Painted Wood Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF METANIL YELLOW IN PACKAGED JAMU BY UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD

Introduction. Metanil yellow is a synthetic coloring material used for textile products, wood paint, painting paint, and fur. Despite its use having been banned in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of Indonesia No. 239/MENKES/PER/V/1985, metanil yellow is still commonly found in the local community. In Indonesia, this coloring material is often misused to color various types of food, including herbs, crackers, noodles, tofu, and yellow snacks. The purpose of this research is to validate the analytical method for determining metanil yellow levels in herbal medicine of jamu using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Method. In this research, the determination of metanil yellow levels was carried out by instrument analysis using the UV-Vis Sectrophotometric method. Result & Analysis. In the linearity validation parameter, the regression equation y = 0.0548x-0.01398 is obtained with an r² value of 0.9999, the LOD parameter is 0.11686 ppm, LOQ is 0.5620 ppm, the precision parameter RSD value obtained is 0.87% which meets the requirements of ≤ 4%. Furthermore, the results on the determination of metanil yellow levels in each sample A obtained a percentage of 0.00006755% ± 3.9260; sample B obtained a percentage of 0.000110% ± 10.5309; and sample C obtained a percentage of 0.0001023% ± 9.2998. Discussion. Given the very low concentration, it is possible that the yellow color in the herbal medicine samples is not completely caused by metanil yellow, but it might also be influenced by other natural ingredients with yellow pigments.

Smartphone-based diagnostics with coherent and infrared imaging for cultural heritage

Abstract Nondestructive optical techniques are crucial in heritage science for monitoring the condition of artworks in full field. Various imaging methods based on infrared and interferometry techniques have been proposed, but they often require specialized training and expensive equipment. This paper explores the emerging field of smartphone science and its potential to revolutionize artwork diagnostics, especially for cultural institutions with limited budgets. The smartphone science approach is divided into using the device ‘as is’ or enhancing it with add-on sensors. After a concise overview of smartphone sensing in different fields, the paper demonstrates smartphone-based optical diagnostics on traditional wooden painting models, employing coherent techniques like laser speckle imaging and moiré fringe technique, and infrared techniques like reflectography and thermography. The comparison of obtained results with established instrumentation in the field clearly shows that smartphone-based diagnostics have the potential to greatly contribute to cultural heritage preservation and conservation, transforming the field’s accessibility and cost-effectiveness.

Exploiting Turmeric’s Coloring Capability to Develop a Functional Pigment for Wood Paints: Sustainable Coloring Process of Polyamide 11 Powders and Their Strengthening Performance

Currently, the wood coatings industry is focusing on creating unique, vibrant finishes using new functional pigments. Simultaneously, there is a growing adoption of eco-friendly bio-based materials, reflecting trends in other sectors and supporting the circular economy. Thus, the aim of this study is to unveil a straightforward, cost-effective, and notably sustainable process for exploiting the coloring potential of turmeric powder and coloring polyamide 11-based fillers, employed as multifunctional pigments for wood coatings. Through the incorporation of this additive into a wood paint, the study demonstrates its dual effect of enhancing the aesthetics of the final composite layer while leveraging the beneficial protective properties inherent to polyamide 11. The impact of these additives on sample aesthetics is assessed through optical observations, as well as measurements of color, gloss, and surface roughness. The strengthening contribution of the functional pigment is evaluated using the Taber abrasion resistance test, static friction coefficient measurements, and Buchholz surface hardness test. Finally, the aesthetic consistency of the bio-based filler and the coloring efficiency of the sustainable process are tested by subjecting the samples to aggressive conditions, including the UV-B chamber exposure test, cold liquids resistance tests, and water uptake test. Ultimately, the study illustrates how this functional bio-based pigment not only provides sufficient protection but also meets current eco-requirements, thereby contributing to the sustainability of the wood coatings industry.

