Wood-Working Machine Research Articles

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) of Work Accidents on Wood Work Machines in the Construction Workshop

This research was motivated by the occurrence of work accidents that occurred in wood construction workshops and also the magnitude of potential hazards that might cause work accidents. The purpose of this study is first; To reveal how many types of static machines there are in the wood construction workshop. Second; Reveal the forms of accidents that have the potential to occur in woodworking machines. Third; Conduct JSA on the form of potential hazards of work accidents that may occur in the use of wood work machines. This type of research is quantitative descriptive with a survey method using the Guttman scale which produces percentages. This research was conducted on lecturers of wood work practice courses along with technicians of the Wood Construction Workshop of the Department of Civil Engineering FT UNP. The findings of this study are that first; The number of types of static wood work machines used routinely by students / lecturers in wood construction workshops is 6 (six), namely armed-arm circular saws, flattening crabs, thickening crabs, tabled circular saws, chisels, and combination crabs. Second;Forms of work accidents that may occur include the use of machines exceeding normal limits, machine layout, machine maintenance processes, experience of machine use processes, maintenance on machines, the occurrence of short circuit sources on machines, cleanliness of the work environment, and implementation of machine usage procedures. Third; JSA in this study is to control aspects of machine operation including by requiring all students to use complete personal protective equipment, giving obligations to lecturers of courses and practices along with technicians or instructors to strictly supervise the use of machines that have the potential to cause accidents.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AI INTEGERATED WOOD WORKING MACHINE

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AI INTEGERATED WOOD WORKING MACHINE

Praktična smernica u dizajnu i upotrebi alata za obradu drveta

Circular saw blades, either with carbide or diamond inserts, are customarily embedded in wood working machines once they permit a precise and efficient manufacturing of wooden products starting from raw-shaped solid wood chunks or laminate panels, allowing efficient processes and improving the overall industrial quality and competitiveness of the final product. However, the parameters associated with blade design must be defined with caution, aiming to avoid undesirable cutting performance and consequent relevant detrimental impacts on both processes and equipment. Thus, based on the literature, the present investigation intends to collect and gather a consistent information set regarding the effect of changes in tool design parameters on manufacturing, particularly in the case of wood machining by circular saw blades with reinforced tips. The general outlook provided aims at pointing out essential frameworks and practical guidelines for a better comprehension of the most adequate criteria to be used in the design and choice of tools for each specific manufacturing condition.

Characterization of wood dust emission from hand-held woodworking machines

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the prevention of exposure to wood dust when operating electrical hand-held sawing and sanding machines. A laboratory methodology was developed to measure the dust concentration around machines during operating processes. The main objective was to characterize circular saws and sanders, with the aim of classifying the different power tools tested in terms of dust emission (high dust emitter vs. low dust emitter). A test set-up was developed and is described and a measurement methodology was determined for each of the two operations studied. The robustness of the experimental results is discussed and shows good tendencies. The impact of air-flow extraction rate was assessed and the pressure loss of the system for each machine established. For the circular saws, three machines over the nine tested could be classified in the low dust emitter group. Their mean concentration values measured are between 0.64 and 0.98 mg/m3 for the low dust emitter group and from 2.55 and 4.37 mg/m3 for the high dust emitter group. From concentration measurements, a machine classification is possible—one for sanding machines and one for sawing machines—and a ratio from 1–7 is obtained when comparing the results. This classification will be helpful when a choice of high performance power tools, in terms of dust emission, must be made by professionals.

