Source Of Wood Research Articles

Suitability of an ornamental tree, Sorbus alnifolia, as a source of industrial wood: Properties and the juvenile to mature transition

Ornamental trees are being promoted to supplement wood for industrial applications in China. To determine the wood utilization potential of an ornamental tree species, Sorbus alnifolia, this study investigated the radial variation of anatomical characteristics of its wood cross-section. The results showed that S. alnifolia is porous with high cell wall percentage, fiber percentage, and vessel percentage, small fiber and vessel sizes, and low vessel frequency. The transition age between juvenile wood and mature wood is 7 to 11 years for vessels, 12 to 16 years for axial parenchyma, and 18 to 24 years for fibers. Mature wood exhibits a higher percentage of cell walls, thicker fiber walls, and a lower percentage of vessels than juvenile wood. This result implies that wood is easy to dry, has strong permeability, good physical and mechanical properties, and a high fiber yield.

Eco‐friendly Anode Materials for Lithium and Sodium‐ion Batteries from Wood Sources

AbstractThe intricate materials found in nature boast remarkable multifunctional properties honed through millions of years of evolution, resulting in the highest optimal organization in terms of function, structure, and chemistry. Leveraging the distinctive attributes of natural materials through biomimicry present a captivating avenue for research, brimming with vast potential for groundbreaking discoveries. Among the array of precursors available, wood stands out as a prominent candidate that covered over 30 % of the global land surface. Renowned for its captivating mechanical properties and anisotropic hierarchical porosity finely tuned to facilitate swift pathways, wood embodies attributes of abundance and biodegradability. Consequently, scientists have drawn inspiration from wood's exceptional characteristics to engineer batteries exhibiting remarkable electrochemical performance. For instance, the characteristic hierarchical multi‐channeled construction of wood serves as a blueprint for synthesizing energy storage materials endowed with heightened ion and electron diffusivity. Serving as an integrated carbonaceous scaffold featuring a hierarchical architecture and aligned channels, wood‐based anodes enhance ion and electron conductivities, while bolstering the kinetics of charge transfer in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). This review underscores the recent strides made in utilizing wood as a hierarchically porous and renewable material for developing anode materials tailored for LIBs and SIBs. Additionally, it sheds light on the potential of wood‐derived anode materials for LIBs and SIBs to alleviate the strain on critical raw materials, while accentuating the additional environmental sustainability benefits derived from such innovations.

Tracking Forest Disturbance in Northeast China’s Cold-Temperate Forests Using a Temporal Sequence of Landsat Data

Cold-temperate forests (CTFs) are not only an important source of wood but also provide significant carbon storage in China. However, under the increasing pressure of human activities and climate change, CTFs are experiencing severe disturbances, such as logging, fires, and pest infestations, leading to evident degradation trends. Though these disturbances impact both regional and global carbon budgets and their assessments, the disturbance patterns in CTFs in northern China remain poorly understood. In this paper, the Genhe forest area, which is a typical CTF region located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Northeast China (with an area of about 2.001 × 104 km2), was selected as the study area. Based on Landsat historical archived data on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we used the continuous change detection and classification (CCDC) algorithm and considered seasonal features to detect forest disturbances over nearly 30 years. First, we created six inter-annual time series seasonal vegetation index datasets to map forest coverage using the maximum between-class variance algorithm (OTSU). Second, we used the CCDC algorithm to extract disturbance information. Finally, by using the ECMWF climate reanalysis dataset, MODIS C6, the snow phenology dataset, and forestry department records, we evaluated how disturbances relate to climate and human activities. The results showed that the disturbance map generated using summer (June–August) imagery and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) had the highest overall accuracy (88%). Forests have been disturbed to the extent of 12.65% (2137.31 km2) over the last 30 years, and the disturbed area generally showed a trend toward reduction, especially after commercial logging activities were banned in 2015. However, there was an unusual increase in the number of disturbed areas in 2002 and 2003 due to large fires. The monitoring of potential widespread forest disturbance due to extreme drought and fire events in the context of climate change should be strengthened in the future, and preventive and salvage measures should be taken in a timely manner. Our results demonstrate that CTF disturbance can be robustly mapped by using the CCDC algorithm based on Landsat time series seasonal imagery in areas with complex meteorological conditions and spatial heterogeneity, which is essential for understanding forest change processes.