Introducing a Novel Application of Bio-Based Fillers Based on Rice Bran Wax Infused with Green Tea: Transitioning from a Cosmetic Additive to a Multifunctional Pigment for Wood Paints

Introducing a Novel Application of Bio-Based Fillers Based on Rice Bran Wax Infused with Green Tea: Transitioning from a Cosmetic Additive to a Multifunctional Pigment for Wood Paints

Verification and Establishment of Techniques of Ajami Artwork

Ajami, a technique of painted wood paneling, was popular in the Ottoman Empire from the 17th to the late 18th centuries. Ajami art became prominent in Syria after the decline of tile production, and it rose to a sophisticated level of art in both local and global markets. Today, however, Ajami art has become almost forgotten and unknown by the modern generation, due to being an exclusive art that can be seen only in palaces, museums, and historical houses. This study investigates the traditional method and techniques of making Ajami, with a focus on the work of a renowned Syrian Ajami art master artisan named Mr. Abdulraouf. The study aims to identify and document the traditional method of Ajami production and determine the materials and techniques used for making Ajami. The study found that Ajami art consists of natural elements that are utilized in four main stages; foundation, design, painting, and finishing. The artisans have a strong preference for floral and geometric designs, influenced by Islamic religious beliefs. The findings of this study could serve as an educational guide to preserve heritage and make it presentable for the present and future generations.

Material and Microstructure Analysis of Wood Color Paintings from Shaanxi Cangjie Temple, China.

Cangjie Temple was built to commemorate Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese characters. It stands as one of the few remaining temples in China dedicated to the invention and creation of writing. In this study, the material properties of wooden paintings from the Cangjie temple were characterized using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Micro-confocal Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). It was confirmed that the pigments of the paintings included cinnabar, lapis lazuli, lead white, Paris green, and carbon black. The proteinaceous glue was used as an adhesive in the pigment samples, with tung oil likely being utilized as a primer for the wooden structures before painting. This study not only provides valuable data support for the conservation and restoration of the architectural features of Cangjie Temple but also provides useful reference for the maintenance and inheritance of similar ancient buildings.

Synthesis of Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles for antibacterial application in water-based acrylic polymer coatings

In this study, Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized using the Stöber method and then physically mixing with MPS functionalized poly (styrene-co-acrylate) (PSA) emulsion to obtain a novel antibacterial composite material (PSA/Ag@SiO2). The dispersion of composite latexes was improved by the formation of Si-O-Si covalent bonds, and the migration of AgNPs on the surface of composite films enhanced their antimicrobial activity. Analysis of UV-Vis absorption spectra, TEM images, XPS and XRD data confirmed the core-shell structure of Ag@SiO2 and the successful coating of AgNPs by SiO2. TEM micrographs showed that Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the composite latexes, with an average particle size of 198 nm for PSA/Ag@SiO2 composite latexes, larger than that of PSA latexes (162 nm). FTIR spectra also indicated the presence of Si-O-Si covalent bonds resulting from the sol-gel reaction between MPS functionalized PSA with Ag@SiO2. XPS and WCA characterization revealed the disruption of the core-shell structure of Ag@SiO2, leading to the migration of AgNPs to the air-film interface. The results of antibacterial activity demonstrated that PSA/Ag@SiO2 composite films displayed antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus, and the former displayer a slightly better antibacterial activity than the latter. The water-based acrylic polymer coatings with antibacterial properties explored in current work have various applications in wood paints, varnishes, metal protection, decorative systems and other related fields.

