry, 1880-1937

Abstract This article discusses China’s attempts to industrialize from the late nineteenth century until the Japanese occupation of 1937. It focuses on the woollen industry and uses data from industrial investigations, market information and company archives. Several attempts to build a woollen industry from the 1880s to the end of the First World War failed. However, in the 1920s and 1930s some private companies in Tianjin, Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta succeeded in managing profitable woollen workshops and mills. An export-based carpet industry was developed in Tianjin while a network of workshops and integrated mills flourished in Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta to supply woollen goods for civilian clothing in the Chinese urban markets. This article aims to contribute to the debate of China’s late industrialization by looking at the structure of the woollen industry and its alignment with actual consumer demands.

Mobility in the Victorian Novel: Placing the Nation, by Charlotte Mathieson

Reviewed by: Mobility in the Victorian Novel: Placing the Nation by Charlotte Mathieson Ruth Livesey (bio) Mobility in the Victorian Novel: Placing the Nation, by Charlotte Mathieson; pp. viii + 217. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, £58.00, $99.00. When I heard of the death last year of the geographer Doreen Massey, I thought of a passage in her work that encapsulated for me her wit and brilliance as a theoretician of place and space. Massey was adept at teasing out the significance of postmodern scholarship on place and mobility, and rooting it down into a politics of materiality and [End Page 139] experience. Amid "the Ridley Scott images of world cities, the writing about skyscraper fortresses, the Baudrillard visions of hyperspace," she argued, "most people still live in" inner suburbs crowded with old housing stock, "like Harlesden or West Brom," and "much of life for many people, even in the heart of the first world, still consists of waiting in a bus-shelter with your shopping for a bus that never comes" (Space, Place and Gender [Polity Press, 1994], 163). Charlotte Mathieson's welcome study of mobility and Victorian fiction—Mobility in the Victorian Novel: Placing the Nation—is, in its own way, a similar riposte to recent theorizations of nineteenth-century place and mobility. While influential studies by Jonathan Grossman and Jo Guldi, among others, have emphasized the agency of transport infrastructure in systematizing and speeding up networked ways of being in nineteenth-century Britain, Mathieson's careful illuminations of works by Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, and Wilkie Collins, places embodied subjects at the center of her account regarding the ways in which the Victorian novel thinks and writes about mobility. Drawing on the work of Massey, Tim Cresswell, and other cultural geographers, Mathieson traces mobility in the Victorian novel as a form of "socially produced motion" (13). The wider social structures that determine who is able to travel, when, where, and how, come to the fore in her analyses as a result of this materialization. A passenger, in Mathieson's study, is always an embodied subject whose relation to movement is defined by expectations around gender, class, and national identity. In this book, such instances of "embodied mobility" also become "lens[es] through which to re-perceive the negotiation between national and global concerns as they unfold in the structures of the novel" (17). Mathieson's departure from the actor network theory model that has influenced many recent accounts of nineteenth-century communications results in some significant rereadings of novels already well traveled by critics in this field. Her first chapter, on the figure of the pedestrian, for instance, is an attentive account of the alternative communities of place and nation that emerge through women walking in The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41), Adam Bede (1859), and Jane Eyre: An Autobiography (1847). For Grossman, Little Nell's walk from London to the Midlands represents a severing from a community connected by networks of public mobility. In a guarded critique of that analysis, Mathieson highlights the reality of pedestrian journeying for the poor in this period and Dickens's construction of "alternative forms of national understanding" through the act of walking through a landscape (27). Mathieson draws attention to the emphasis given to the physical strain of walking by Brontë and Eliot as Jane and Hetty drag their weary outcast limbs across the nation. In Adam Bede, Mathieson concludes, this foregrounding of Hetty's tramp makes the female body "a privileged site through which an exploration of the connection between the body and nation-space becomes acutely focused" (40). The later chapters of the book focus on railway journeys across Britain, the Continent, and a globalized Victorian modernity. So much has been written on these aspects of mobility in nineteenth-century fiction that Mathieson sets herself a hard task to craft an original contribution. Yet Mathieson alights on the glorious self-description of Robert Audley, in Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret (1862), a character for whom to become a railway passenger involves transforming into a "perambulating mass of woollen goods" (Braddon qtd. in Mathieson 85). Out of this bundle of...