Effect of PVDF nanofibers on the fracture behavior of composite laminates for high-speed woodworking machines

The use of light composites when designing fast moving parts for machine tools is emerging as a very efficient solution for improving productivity. Nevertheless, several aspects of these materials have to be carefully considered in woodworking. This paper aims to investigate the effect of interleaved nanofiber on mode I interlaminar properties and the failure modes that occur in this mode. For this purpose, woven carbon/epoxy laminates with and without Polyvinylidene difluoride nanofibers in the mid-plane were subjected to mode I interlaminar loading and the results were compared with each other. Acoustic emission technique was also utilized for better understanding of the failure modes that occurred in the virgin and nanofibers-modified specimens. Mechanical data and acoustic emission parameters associated with pattern recognition analyses were used for investigation of the interlaminar properties and the occurred failure modes. The mechanical results showed that the electrospun nanofibrous mat was able to increase the GIC by 98%. The acoustic emission results highlighted that different failure modes were the origin of different interlaminar failure behaviors. Different percentages of the failure modes in the modified specimens compared with the virgin ones were observed. Furthermore, the number of occurred interlaminar failure modes diminished in the modified composite layers.

The Effect of Exhibitors' Brand Equity on Visitors' Purchase Decision: Moderating Role of Exhibition's Competitive Intensity

This study explores the effect of exhibitors' brand equity on visitors' purchase intention, purchase postponement, and switching intention in an international industrial fair, as well as examines the moderating effect of competitive intensity on the above relationships. This study surveyed visitors of the famous International Woodworking Machine Fair in Jakarta, Indonesia. Of the 200 surveys distributed, 138 valid questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 69.00%. Analytical results show that higher exhibitors' brand equity is associated with visitors' higher purchase intention, more prevalent purchase postponement, and stronger switching intention. Also, in a high competitive intensity environment, the level of visitors' purchase postponement and switching intention of high brand equity products is similar. In a low competitive intensity exhibition, visitors are unlikely to postpone purchase of low brand equity products but are more likely to postpone purchase of high brand equity products. Lastly, in a low competitive intensity environment, visitors are less inclined to switch low brand equity suppliers but more likely to switch high brand equity suppliers. According to the research results, recommendations and limitations of this study are proposed.

Sound Levels And Spectra At Ikot Uduak (MCC) Timber Market, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Acoustic and physical parameters of machines at Ikot Uduak timber market in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria were measured using a sound level meter and a real time frequency analyzer. The sound level meter was Mastech model MS6700. This has 30dB -130dB capability, with an accuracy of ± 1.5 dB. Real Time Audio Spectrum Analyzer, version 3.3 was used. The results showed that A-weighted sound levels with the meter at 1m away from the wood working machines were 100.5 dBA, 98.5 dBA, 98.2 dBA, 101.5 dBA and 90.5 dBA for Band saw, Table saw, Plainer, Spindle/Curving machine and the Drilling machine respectively. From this, the threshold for dangerous levels of noise, as stipulated by the Academy of Pediatrics and the National Campaign for Hearing and Health, which is 85 dB., and the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) permissible level of 90dBA for 8-hour day and 5 days a week, have been exceeded, and this could lead to hearing impairments.

3D Experiential Marketing in International Industrial Fair

This study explores the effect of buyers’ 3D experiences on their purchase intention, as well as the moderating effect of exhibitors’ corporate image on the above relationship. This study uses the purposive sampling method to survey buyers of the famous International Woodworking Machine Fair in China. Analytical results from 91 visitors are summarized as: the higher the international mechanical fair buyers’ feel experience, think experience and act experience, then the higher their purchase intention; buyers’ relate experience has a negative prediction effect on purchase intention; exhibitors’ corporate image has a moderating effect on the relationship between buyers’ feel experiences and purchase intention; exhibitors’ corporate image has a moderating effect on the relationship between buyers’ relate experience and purchase intention.