Charcoal in Anaerobic Digestion: Part 1—Characterisation of Charcoal

Biochar (BC) is often used as an additive in anaerobic digestion (AD) to increase yield and/or to stabilise the process when the manure content is increased. Unfortunately, BC is rarely described in detail in terms of its raw material sources, production processes, and structural, physical and chemical properties to allow correlation with its effects on AD. It is an open question whether microorganisms from AD can penetrate into different biochar pore types, depending on their wood origin. In this paper, we describe the preparation (temperatures, treatment times, yields) and characterisation shrinkage, density, pore sizes, pore size distribution, specific surface area, ash, volatiles, fixed carbon, elemental composition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), benzene, toluene, ethyl-toluene, xylene (BTEX) and volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHH) of BC cubes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica) powder made from this BC in addition to commercial charcoal powder. The pore size distribution determined by mercury porosimetry differs from that determined by 3D-reflected light microscopy. After incubating BC cubes in AD, the cubes were mechanically cleaned and cut into two pieces. Microorganisms were detected inside the cubes by fluorescence microscopy. Particle size and wood source determine the influence of BC on AD.

Timber trade in 17th-century Europe: different wood sources for artworks of Flemish painters

The former Spanish Netherlands experienced a period of social, cultural and economic prosperity in the seventeenth century, with Antwerp as its most important commercial and artistic centre. The era’s vibrant art scene, once pivotal culturally, economically, and diplomatically, now offers invaluable insights for scientific studies on art, trade, and craftsmanship. In a study on 294 panel paintings by or related to two famous Flemish artists, Jacques Jordaens (1593–1678) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641), we applied classical art historical techniques, archival research, dendrochronology, and the study of panel maker’s and guild marks on the painting’s reverse to gain insights into the precise time of tree felling, the geographical provenance of the wood, and the panel makers patronised by the painters. The majority of the paintings (~ 80%), which were subjected to a dendrochronological analysis, could be dated and the results accorded well with the concomitant art historical assessment on authorship. Besides an active and well-known Baltic timber trade which provided over 71% of all the planks examined, straight-grained oak trees were also sourced from western Central Europe (20%). Interestingly, planks from the Baltic and the Ardennes region (France/Belgium) were used together in three different paintings, likely cut apart from larger panels. Employing a multidisciplinary approach to a comprehensive painting collection by individual painters provides not only a new tool to determine a painting’s date and authorship but also allows for a better understanding of the contemporary timber trade and associated craftsmanship.

The Effect of Hardwood Veneer Densification on Plywood Density, Surface Hardness, and Screw Withdrawal Capacity

Increasing environmental awareness and the carbon-storing capability of wood have amplified its relevance as a building material. The demand for high-quality wood species necessitates exploring alternative, underutilized wood sources due to limited forest areas and premium wood volume. Consequently, the veneer-based industry is considering lower-value hardwood species like grey alder (Alnus Incania), black alder (Alnus glutinosa), and aspen (Populus tremula) as substitutes for high-quality birch (Betula pendula). Initially less appealing due to their lower density and mechanical properties, these species show promise through densification, which enhances their density, strength, and hardness. This study aims to enhance plywood screw withdrawal capacity and surface hardness by densifying low-density wood species and using them in plywood face-veneer layers, or in all layers. The relationship between the wood density, surface hardness, and screw withdrawal capacity of plywood made of low-value species like aspen and black alder is examined. Experimental work with a pilot-scale veneer and plywood production line demonstrates improved surface hardness (65% and 93% for aspen and black alder, respectively) and screw withdrawal capacity (16% and 35% for aspen and black alder, respectively) in densified face veneer plywood. This research highlights the potential of densified low-value wood species to meet construction requirements, expanding their practical applications.