Trade and Exchange in Anglo-Saxon Wessex, c ad 600–780

THIS PAPER ASSESSES the provenance and general distribution of coins of the period c ad 600–780 found in the west of Anglo-Saxon Wessex. It shows that the distribution of coin finds is not a function of the habits of metal detectorists, but a reflection of the real pattern of losses. In the second part of the paper, an analysis of the observed distributions is presented which reveals that the bulk of trade, of which the coins are a sign, was carried on through local ports and that foreign trade was not mediated through Hamwic, but came directly from the Continent. The distribution of coin finds also suggests an important export trade, probably in wool and woollen goods, controlled from major local centres. There are also hints of a potentially older trade system in which hillforts and other open sites were important.

The Singim Cemetery in Turfan City

AbstractIn 2007 through 2008, Academia Turfanica of Xinjiang excavated 30 burials at the Singim Cemetery. These burials can be classified into three types: rectangular shaft pit burials with ledges, rectangular shaft pit burials without ledges, and rectangular shaft burials with side rooms. Their grave goods consist of wooden wares, pottery wares, metal artifacts, leather and wool goods, silk garments; well-preserved mummified corpses and wheat seeds are also unearthed. The burial types, unearthed grave goods, and 14C data indicate that these burials date to between 2050 and 2200 BP, which overlapped with the Western Han Dynasty.

Review 9: 1712–1713 by Daniel Defoe

Reviewed by: Review 9: 1712–1713 by Daniel Defoe Geoffrey Sill Daniel Defoe . Review 9:1712–1713. Part One: August 1712–March 1713. Pp. xxvii + 276 . Part Two: March–June 1713, and General Index to Volumes 1–9. Pp. 277–525, ed. John McVeagh . London : Pickering & Chatto , 2011 . $350 . With this two-part set, which constitutes Volume 9 of the Review, Mr. McVeagh brings to a close his highly commendable edition of the complete run of Daniel Defoe’s periodical known (prior to this volume) as A Review of the State of the British Nation. And thanks to the General Index to vols. 1–9 at the end of this volume, researchers may now conduct a name or subject search of Defoe’s views on such matters as England’s trade and commerce, the nature of credit and the problem of [End Page 165] bankruptcy, the war in Europe and the royal successions in England and Spain, the state of the church and dissenters in England and Scotland, or Defoe’s contentious relationship with politicians of both parties and with his fellow journalists over the course of the Review’s nine-year run from February 19, 1704 to June 11, 1713. Prior to volume 9, the format of the Review was four pages, published triweekly on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Many numbers included both a principal essay and a “Miscellanea” section, both of which were likely to continue the threads of arguments begun in previous numbers, or even in previous volumes, so that, for example, the trade in African slaves is discussed in some twelve numbers in Volumes 6 through 9. Fully to understand the African trade, however, one also must see the cross-referenced entries for the Royal African Company, the West Indies, Colonies and Plantations, and America, which appear in all nine volumes. Mr. McVeagh’s meticulous Index allows the researcher to read the Review as a continuously evolving dialogue between “Mr. Review” and his readers, whom he treats increasingly as his antagonists. The ninth volume begins with an acknowledgment that, due to the new tax on publications, the Review would henceforth publish on Tuesdays and Saturdays only, and would be printed on a half-sheet rather than a full sheet. Though Mr. Review promises that, with the use of smaller type, the reader “will soon find, that there are as many Words in a Review, tho’ in less compass, than before,” the essays were in fact about a third shorter. Shorter too was Defoe’s patience: readers who “please to read it with Temper, may find it Useful and Instructing,” but those who are resolved to condemn it “right or wrong, I bid them DEFIANCE.” In a later “Miscellanea” (Dec. 30, 1712), Mr. Review distinguishes himself from the Spectator and other journals: “they court you to read, invite you, propose to make you smile, and contrive to do it, that you may read and buy their Papers”; but he writes to force them to understand their interests: “these [interests] oblige you to read this Paper, and therefore the Author thinks himself not at all oblig’d to you, but you to him. . . . So that designing to write upon these Points, which you daily want to hear; he resolves it shall [be] your loss not to read, and none of his Affliction if you forbear.” Whether his antagonistic tone was the cause or the result of a decline in readership, Defoe seems to have known that the end of the Review was in sight, and the final volume can be read as a long swan song on most of his favorite themes. A constant topic in the Review is the need to control trade with Spain, particularly the trade in woolen goods. The treaty of commerce that will be part of the peace of Utrecht must ensure that England, rather than France, will supply Spain with the wool and woolen goods that are needed to carry on the trade with the Spanish colonies in Mexico and the West Indies. If the French succeed in establishing themselves in the trade in woolens, the resulting river of gold and silver bullion from New Spain will keep the war alive indefinitely...