The Relationships among Buyers’ Perceived Risk, Exhibitors’ Brand Equity, Purchase Postponement and Switching Intention-From the Perspectives of Perceived Risk Theory and Expectancy Theory

This study explores the effects of buyers’ perceived risk on their purchase postponement and switching intention in an international industrial fair, as well as examines the moderating effect of exhibitors’ brand equity on the above relationships. This study uses the purposive sampling method to survey buyers of the famous International Woodworking Machine Fair in Hanover, Germany. Of the 200 surveys distributed, 105 valid questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 52.50%. Analytical results show that higher buyers’ perceived risk is associated with buyers’ higher purchase postponement, and stronger switching intention. Furthermore, when facing high-brand equity exhibitors’ products, if buyers perceive low risk of use, they are unlikely to delay purchase and switch suppliers; in contrast, if they perceive high risk of use, they are more likely to delay purchase and switch suppliers. Finally, when buyers face low-brand equity exhibitors’ products, if they perceive low risk of use, they will delay purchase and switch suppliers; in contrast, if they perceive high risk of use, they will tend not to delay purchase and switch suppliers.

Thermal Characters of the Air-Cooled High Speed Motorized Spindle for Wood-Working Machine

The structure and composition of the air-cooled high speed motorized spindle for wood-working machine and some features relative to the metal cutting motorized spindle are introduced briefly. Then the main heat sources and heat dissipation mechanism of the air-cooled motorized spindle are thoroughly analyzed, finite element model of the air-cooled motorized spindle is built, the motorized spindles temperature distribution under thermal steady state and the influence of speed are analyzed. The results show that air cooling relative to the water or oil cooling has many advantages and reasonable heat dissipation structure design of air-cooled motorized spindle could meet the requirements of the high-speed motorized spindle for wood-working machine.

Innovative Design of Adjustable Gauge Block in Measurement of Planeness

the paper analyzes reason for the higher uncertainty in the planeness measurement of wood-working machine tools by leveling ruler with adjustable gauge block; proposes a new design idea of new adjustable gauge block and its measuring performance and calibration requirements; and analyzes its uncertainty of measurement.

Semi-rigid joints of timber structures

Traditional timber joints behavior remains badly known. Recent studies have shown that some kind of carpentry joints can be considered as semi-rigid connections. Their rigidity (bending stiffness) in general sense plays an important role in computation of the global deformations and force distribution of timber roofing frames. Developments in computer-controlled manufacture of timber members enable a revival of traditional timber connections without steel fasteners. This study will focus on deformation, failure processes and bending stiffness of rafter-tie beam connection and modern tenon (dovetail) joint as secondary beam-main beam connection (both joints are made by CNC wood-working machine).

Process-integrated quality assurance in wood machining centers with the help of image processing

With rising feed rates of wood working machines, it is important to realize a process-integrated quality assurance. The quality control of produced workpieces is mainly carried out by the operator. As his capabilities are limited, an automated quality control system can help to assure a constant quality level. Due to the high production speeds, only an optical measurement can be used. While CCD-camera-based control systems are generally applied in wood working, no approach has been made so far to measure the surface roughness which is caused by the machining of the workpiece. This paper presents two different quality control systems for an assessment of the surface quality of a workpiece. In planing of solid wood, the size of the waves on the surface is most significant for workpiece quality. An image processing system has been developed which measures the width of the waves by means of a special illumination. In machining chipboards, the size and number of cracks in the edge are very important. Here, a camera-based system is presented which is able to measure the complete workpiece edge even at high feed rates with a sufficient resolution.

Influence of source directivity on noise levels in industrial halls: Simulation and experiments

Noise exposure of workers in industrial halls is mainly induced by noisy machines whose acoustical features are often globally known by Sound Pressure Level. The evaluation of the directivity of these noise sources can help to anticipate specific solutions for noise reduction. This study shows how the directivities of three wood-working machines have been characterized. Some characterisations have been achieved with a simple and fast acoustical intensity mapping which meets the constraints of industrial areas. When source directivity is evaluated, its influence on the noise field in industrial halls can be assessed. Some simulations and some experiments allowed the estimation of the noise field induced in workshops by both directional and omnidirectional sources. Comparison of the fields prove that the noise distribution is influenced by the source directivity if the halls are empty. As soon as the halls contain scattering objects, the directivity effect is reduced a lot and the noise field remains nearly the same far from the source whatever source used. Nevertheless, workers close to a machine are exposed to noise according to their position with respect to the machine. Exposure at the workplace can vary from 4 to 8 dB(A) according to the directivity of machines such as those measured in the trials.