Utilization of alternative wood particles for modern thermal insulation products

Abstract Thermal insulation materials play a vital role in minimising energy loss in building operation and also affect the amount of greenhouse gas emissions associated with heating and cooling. In this context, it is becoming an increasingly important milestone to find suitable thermal insulation materials that not only meet the technical requirements but also minimise their environmental impact. The trend towards the use of eco-friendly materials for thermal insulation reflects the construction industry’s desire to contribute to environmental protection and the transition to more sustainable models of building construction and renovation. For more than 20 years, a number of research teams have been investigating the possibility of replacing synthetically produced materials such as mineral wool and polystyrene foam with natural fibre-based insulation materials. These alternatives include wood as a traditional, easily renewable raw material. This, together with the low energy intensity of processing and manufacturing wood materials, contributes to its low carbon footprint. Compared to traditional synthetic insulation materials, which are often energy intensive to produce, wood is a more environmentally friendly choice. However, with many European countries now facing a potential shortage of higher quality wood, it is necessary to look for alternative sources of wood, including in the field of thermal insulation materials, materials with a lower carbon footprint that can be produced from lower quality wood or from wood waste that would otherwise only have an energy use. The paper is devoted to the study and use of suitable wood waste and secondary raw materials from spruce wood (coarse wood chips, sawdust and wood flour) for the development of modern thermal insulations with the aim of an environmentally friendly and less energy-intensive production process compared to conventional insulants.

Timber Traceability and Sustainable Transportation Management: A Review of Technologies and Procedures

There has been considerable research on sustainable forest management due to its importance in ensuring the long-term health of the forests and its industries. Traceability is an important tool to ensure that the wood and wood-based products are produced in a legal, sustainable, and ethical manner. Therefore, various technologies were implemented within the supply chain to monitor and trace the wood with the aim of fulfilling the traceability objectives. Using a systematic literature review, this paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the technologies and procedures used in timber traceability and transportation management. It debates traceability tradition and advanced methods such as smart marking, QR (Quick Response) codes, DNA fingerprinting, smartphone apps, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), machine learning, and computer vision since these technologies enable the integrity of the supply chain by documenting the source of wood and following up on the wood in all the stages, beginning from the standing tree until the final customer. The paper also reviews the advancements in wood transportation management systems, including spatial databases, GPS (Global Positioning System), and fleet management systems, which ultimately lead to real-time monitoring and optimisation of transportation routes, leading to improved efficiency and minimal environmental impact. The review results acknowledge that financial constraints, infrastructure limitations, data management uncertainties, acceptance and compliance issues, and stakeholder commitment are still challenges to implementing traceability technology in the forestry sector. Moreover, this review not only highlights how traceability systems promote responsible forestry practices, ensure sustainable timber sourcing, and develop supply chain management, but also the advantages of utilising these technological advances at economic, social, and environmental levels.

Geographical profiling of wood samples via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms: Application in wood forensics

Illegal activities associated with deforestation for the lumber and furniture industries pose significant threats to plant and animal biodiversity, as well as natural resources. Accurate identification of wood sources is vital, yet traditional laboratory techniques often fall short in precisely determining the chemical composition of samples for classification. This study aims to leverage ATR-FTIR spectroscopy alongside machine learning algorithms to construct a robust model for discerning the geographical origins of wood samples from India. By systematically comparing various machine learning classifiers, we address the limitations of subjective visual interpretation and evaluate their accuracy using wood spectral data. Logistic regression emerges as the most effective classifier for distinguishing Eucalyptus (75 % accuracy), Dalbergia (68 % accuracy), and Populus (81.5 % accuracy) species. Through a methodology encompassing data pre-processing, classifier selection, and performance evaluation, this research offers promising tools for combating challenges posed by illegal wood trafficking and transportation. The outcomes hold significant potential for enhancing wildlife crime prevention efforts by facilitating the tracing illicit timber sources, apprehension of perpetrators, and implementation of preventive measures.

