Wooden Tiles Research Articles

Harvesting Energy through Piezoelectric Tiles: A Comparative Study of Wood, Porcelain, and Ceramic Tiles

This study investigated the feasibility of using piezoelectric tiles in harvesting energy from the footsteps of people. The piezoelectric tiles were made of three materials, namely wood, porcelain, and ceramic tiles, where five piezoelectric plates were attached to each corner and center of individual tiles. A voltmeter was then attached to the piezoelectric tile system to determine the voltage output when people step on the tiles. Study findings revealed that the wood tile produced a mean voltage of 0.711V, the porcelain tile, 0.698V, and the ceramic tile, 1.018V. Analysis of variance results showed that there were significant voltage output differences among the three tiles, and the post-hoc analysis revealed that the voltage outputs of wood and porcelain tiles were comparable with one another, while the voltage output of ceramic tiles was the greatest among the three. The study concluded that the mechanical energy coming from the footsteps could be harvested using the piezoelectric tile, where mechanical energy could be converted into an electrical source. Furthermore, the researchers recommended having a wider variety of sample tiles to see the difference between the tiles and have a wider variety of data that could establish the positive results of this study.

Preferensi Penggunaan Material pada Atap Rumah Tinggal

Roof material preferences for housing can be influenced from the location of the respondents, local climate, culture, knowledge and comfortable condition of the occupants. The aim of this research is to get the reasons behind the selection of roof material for housing. Quantitative method is used in this research by collecting data of online questionnaire. This online questionnaire is distributed using convenient sampling method (snowball-non-random-sampling). It was found the tendency of respondents who choose clay tile because of the comfort and affordability of the price. The tendency of respondents who choose ceramic tile and natural wood tile because of their beauty and sustaniability materials. Concrete is selected by respondents because of their durability and strength. Respondents who have tendency in Zinc, asbestos are selected because zinc and asbestos are easy to apply and commonly materials in their areas. Asphalt, metal, and PVC / galvalum / fiber are chosen by respondents for being lightweight materials.

A parametric study of the energy performance and carbon footprint of super-insulation in terrace constructions

Energy requirements for buildings are continually tightened, as seen in the ambitions to introduce near zero-energy building (nZEB) requirements in Norwegian and European building codes from 2020. One consequence of this is an increased use of insulation. However, standard insulation may cause challenges in many circumstances, for example where increased wall dimensions lead to reduced daylight levels or where increased insulation leads to increased floor height. Super-insulation materials are a possible solution to these challenges. Although several super-insulation products exist on the market, there is still a need for proven system solutions that provide the required level of insulation, along with reduced thickness in the constructions. An additional challenge is that these solutions should also be cost-effective and carbon-effective. The economic benefits should outweigh the costs and the carbon footprint should ideally be reduced, but at least not significantly increased.To analyse the potential of super-insulation, we have performed a parametric case study of terrace constructions based on super-insulation and compared these with a baseline solution. The terrace construction uses vacuum insulation panels (VIP) as the main insulation. The top plate insulation is tapered mineral wool, aerogel is used in the edges and on top of the construction there are wood tiles. The parameters that have been varied are i) terrace dimensions, ii) width of the edge with non-combustible aerogel, iii) the thickness of the VIP layer, iii) the slope of the tapering, and iv) the heat conductivity of the VIP panels.To evaluate the benefits of the super-insulation an analysis of energy performance in the use phase has been done. As the energy efficiency of the super-insulation solution is improved, this gain can be used either to reduce thickness or to increase energy performance. Both these will have an impact on the costs. To evaluate the environmental performance of the solution a screening LCA has been performed, with focus on the carbon footprint. The results of the case study show under which circumstances the super-insulation solution has better performance than the baseline, and vice versa. Key parameters that drive energy performance and carbon footprint are identified, providing suggestions for further research.