Enhancing wood coatings with red beetroot-derived pigments: Investigating synergy with UV absorber and composite filler for improved durability and aesthetics

The objective of this study is to assess the synergy among a specific bio-based pigment derived from red beetroot, a composite filler, and a UV absorber as additives for wood paints. The composite filler aims to enhance the mechanical properties of the coating, while the UV absorber is selected to improve the pigment's color stability under solar radiation. The impact of these additives on sample aesthetics is evaluated through color, gloss, and roughness measurements. Mechanical properties are analyzed using Buchholz surface hardness and Taber abrasion resistance tests. The protective role of the UV absorber is further examined through accelerated degradation tests in a UV-B chamber. To ensure that the additives do not compromise the coating's barrier properties, water uptake tests, resistance to liquids, and contact angle measurements are conducted. Overall, the study demonstrates how each additive serves a distinct purpose and their combined application offers benefits such as enhanced color retention and improved mechanical durability of the coating. It highlights the potential of using bio-based pigments to enhance color durability without sacrificing the protective performance of wood coatings.

A Study on the Materials Used in Ancient Wooden Architectural Paintings at DaZhong Gate in Confucius Temple, Qufu, Shandong, China.

This study analyzes the pigments and binders used in the painted wooden structure of DaZhong Gate in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, China. Five samples were collected from the building and analyzed using techniques such as polarized light microscopy (PLM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-RS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The findings reveal that the red, yellow, green, and blue pigments are identified as lead red, lead chromate yellow, emerald green, and ultramarine, respectively. The white pigment is determined to be a combination of chalk and lead white or anglesite. Considering the production period of the yellow and green pigments, it is inferred that architectural paintings underwent restoration or repainting during the late Qing Dynasty. The analysis of the binder in the pigment using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) reveals that the binder employed is a protein-based glue. Additionally, the detected presence of Heat-bodied tung oil suggests a potential connection to traditional Chinese painting techniques on wooden surfaces. This discovery not only contributes to the historical research of the Confucius Temple but also provides crucial data for the conservation and restoration efforts of this culturally significant heritage site.

A wood wax oil-based nanocomposite coating with excellent durability, ultraviolet and water resistance for wood finishing

The development of a multifunctional wood wax oil-based coating holds significant importance in meeting demands for wood protection and enhanced longevity of wood materials. Nevertheless, a simple method of developing such an integrated coating that possesses excellent durability, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, water resistance, and environmental friendliness remains a significant obstacle. In this paper, stearoyl chloride-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (SCNCs) with excellent compatibility with wood wax oil (WWO) coatings were prepared by combining cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with stearoyl chloride through a one-step non-homogeneous esterification reaction. Nanocomposite coatings were prepared by a simple one-step ultrasonic miscibility method using SCNCs as modified functionalized fillers. The prepared SCNC-WWO wood coatings had high hardness (grade H), strong adhesion (class 0, with no peeling), high abrasion resistance, good UV resistance, high hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 116°), and good water resistance (maintainable for 1 day). In addition, SCNCs with gas barrier properties can effectively inhibit the release of pollutants within the coatings, making this composite coatings environmentally friendly. Therefore, SCNC-WWO can be used as a high-performance coating for substantial protection of wood in harsh environments, and the strategy for developing it provides insight into the preparation of multifunctional wood paint.

Development of Early Jain Manuscript Paintings: A Journey through Kalpasutra Paintings

Jain manuscripts have a rich history of artistic embellishment. Interestingly, some of the earliest instances of Indian miniature paintings can be traced back to illustrated Jain manuscripts. We explore the stylistic roots of Jain manuscript paintings along with the role of patronage in the production of these manuscripts. In this scholarly exploration, we delve into the stylistic journey of these paintings, focusing specifically on the widely illustrated Kalpasutra until the 16th century. The earliest Jain manuscripts were meticulously crafted on palm leaves and encased within painted wooden covers. These early works featured sparse illustrations, often centered around decorative borders and single figures. However, with the adoption of paper, the painting style underwent significant transformation. It became more detailed and ornate, while still adhering to hieratic conventions. Noteworthy features of this style include the use of bright primary colors, precise lines, formal composition, and stylized figures with sharply defined gestures and prominent eyes. As we approach the late 15th to early 16th centuries, Jain manuscript paintings began to draw inspiration from external artistic traditions. Influences from Mamluk Egypt and Timurid Persia shaped the visual language of these illustrations. During this period, the palette shifted, with hues of blue and gold dominating the compositions, signaling a move toward a more opulent aesthetic. Production centers such as Patan, Mandu, and Jaunpur contributed distinct regional stylistic idioms to the world of Jain manuscript art. In fine, it can be said that these manuscripts serve as a testament to the intersection of spirituality, creativity, and patronage within the vibrant realm of Jain culture and art.