Influence of large wood dynamics on flow and channel morphology in a forest stream

The riparian zone is a dynamic ecosystem formed by the interaction of aquatic and terrestrial components of rivers and serves as a source of the large wood (LW). We aimed to understand the LW dynamics and the LW influence on river morphology, sediment distribution, and flow velocity within three reaches of a low-order stream. The study was performed in a segment (770 m in length) of the Perdizes stream, located in Aparados da Serra National Park, southern Brazil. We framed the study by focusing three issues: i) the processes explaining the LW dynamics in the Araucaria Forest biome; ii) the effects of LW on the flow velocity along the study reaches, and iii) the presence of LW affecting the sediment longitudinal connectivity. The methodology consisted of: (i) collection of hydrological data (rainfall, discharge, and streamflow velocity), (ii) Perdizes stream characterization by topo-bathymetric survey and river-flow simulation with HEC-RAS 5.0.7 1D. and (iii) detailed field surveys of LW and bed sediments. The LW descriptions were performed at four moments (July 10, 2019; November 19, 2019; July 24, 2020; and December 18, 2020). Abundant LW, mainly from araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze), was observed before meanders. A notable reduction in LW volume and an increased proportion of araucaria, compared to deciduous trees, were observed within the channel. Mass balance analysis indicated fluctuations in riparian vegetation biomass, emphasizing the connectivity between vegetation and the river. Streamflow velocity decreased in LW presence, from occurrence to the margin. Bed sediment diameters were consistently smaller in cross-sections with LW presence. The accumulation of smaller sediments with LW indicated partial downstream sediment disconnectivity. HEC-RAS simulations confirmed increased LW deposition in lower velocity zones. This understanding of fluvial dynamics contributes to effective natural environment management, especially in the Araucaria Forest context.

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and Machine learning for sustainable wood sourcing and species Identification: Applications to wood forensics

Wood forensics, a vital tool in addressing global concerns surrounding illegal logging and the authenticity of wood products, plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainable forestry practices. The integration of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and machine learning presents a potent approach to streamline identification processes and enhance responsible wood sourcing. ATR-FTIR facilitates the detailed characterization of wood components by analyzing spectral data, revealing unique chemical signatures associated with different wood species. This study focuses on Eucalyptus, Dalbergia, and Populus wood species in India, revealing common peaks related to cellulose, flavones, hemicellulose, and lignin constituents. Isolation Forest (iForest) identifies outliers, subsequently removed for supervised modelling, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduces dimensionality effectively. Tree-based supervised machine learning algorithms, including Decision Tree, Extra Tree, Random Forest, and CatBoost classifiers, enhances the accuracy of wood species discrimination by deciphering complex patterns within ATR-FTIR spectra. Further, evaluation through various performance metrics supports the comparative analysis. The outcomes of this study hold significant value for law enforcement agencies in combating illegal logging and timber trade, and potential applications in quality control for timber industries. This research substantiates its real-world applicability, marking a noteworthy advancement in the evolving field of wood forensics.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS IN CONTEMPORARY SCULPTURE IN IRAQ

The use of raw materials in contemporary sculpture is a practice aimed at maintaining indicators of the development of work in the field of art. A variety of materials are used in the manufacture of contemporary sculpture, and this includes the use of sustainable wood obtained from well-established forests that contribute to the availability of a variety of Wood sources, in addition, the possibility of using recycled materials such as iron, glass and recycled plastic in unique construction work, all in reducing loss and making better use of available resources. It includes the research of the problem, importance, goals, limits of the research and its methodology, the research objectives, the search for products, results, recommendations, suggestions and sources, where the main options in contemporary sculpture are with the questions: What are the materials that have the ability to survive and endure, and is the artwork affected by various environmental factors such as resistance to water, humidity, heat and light? ? The importance of research and the need for it is to shed light on many of the materials that can be used by students, including sports waste wood, environmental glass, organic patents such as wool and reeds, and since with materials, it reflects an awareness of multiple issues and continues to capture the masses and find creative solutions. challenges, and artists can experience joint creative work through the use of important or shared materials. The aim of the research is to use functional materials in contemporary sculpture that reflects concern for the environment and natural influences. Artists exploit re-engineered materials and other basic elements, especially wood, as they participate in Awareness of the issues. The research also includes the opening words, which were represented by sustainability linguistically, terminologically, and procedurally, as well as language, terminologically, and procedurallyب