마감재 차이의 시각자극에서 설문평가 분석을 통한 공간 감성 특성

Space is not just a background or room, but people being with the user. They must co-exist in response to the user's consciousness. In Space design, space must include people beings. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the differences of spatial color in the cafe space with floor finishing differences affect the emotional characteristics perceived by people beings through Evaluation of Sensitivity Keywords Survey. When the purpose of [conversation with a friend] was given, the emotional evaluation through 24 pairs of Sensitivity Keywords of cafe space according to purpose was sent to 300 people through Google Survey and emotional data was obtained. The results of Sensitivity Keywords survey were analyzed through frequency analysis of SPSS 24 statistical program, and the preference according to each question and the preferred interior space coefficient for each floor finishing were examined. In addition, Sensitivity Keywords for preferred cafe space was analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and t-test. The preference for atmosphere was low for wood tiles, but the preference for wood tiles was high when the objective phrase was given. The Sensitivity Keywords of preference space according to purpose of [conversation with friend] was divided into four factors of `comfort`, `value`, `friendliness` and `comfort`. In `comfort`, 9 pairs of Sensitivity Keywords showed significant difference, `Value` showed significant difference in three pairs of Sensitivity Keywords. In `affinity`, one pair of Sensitivity Keywords, and in `comfort`, two pairs of Sensitivity Keywords showed significant differences. Feel in the cafe space with warm, soft, calm, weak, gentle, natural, comfortable, traditional, intimate, old sensuous wood tile floor finishing.. The color image feels brown series. Cool, firm, dynamic, strong, vivid, artificial, inconvenient, modern, strange, young emotion appears in cafe space with polished tile floor finishing. The color image feels gray series. Through this study, it was found that the visual stimulation of the colors provided as finishing materials affects the spatial sensitivity of the color obtained by the people experience.

A discussion on the genus Fomitiporella (Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales) and first record of F.americana from southern South America.

Fomitiporella has traditionally been delimited based on the gross morphology of the basidiomes, hyphal structure and basdiospores. Recently, phylogenetic studies supported the incorporation of an extensive number of species within the genus. Although most of its species are nested in the ‘Phellinotus clade’ (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota), genera such as Arambarria, Inocutis and Phellinotus were not included in previous analysis. To further our understanding of the genus, new sequences from 28S and ITS nuc rDNA genes were jointly analysed with a large selection of taxa in the ‘Phellinotus clade’, also with re-examination of morphological and ecological data. Results showed several lineages in what has hitherto been considered to represent Fomitiporella, indicating that the genus is paraphyletic as presently circumscribed. There is a well-supported Fomitiporella core group that includes the type species and nine other monophyletic lineages with high support, of which those representing Arambarria, Inocutis and Phellinotus are distinct from the Fomitiporella core group by macro and micromorphological traits and/or biogeographic distribution. Fomitiporellaamericana, a species described from SE USA, was found in the Patagonian forests of southern Argentina and Chile; it is the taxon responsible for the white heart-rot found on standing Austrocedruschilensis and one of the taxa decaying wooden tiles of historic churches in Chiloé Is., Chile.

Structure and succession of periphyton in an urban reservoir: artificial substrate specificity

Abstract Substrate specificity of the periphyton community is usually underestimated in both periphyton ecology and biomonitoring studies, thus different kinds of both natural and artificial substrates (of organic and inorganic origin) are employed. Periphyton colonization and successional trajectories are particularly debatable processes when different kinds of substrates are considered. In our field experiment, we deployed four kinds of artificial substrates (two inorganic ones – glass and ceramic, and two organic ones – willow and yew wooden tiles) for the development of periphyton in an urban reservoir referred to as Lake Savsko (Belgrade, Serbia). We comparatively investigated the structure, colonization process, diversity and successional trajectories of periphyton. We also assessed the relationship between the dynamics of algae growth forms (ecological groups) on different substrates and selected abiotic limnological factors. Our objective was to determine whether the type of substrate affects periphyton characteristics at various levels and whether an artificial substrate potentially affects the bioindication capacity of ecological groups. We concluded that all substrates behave similarly at the level of structure and colonization phases, but when considering diversity and successional trajectories, the substrate specificity was demonstrated. Our results suggest that communities developed on inert substrates (glass and ceramic) could provide more realistic insight into complex environmental changes.