FESTO PNEUMATIC SERVO SYSTEM

Pneumatic Servo System has been studied and developed in Europe in the latter half of ‘80’s by the great progress of micro electronics and the develdpment of control software. At the same time, we (FESTO), one of the most biggest pneumatic manufacturers in the world, started to supply Pneumatic Servo System which can keep appropriate positioning accuracy, be operated rather easily and be supplied to the market with reasonable prices, and the no. of applications reached over thousand axes.FESTO Pneumatic Servo System was introduced to the Japanese market in the beginning of 1994. Currently, it is used in the automobile industry, metal working machine, electric machine, handling machine, wood working machine, chemical machine, construction machine, packaging machine, food processing machine, and robot, etc.The outline of FESTO Pneumatic Servo System, the examples of measurement results of control signals and the response comparison with the case driven with the normal solenoid valve are introduced here.

Occupational risk factors for sinonasal cancer: a case-control study in France.

A case-control study was conducted in France to examine occupational risk factors for sinonasal cancer; 207 cases and 409 controls were included in the study. Detailed information was collected on occupational history and other potential risk factors for nasal cancer. Results are presented for three histologic types: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others. Among males, the risk of adenocarcinoma was significantly elevated for cabinetmakers (odds-ratio = 35.4, 95% confidence interval = 18.1-69.3), carpenters and joiners (OR = 25.2, 95% CI = 14.6-43.6), and wood-working machine operators (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 3.4-15.8), whereas the odds-ratios were less than 1 for loggers and wood preparation workers. Odds-ratios associated with cabinetmakers (OR = 11.2, 95% CI = 2.7-45.9)) and carpenters and joiners (OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 1.8-18.6) were also significantly elevated for the other-histologic-types category. Significant excesses in risk of squamous cell cancer were noted for "bakers, pastry cooks, grain millers" (OR = 3.9, 1.2-12.8), construction workers (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.7-8.0), and carpenters and joiners having worked for at least 15 years in the wood manufacturing industry (OR = 8.1, 95% CI = 1.3-50.3). Among females, a significant increase in risk of squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 1.7-54.1) and a moderate increase in risk of adenocarcinoma (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 0.7-23.5) was observed for textile workers. Elevated risks of squamous cell cancer were noted for farm workers of both sexes (males: OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1-4.4; females: OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.0-24.9).

Occupation and squamous cell cancers of the pharynx and sinonasal cavity.

Lifetime job histories from a population-based case-control study of squamous cell carcinomas of the oro- and hypopharynx (OHPC), nasopharynx (NPC), and sinonasal cavity (SNC) were systematically examined to generate new hypotheses as well as to test previously noted associations between occupation and the cancers under study. The effects of both duration of employment in a particular job and the timing of the employment in relation to cancer diagnosis were investigated in a stratified analysis that controlled for cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and other major risk factors. Overall, data on 231 cases and 552 controls were analyzed. Occupations at increased risk of OHPC included "food service" workers in the "retail trade" industry (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-3.6), "vehicle mechanics" in the "repair services" industry (OR = 2.5; CI = 0.8-8.3), "industrial mechanics" (OR = 31.0; CI = 3.0-315.1), and "carpenters" in the "construction" industry (OR = 1.5; CI = 0.7-3.4). For NPC, similar patterns of increased risk were found for "food service" workers and "vehicle mechanics." For "carpenters" in the "construction" industry, the relative risk estimate was almost five (OR = 4.8; CI = 1.2-19.4). Increases in SNC risk were noted for "food service" workers, as well as a number of occupations in the "lumber and wood product manufacturing" industry, including "forestry and logging" (OR = 2.0; CI = 0.5-8.2), and "wood working machine operators" (OR = 7.9; CI = 1.6-39.2). In each of these instances, the relative risk estimates increased with increasing duration in the job and when a 15-year induction/latency period was taken into account.