Remediation of chlorpyrifos by utilizing waste packaging wood as magnetic biochar

AbstractThe concentration of pesticides in water resources (groundwater and surface water) has reached concerning levels due to the widespread use of pesticides in agricultural activities and their persistent nature. Pesticide contamination poses severe health risks to humans and also to various animal populations. Therefore, innovative approaches to pesticide removal from contaminated water is an essential area of research leading to various chemical‐ and herbal‐based solutions to this problem. The present work demonstrates a novel approach to addressing pesticide contamination by repurposing waste packaging wood for their removal. Wood is one of the major components utilized in packaging which results in a large amount of waste requiring management. In this work, waste packaging wood has been utilized to produce magnetic biochar using pyrolysis in an environmentally friendly way and characterized using various characterization tools such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR results confirmed the characteristic peak at 577 cm−1 of the magnetic group representing biochar. The efficiency of prepared magnetic biochar for the removal of one of the most frequently used organophosphate pesticides (chlorpyrifos) was tested using batch absorption studies; the results are significant, as the prepared magnetic biochar showed more than 85% removal efficiency of chlorpyrifos with (10 mg/10 mL) at optimized conditions (pH 4–5, temperature ~25°C) in 1 h. This work has promising future potential as the magnetic biochar produced from alternative waste wood sources, such as packaging wood, crop stubble (paralli), and hence forth can be extended to address the removal of different pesticides from water. Moreover, this innovation provides the added benefit of avoiding air pollution caused by the burning of waste wood or utilizing landfill space for wood waste.

Granulometric characterization of Arctic driftwood sawdust from frame sawing process

Arctic driftwood can be used as an alternative source of wood as construction timber and furniture material, especially in Iceland and Greenland. The use of Arctic driftwood can help in the fight against climate change, by developing land reforestation processes and reducing the volume harvested wood from forests and sustainability of harvesting processes. In this paper the results of an analysis of the effect of long-term residence of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and larch wood (Larix sibirica L.) stay in Arctic ice and seawater on the granulation of wood sawdust and the distribution of fine wood dust particles during the frame sawing process are presented. The distribution of wood chips and dust was analysed using sieve and laser diffraction methods. The results confirmed that Arctic driftwood, compared to normal wood for both analysed species, generate slightly more fine wood dust particles during the frame sawing process, which can be harmful to human health. However, these differences are not significant, indicating that the same dust extraction systems can be used for both sawing processes.

Bioremediation of Kraft Lignin in Wastewater: Optimization of Temperature and Isolation of Valuable Compounds

Conventional methods for the treatment of complex lignin found in the pulp and paper mill effluent is a strenuous and expensive process. Microbial degradation is a promising technique to degrade lignin efficiently due to its adaptability and rapid growth of microbes in diverse environments. This study is focused on the isolation of potential ligninolytic bacterial strains from agricultural soil and decomposed wood sources for successful degradation of lignin present in the wastewater. Initially, 15 ligninolytic strains were identified and three dominant species, Staphylococcus lentus (SB5), Bacillus megaterium (RWB15) and Pseudomonas geniculata (RWP9) were isolated as per their growth tolerance pattern with different lignin concentrations. The lignin degradation study was carried out at different temperatures (25-45℃) with 1000 mg/l of feed lignin concentrations. The optimum degradation temperature of all the strains fell within the range 30-35℃. The maximum lignin degradation of SB5, RWB15 and RWP9 was identified as 89, 77 and 90% at the end of the 6th, 3rd and 7th day of biodegradation, respectively. There was a steep reduction of COD by all three microbes before attaining the stationary phase and thereafter COD reduction was sluggish due to the death phase. Besides, the microbes used in this study showed the transformation of lignin into valuable low-molecular by-products, vanillin, vanillic acid and adipic acid with their concentration being quantified as 28, 101 and 130 mg/l, respectively. This study shows the successful degradation of waste lignin and the recovery of valuable byproducts from waste streams.