中心市街地における歩行休憩用のベンチの高齢者による感性評価

When setting benches on pedestrian routes in city center, considering which kind of benches are preferable, especially, for the elderly is important now. In this study, after Kansei Evaluation experiment toward them either living in urban or rural area, the author gets combination rules of benches components preferred, by using rough set theory analysis. Both select “about 2m width surrounding vacant space of building” with “1,5 minutes sitting”, but detail components are different. Rural aged select setting on wooden tiles with high-backrest and awning, easy to understand as bench and its space. Whereas, urban aged select low-backrest without them (=simple components).

Testing Field Methods to Assess Interactions Between Native Caddisflies and the Invasive New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus Antipodarum)

In Polecat Creek, WY, located in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the invasive New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) has been found to reach densities exceeding 500,000 individuals/m². At this extremely high density, P. antipodarum has been observed to consume most of the gross primary production and have a negative impact on native macroinvertebrates such as the Hydropsyche caddisfly. The current population of P. antipodarum in Polecat Creek has declined suggesting the population “boomed and busted”; the population was booming in 2000-2001, but in 2011 the population had decreased substantially suggesting a “bust” period for P. antipodarum. Native Hydropsyche caddisflies have increased dramatically in biomass during the 10-year span of data, which may indicate that some native macroinvertebrates have increased in biomass due to release of suppression by P. antipodarum. Consequently, during my research this summer I assessed several possible methods to test suppression of Hydropsyche by P. antipodarum. I devised a method to collect Hydropsyche and determined whether Hydropsyche can survive in experimental chambers for use in a future field experiment. I built wooden tiles to colonize Hydropsyche out of 4x4x2 inch wood blocks with 1/2 inch grooves along the length of the tile. Colonization was successful with approximately two Hydropsyche collected per tile in a 24-hour period. Based on low survival of Hydropsyche within experimental chambers, the use of different experimental chambers will be necessary. Specifically, chambers that are open on the upstream side should be used to better allow a fast flow of water, which is a requirement for Hydropsyche to collect food.

Gardino dekanato parapijos XVII a. antrojoje pusėje

In the second half of the 17th century Grodno deanery of Vilnius diocese was comprised of 21 Catholic churches (Odelsk, Hoża, Dąbrowa, Ejsmonty, Jeziory, Grodno, Indura, Krasnybór, Krynki, Kundzin, Kuźnica, Kwasówka, Lipsk, Brzostowica Mała, Nowy Dwór, Przewałka, Różanystok, Sokolany, Sokółka, Szudziałow, Zalesie). These churches were founded at various time periods, from the beginning of the 15th century, i.e. times of the grand duke of Lithuania Vytautas (Grodno parish), until the end of the 17th century. Most of the churches established their existence during the ruling of Sigismund III Vasa (the junction of the 16th and 17th centuries), the patron of most of them being the sovereign. Ejsmonty and Brzostowica Mała churches were founded the latest, respectively in 1695 and 1663 after the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia in the middle of the 17th century. Based on visitation and inventories related materials of the deanery in various Lithuanian and Polish manuscripts it was stated that there were only two brick parish churches in the deanery (Grodno, Zalesie), and Nowy Dwór church was half brick, half wooden. All other churches were wooden, although some of them were splendid and spacious (e.g. Kwasówka, Sokółka, Dąbrowa, Odelsk). Roofs of wooden churches were usually covered in wooden tiles; they were decorated with little towers with crosses. However, churches of average and even small size dominated in the deanery, most of them were hardly restored after the occupation, robberies by the Russian army and arsons. Visitators demanded to reconstruct the churches, to repair the altars, to install ciboria for proper holding of the Blessed Sacrament, liturgical material, etc. Four of the reconstructed churches were consecrated by titular bishop of Gratianopoli Nicolaus Słupski during his visitation in 1674. [...]