The limiting & facilitating factors for export through Textile, Chemical & Pharmaceutical SMEs: In Indian perspective

The SMEs are playing a strategic role in economic growth and development of the country through their contribution to the creation of wealth, employment and income generation. The Textile & Chemical Industries are the leading segment in the SME sector. For the Indian economy textiles & chemical segments plays a major role. These segment of SMEs are exposed to the competitive pressures either directly from the market place or indirectly passed on from their higher ups in the chain. However, with SMEs dynamism, flexibility and innovative drive they are increasingly focusing on improved production methods, penetrative marketing strategies and management capabilities to continue and build up their operations. The Textiles exports consists of Fabrics, Ready-made garments, Cotton textiles, Textiles made from man-made fiber, Wool and Woolen goods, Silk, Handicrafts etc. Out of which man-made textiles and silk are showing the highest growth rate. The Indian Chemical Industry comprises both small and large-scale units. The fiscal concessions granted to the small-scale sector in mid-eighties led to establishment of a large number of units in the Small Scale Industries (SSI) sector. Currently, the Indian Chemical industry is in the midst of a phase of major restructuring and consolidation. With the shift in emphasis on product innovation, brand building and environmental friendliness, this industry is increasingly moving towards greater customer orientation. Even though India enjoys an abundant supply of basic raw materials, it will have to build upon technical services and marketing capabilities to face global competition and increase its share of exports. With the initiation of planned economy from 1951 and Government of India's subsequent industrial policy earmarked a special role for small-scale industries and medium scale industries in the Indian economy. Currently Textile & Chemical SMEs are facing the challenge of increased competition on account of new open markets. In such a context the ability to export is becoming a critical factor in the development and long term survival of many SMEs.

Decadence or Crisis in the Luso-Brazilian Empire: A New Model of Colonization in the Eighteenth Century

Decadence or Crisis in the Luso-Brazilian Empire: A New Model of Colonization in the Eighteenth Century

Dutch pantiles in the county of Norfolk: architecture and international trade in the 17th and 18th centuries

Over a period of two hundred years, beginning in the late 16th century, Norfolk imported pantiles from the Netherlands in vessels which sailed outwards with cargoes of grain and woollen goods. The tile found ready acceptance in the county on account of its versatility and relatively low cost. The decline of the import-trade in the second half of the 18th century was offset, in the short term, by the import of English-made pantiles from Humberside, and in the long term by the production of pantiles within Norfolk itself.

David Whitteridge: 22 June 1912 - 15 June 1994.