Complete chloroplast genomes of three copal trees (Bursera: Bullockia): comparative analysis and phylogenetic relationships.

Bursera trees are conspicuous elements of the tropical dry forests in the Neotropics that have significant cultural value due to their fragrant resins (incense), wood sources (handcrafts), and ecological benefits. Despite their relevance, genetic resources developed for the genus are scarce. We obtained the complete chloroplast (Cp) genome sequence, analyzed the genome structure, and performed functional annotation of three Bursera species of the Bullockia section: Bursera cuneata, B. palmeri, and B. bipinnata. The Cp genome sizes ranged from 159,824 to 159,872bp in length, including a large single-copy (LSC) region from 87,668 to 87,656bp, a small single-copy (SSC) from 18,581 to 18,571bp, and two inverted repeats regions (IRa and IRb) of 26,814bp each. The three Cp genomes consisted of 135 genes, of which 90 were protein-coding, 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. The Cp genomes were relatively conserved, with the LSC region exhibiting the greatest nucleotide divergence (psbJ, trnQ-UCC, trnG-UCC, and petL genes), whereas few changes were observed in the IR border regions. Between 589 and 591 simple sequence repeats were identified. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships using our data for each Cp region (LSC, SSC, IRa, and IRb) and of seven species within Burseraceae confirmed that Commiphora is the sister genus of Bursera. Only the phylogenetic trees based on the SSC and LSC regions resolved the close relationship between B. bipinnata and B. palmeri. Our work contributes to the development of Bursera's genomic resources for taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological-genetic studies.

Heterostructure of Fe2O3 doped Alstonia Scholaris wood waste derived activated carbon based electrode for supercapacitor applications

The production of environmentally friendly and long-lasting supercapacitor electrodes employing activated carbons obtained from industrial wood waste from Alstonia Scholaris by traditional chemical activation using H2SO4 at High temperature activation is shown in this paper. The new traits of metal oxide (Fe2O3) doped Alstonia Scholaris wood derived activated carbon employing a slow precipitation technique. The produced activated carbon and the Fe2O3 doped activated carbon samples were examined using a variety of analytical methods, including XRD, FESEM, TEM-HRTEM, elemental mapping, N2 adsorption-desorption, Raman, XPS, and VSM. The BET result of prepared Fe2O3 doped activated carbon exhibits high surface area of 443 m2g−1. However, the assembled ASC cell exhibits high energy density of 38 Wh/kg and power density of 3181 W/kg. This work focuses on an innovative, straightforward process for producing low cost activated carbon from waste wood sources, which might have useful applications in the energy storage system.

Large wood fluctuation and longitudinal connectivity conditions along a segment of the Blanco River (Chilean Patagonia)