ChemOkey: A Game To Reinforce Nomenclature

Learning the symbolic language of chemistry is a difficult task that can be frustrating for students. This article introduces a game, ChemOkey, that can help students learn the names and symbols of common ions and their compounds in a fun environment. ChemOkey, a game similar to Rummikub, is played with a set of 106 plastic or wooden tiles. The object of ChemOkey is to create the formulas and names of ionic compounds from tiles on which the names and formulas of common cations and anions are written. With ChemOkey, students can learn the symbols and names of common ions and acquire a level of familiarity with the electroneutrality principle and the names and formulas of ionic compounds.

The Inheritance and Development for Wooden Roof of the Traditional House in Nyingchi, Tibet

The wooden tile is gradually replaced by color steel sheet of traditional houses roof in Nyingchi area. This technique is effectively to solve the problems due to the large rainfall in that region. However, it also causes damage to the architectural traditional features. This paper discusses the relationship the roof material and natural environment firstly. Then, put forward a more appropriate roof technique to improve waterproof and protect wooden tiles, thus to inherit the traditional architectural form.

Investigating Bacterial Growth in Surgical Theatres: Establishing the Effect of Laminar Airflow on Bacterial Growth on Plastic, Metal and Wood Surfaces

Infection is a devastating complication of surgery. Intra-operative wound contamination is a common cause of infection. A number of measures have been effective in reducing wound contamination. One such measure is laminar flow. Controversy exists as to whether it is safe to keep open instruments and implants outside the laminar flow. This study compares bacterial contamination of wood, plastic and stainless steel within and outside the laminar flow. Identically shaped and sized tiles were left for 90 min within and outside the laminar flow and then cultured for bacterial growth. A third of metal and plastic tiles were contaminated, but only 10% of wooden tiles, suggesting that wood is a more hostile environment for bacteria. There was no difference in contamination between tiles placed inside and those placed outside the laminar flow. This study suggests that placing instruments and implants outside the laminar flow is a safe practice.

The Words of Scrabble

N 1931, DURING THE MIDST of the Great Depression, an unemployed architect named Alfred M. Butts created a game he called Lexico (see Benjamin 1981, from which this brief history has been compiled). It was a simple game, requiring only luck, a good vocabulary, and a certain amount of tactical skill as its players arranged small wooden tiles in crosswordpuzzle fashion to make words. Initially, Butts intended Lexico to be a diversion for his family alone, but they enjoyed it so much that he soon made several replicas and began retailing them at a neighborhood store for $1.50 each. Over the next five years, Lexico enjoyed a very limited success-a success that did not improve greatly when Butts changed Lexico's name to Criss Cross Words in 1936. Soon after that, however, Butts metJames Bronot, an enterprising New York businessman who suggested changing the name of the game to Scrabble and finding better ways to market it.' Fortunately for Butts, he took both of Bronot's suggestions, and the rest, as they say, is history: the game was eventually sold to the Selchow and Righter company in 1949, and today Scrabble is the largestselling board game in the United States, outselling even Monopoly by an estimated twenty percent. Every Eden has its serpent, however, and the world of Scrabble was no exception. Put simply, its players frequently disagreed as to what constituted a word (for example, were words heard on the street or read in a novel acceptable, or did they have to derive from some more authoritative source?), and although such squabbles did not threaten the stability of the families in which the game was played, they assumed considerably more importance as various Scrabble tournaments and contests began to appear. The most frequent course of action taken-and the one recommended by the rules of the game-was to check a standard dictionary, but this led only to further complications. Because no two dictionaries contain exactly the same words (not to mention derivatives and spelling variations), which one was to be used as the ultimate means ofjudgment? In response to this problem, in 1978 Selchow and Righter published