Evaluating the versatility of stainless steel flakes and magnetite powder as polyvalent additives for wood paints

The objective of this study is to evaluate how various fillers, specifically stainless steel flakes and magnetite powder, affect the visual attributes, durability and versatility of a water-based wood paint. To examine the influence of these two specific pigments on the overall look of the coatings, colorimetric measurements were carried out. The impact of these distinct fillers on the durability of the layers was assessed by subjecting the samples to xenon arc light exposure and cyclic thermal shocks, followed by colorimetric inspections and adhesion tests. Furthermore, the fillers' impact on the coating's ability to act as a barrier was assessed through liquid resistance and water uptake tests. Additionally, the Buchholz hardness indentation test and the Taber test were conducted to quantify how these functional additives affect the mechanical properties of the coatings, such as hardness and resistance to abrasion. Lastly, two specific tests revealed the fillers' role in introducing unique electrical conductivity and magnetic attractive properties to the paint. In conclusion, this study underscores the intriguing influence of stainless steel flakes and magnetite powder, which not only impart vibrant colors and distinct visual characteristics to the paint but also maintain the coating's protective barrier properties, enhance the mechanical properties of the composite layer, and introduce specific multifunctional features to the coating.

Exploring polyamide 11 as a novel renewable resource-based filler in wood paint: Investigating aesthetic aspects and durability impact of the composite coating

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of different quantities of polyamide 11 powder on the visual appeal, durability, and multi-functionality of a water-based wood paint. To investigate the effect of this bio-based additive on the overall appearance of the coatings, measurements for color, gloss, and surface roughness were conducted. Additionally, various tests were performed to quantify the influence of these environmentally friendly additives on the mechanical properties of the coatings, including hardness, surface friction coefficient, and resistance to abrasion. Moreover, the effect of varying amounts of polyamide 11 powder on the coating's barrier capabilities was evaluated through liquid resistance tests, contact angle measurements, and water uptake assessment. Finally, the influence of the bio-based additive on the layers' durability was evaluated by subjecting them to exposure in a xenon arc light chamber. The degradation of the samples was monitored through colorimetric inspections to assess any changes or deterioration. In summary, this study underscores the significant impact of varying the quantity of polyamide 11 powder, showcasing its ability to not only introduce distinct texture to the paint but also significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the composite layer. Importantly, these improvements are achieved without compromising the barrier properties and durability of the acrylic matrix coating.

The impact of stainless steel flakes as a novel multifunctional pigment for wood coatings

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of three different amounts of stainless steel flakes on the aesthetic features and durability of a waterborne wood paint. Colorimetric measurements and optical microscope observations were employed to assess the impact of this novel pigment on the overall appearance of the coatings. The effect of the different amounts of metallic flakes on the durability of the layers was evaluated by subjecting the samples to UV-B radiation and cyclic thermal shocks, performing infrared spectroscopy analysis, colorimetric inspections, and adhesion test. In addition, the influence of the filler concentration on the coating barrier efficiency was assessed through the liquid resistance and water uptake tests. Moreover, Buchholz hardness indentation test and the scrub test were conducted to quantify the impact of the flakes on the mechanical characteristics of the coatings, such as hardness and abrasion resistance. Finally, the thermal test evidenced a specific role of the flake amount in altering the thermal behavior of the coatings. Ultimately, this work highlights the attractive effect of stainless steel flakes, which are capable of providing an intense coloring and specific aesthetic features to the paint, preserving the surface's barrier-protective properties, increasing the abrasion resistance of the composite layer, and influencing the thermal behavior of the coating.