Data collected between 2015 and 2022 was utilised to assess longitudinal connectivity and explain the temporal and spatial fluctuation of large wood (LW) along the Blanco River, which was severely affected by the 2008 eruption of the Chaitén Volcano in southern Chile. The study was performed along a ~ 10.6-km long segment, which was divided into two sub-segments (upper and lower). LW source areas were identified using information from previous research, complemented by the analysis of satellite images to cover the study period. LW fluctuation was studied for the period 2017–2022, using field data and images from an unmanned aerial vehicle along seven 80 m-long reaches located within the lower sub-segment of the river. Using the generated georeferenced orthomosaics and digital elevation models, LW and wood jams (WJs) locations, abundance, dimensions, volumes, and WJs stability were assessed, as well as wood deposition patterns. Streambank erosions and landslides were found to be the main LW sources. Considering wood sourcing, and the variations in the number of LW and WJs, in the dimensions of individual LW and WJs volume and deposition patterns as indicators, it was possible to infer the longitudinal connectivity conditions for the studied segment through time. The results showed that the upper and lower subsegments were poorly connected. However, changes in LW abundance over time, its dimensions and volumes, and the very low stability of WJs, and LW deposition patterns indicative of fluvial transport confirmed that the lower subsegment was longitudinally connected. The results also verified that the presence of LW did not affect water or sediment longitudinal connectivity along the fluvial system. The volume of individual LW and WJs showed a decreasing trend with time in all study reaches. As the bank erosions able to source LW to the channel are also reducing with time, pieces of wood deposited in the active channel may become the only way to sustain LW availability for the next few years. Things could change with the occurrence of an extreme and infrequent flood able to connect the upper and lower sub-segments and force the river to initiate a new phase of planform adjustments.

Biomass Production and Metal Remediation by Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. Irrigated with Greywater Treated by Floating Wetlands

As an alternative wood source for biochar and a cost-effective renewable energy source, sustainable biomass production based on fast-growing willows irrigated with treated wastewater has been explored. Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. were selected for assessment of their potentially high woody biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency when irrigated with greywater treated by floating treatment wetlands. Both Salix species produced significantly (p < 0.05) high woody biomass in the second harvest, with a significantly higher fresh woody biomass weight with higher water content (53%) for S. viminalis compared to S. alba. The dry biomass weight of S. alba was greater than of S. viminalis at the first harvest. The element accumulations in substrates changed significantly after irrigation, with greywater compared to the raw substrate following this order: Mg > Fe > Al > Cr > Mn > Cd > Cu > B. Element concentrations accumulated in twigs of S. alba following this order: Ca > Mg > Na > Mn > Zn > Fe > Al > Cd > Cu > Cr > Ni > B, but for S. viminalis the order was Ca > Mg > Mn > Zn > Na > Fe > Al > Cd > Cu > Ni > Cr > B. The accumulations of Al, B, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ni were significantly greater in S. alba leaves compared to their twigs, which showed significantly high accumulations of Na and Zn. The accumulations of Al, B, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Na were significantly greater in S. viminalis leaves compared to their twigs.

Can On-Farm Wood Meet the Global Wood Supply and Save Tropical Forests? A Systematic Review

Global wood supply is faced with an annual escalating scarcity threat by population growth and increased wood demand. Natural forests, a chief source of wood, are under pressure from massive deforestation and degradation, whereas plantation forests are faced with challenges of land tenure and competition from other land uses. This systematic review aimed to point out the contribution of on-farm trees to global wood supply and tropical forest conservation. The study adopted the Sample-Phenomenon of Interest-Design-Evaluation-Research type framework to identify relevant literature. Both grey and peer-reviewed publications were considered. Of the 3800 publications identified, 42 substantially met the inclusion criteria and were selected for data extraction. A huge imbalance was evident in the wood supply and demand that forest production could not satisfy alone. On-farm trees were observed to be a significant alternative source of wood supply in South Africa, India, and Kenya, supplying 27, 36, and 70 per cent of total apparent consumption, respectively. Where importation reliance was low and a low forest production rate, on-farm trees contributed more than 50% of the total apparent consumption. China had a high reliance on importation. On-farm trees contributed at least a supply of 8% of total apparent consumption. On-farm trees were the chief source of wood fuel. On-farm trees contribute substantially to the supply chain of industrial roundwood, woodfuel, and sawn wood, reducing the need to infiltrate the forests. Where the full potential of on-farm trees is inadequately exploited, on-farm trees can sustainably contribute to the wood supply chain and save tropical forests