David Whitteridge was born in South Norwood, London, on 22 June 1912, the second of three children. His father William Randall Whitteridge came from a Baptist family, and was a manufacturer’s agent whose living depended on the export of woollen goods and was at times precarious. His mother Jeanne was of French and Dutch Protestant ancestry; her family were small farmers in Normandy. She came to this country as a governess and to teach French; she was later to be distinguished for taking and passing O-level German and A-level French, at the ages of 89 and 90 respectively. David’s brother, Gordon, K.C.M.G., became a diplomat and his sister, Marcelle Elizabeth, married Robert Audley Furtado, C.B. After five years at All Saints, a good church school in North Norwood, David won a Foundation Scholarship to Whitgift School in Croydon (1922-31). He spoke of his time there with some affection. As a Foundation scholar he was expected to take Greek and Latin for School Certificate, but in his four years in the VIth form he specialized in the sciences. The physics and chemistry teaching was exceptionally good, the biology ‘best passed over’. He played rugby in the First XV (just) and was a member of the shooting VIII. An accomplished all-rounder, he left in 1931 with a leaving scholarship and a demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford to read physiology and medicine.

Entrepreneurship and the Russian Textile Industry: From Peter the Great to Catherine the Great

E arly in his reign, Peter the Great emphasized the development of linen and woolen cloth as an industry that he wished to stimulate in Russia. Previously, a large number of small producers of fine linen and woolen goods, many of them peasants, earned their living in textiles. But these peasant manufacturers and small craftspeople did not make either the kind or the quantity of goods that Peter desired. Moreover, they lacked both the technical knowledge and the capital to serve the military goals that the tsar set before the country. For Peter, implementing and expanding technical skills became a top priority, and he used the full power of the government to bring about the desired results. This study will focus on the textile entrepreneurs who responded to the economic conditions created by Peter I. It will seek to identify these people, the social groups from which they came, and the economic conditions under which they operated between the reigns of Peter I and Catherine II. Peter I wanted to encourage a new category of merchants, not the old elite, but a middle group of townspeople who would be more vigorous, display greater initiative, and seek a wider geographical base in the countryside than the traditional merchant aristocracy. In doing so, Peter cultivated a new group of merchant-manufacturers; yet their activities and values would lead to social conflict, an outcome the tsar neither desired nor anticipated. This social confrontation between the manufacturers and the small producers has attracted much attention from both Western and Soviet historians. Generally, Western historians have emphasized the social structure and the different groups, especially the merchants and craftspeople, who expanded economic activities, while Soviet historians have concentrated on the emergence of capitalism and the social conflicts that accompanied it. In his path-breaking study of the Russian economy in

Production of Imitation Woollen Goods from Polyester Filament

Discusses parameters which would affect the quality of imitation woollen goods made from polyester filaments. Analyses major factors such as raw materials, fabric structure, dyeing and finishing, etc. which are responsible for the final imitation effects. Includes examples of several typical fabrics.

Taxonomic and biological notes on Attagenus and Anthrenus SPP (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) found damaging stored woollen fabrics in India

Keys for the identification of the adult and mature larval stages together with morphological description and notes on distribution and biology are given for Attagenus cyphonoides Reitter, Attagenus fasciatus (Thunberg), Attagenus lobatus Rosenhauer, Anthrenus coloratus Reitter, Anthrenus flavipes LeConte, and Anthrenus oceanicus Fauvel. These six species are recorded from stored woollen and other keratinaceous material in India. Anthrenus flavipes, Anthrenus oceanicus, and Attagenus cyphonoides are described as serious pests of woollen goods and Anthrenus coloratus is recorded as a museum pest. Attagenus lobatus and Anthrenus oceanicus are recorded from India for the first time.

両大戦間期泉北機業における織物工場経営の動向

The aim of this paper is to examine the trend of Senboku (the southern district of Osaka prefecture) textile weaving industry in the interwar period by analyzing the trend of the management of a textile weaving factory in the district. For the examination, we have investigated the trend of the management of Nayatake textile weaving factory in the interwar period. Through this investigation, we can divide the management period of Nayatake textile weaving factory in the interwar period into three parts as follows.1 The management period in which Nayatake mainly produced cotton textile goods (1922-25) The management of Nayatake in this period depended heavily upon Senboku county. In short Nayatake carried on most of transactions with cotton yarns wholesale stores, textile wholesale stores, and banks in Senboku county. 2 The management period in which products of Nayatake were diversified (1926-30) Nayatake adopted a product diversification strategy in which Nayatake produced cotton blankets and cotton shawls in addition to cotton sheets in order to get out of depression. So the management of Nayatake in this period was very different from the first period. The term-end profit of Nayatake was improved by adopting this strategy. And also as far as yarns and textile wholesale stores and banks were concerned, Nayatake carried on transactions on a much larger scale than the first period by adopting it. To put it concretely, as far as wholesale stores were concerned, Nayatake depended much more upon Osaka city than the first period. 3 The management period in which Nayatake mainly produced woolen textile goods (1931-38) As the management of Nayatake continued to suffer a decrease in profit for seven semiannual settlement terms, Nayatake needed further diversification of its products. So Nayatake started to produce woolen goods by introducing high-performance wool-looms. Introducing them made Nayatake capital intensive, and a term-end profit was improved quickly. In this period Nayatake tended to sell woolen goods to wholesale stores in Osaka city by check and cotton goods to local wholesale stores on credit. Also Nayatake tended to buy woolen yarns directly from woolen spinning companies and cotton yarns from wholesale stores in both Osaka and Senboku county. As far as attached finished processing was concerned, napping processing depended upon Senboku, and another processing upon Osaka city and an advanced woolen weaving area, Bishu. Moreover Nayatake tended to carry on transactions with banks in Osaka city in addition to local banks in Senboku county. Through the analysis mentioned above, the conclusion of this paper should be noted as follows. Senboku county became the most famous woolen textile weaving area in Japan after World War II. However the conversion from cotton textiles to woolen textiles had already occurred during the period from the 1930s to 1930s. Therefore the interwar period was the very turning point for Senboku which would succeed as the most well-known woolen textile weaving area after the War.

Rowland G. Hazard (1801-88) on Freedom in Willing

Between appearance in 1890 of William James's Principles of Psychology and publication of Gilbert Ryle's Concept of Mind in 1949 it was dominant belief of American philosophers that psychology should be considered an empirical science independent of philosophical inquiry. Philosophers went to great lengths to do penance for their earlier unscientific speculations about workings of human mind. However, Concept of Mind and Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations (1953) emboldened philosophers to return to their sins against experimental science, and last twenty years have witnessed a flood of publications in philosophy of mind, philosophical psychology, and theory of action. One of most puzzling aspects of this new wave of mental philosophy is its disregard of work in United States in nineteenth century. Doubtless reasons for this overlooking of American predecessors are many. Some philosophers may overlook nineteenth-century philosophies of mind because they seem often to have been handmaidens of Protestant theology and to have no value independent of that theology. Other philosophers may overlook works on mental philosophy in that period because they were often presented in form of college textbooks and are, they think, to be taken no more seriously than sort of philosophy contained in today's textbooks.1 These may or may not be good reasons for disregarding nineteenth-century American philosophers of mind in general, but they are clearly not good reasons for overlooking at least one philosopher of mind of that period-Rowland Gibson Hazard. Alone among philosophers of mind of that period, Hazard was neither a clergyman nor an educator; one historian of American philosophy has aptly called him Rhode Island's businessman-philosopher;2 and W. T. Harris' remarks are well taken: The most important characteristic of Dr. Hazard's writings is his clearness and simplicity. He expresses his insights in language of a businessman, avoiding almost entirely conventional technique of schools.3 Indeed, one eminent American philosopher pronounced Hazard the father of original American philosophy.4 Hazard had a many-sided career as a manufacturer of woolen goods, fi-