Analysis of Coir Fiber/Wood Paint as Composite Anti-Weathering Coatings on Traditional Fishing Boats

The low resistance of wood as a frame material for traditional fishing boats against splashing sea water, humidity, and high-temperature fluctuations was studied in this study by adding coconut coir fiber to wood paint, where this mixture will become an anti-weathering composite material. To make compatibility between the fibers from coir which are water-absorbing (hydrophilic) and alkyd paints which are water-repellent (hydrophobic), the author gives special treatment to the coco fibers through an acetone pre-treatment process and hot alkali (hot alkali treatment) by soaking fiber in 10% high-temperature sodium hydroxide NaOH solution. Soaking in this solution is able to modify fibers that have a rough surface and reduce hydrogen bonding thereby improving the interfacial bond between the fiber and the filler in the composite. The results obtained were that the addition of fiber with a weight fraction of 3.40% to the alkyd paint matrix made the composite the most optimal anti-weathering coating.

PENERAPAN DATA MINING PENJUALAN BARANG TOKO BANGUNAN H.UBED MENGGUNAKAN METODE ALGORITMA APRIORI

Process Sales activities on material goods so that they continue and so the data generated is increasing over time. Larger data will not be useful and useful if left alone. The Apriori Algorithm is one of the methods of Data Mining, namely data collection to determine the highest frequency pattern with the highest data collection and to determine transaction data, calculating the total number of transactions. The use of old data is used to find the results of the sale of the most and the fewest goods. The result of this data mining process is to find items that are often sold simultaneously. One of the benefits of using this method is to facilitate the preparation of goods to be separated in certain places such as items that are often sold. The a priori algorithm method in data mining is very efficient and speeds up the process of combining patterns of sales results from building stores. The data used is data on the sale of goods that are often sold. The list of building materials that have the most stock sold is Cement, White Cement, Sand, Wall Paint, Wood Paint, Ceramics, Wood, Bricks, Nails, Concrete Iron, and Wire

Instrumented microindentation – a versatile technique in the field of wood science and technology

Hardness is an important mechanical property of wood or other wood-based materials and it is also very important in the case of wood coatings. Different indentation methods for measurements of hardness and other mechanical properties have been utilised already for a long time. In the last 50 years the instrumented indentation was developed. Here, an indenter tests the surface of a specimen with a controlled load and movement, in order to assess its mechanical properties. Three ranges of instrumented indentation tests are distinguished. In the macro range, the force is higher than 2 N, in the micro range it is below 2 N and the depth of indentation must exceed 0.2 μm. When the indentation depth is lower than 0.2 μm, the indentation technique is called nanoindentation. There can be found thousands of scientific papers about applications of instrumented nanoindentation in research of a large variety of materials. Instrumented microindentation remained somehow in the shadow of nanoindentation, but yet, it is a highly versatile technique with potentials to study various (micro)mechanical properties. In this review, examples of possible applications of instrumented microindentation are presented, with a focus on investigations of wood, wood-based composites, surface coated wood and polymeric films. In the second part of this paper, as an illustration, investigations of a self-healing wood paint are shown. The cyclic method and a single-load indentation confirmed the different mechanical properties and good scratch resistance of the self-healing paint.

Preparation and characterization of a silicone RAFT-modified aqueous acrylic resin coating for wood antifouling

Anionic emulsifiers, synthesized from novel silicone RAFT reagents (RAFT-PDMS), acrylic acid, lauryl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate, were used to create a macromolecular silicone-modified polyacrylate aqueous emulsion. This emulsion was prepared by copolymerizing the custom-made anionic emulsifier with hydroxyethyl acrylate and other monomers. The emulsion underwent crosslinking with isocyanate, leading to a novel aqueous wood varnish incorporating polydimethylsiloxane chain segments. The structural features of RAFT-PDMS were characterized using 1HNMR, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (UV–VIS), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). By adjusting the degree of polymerization and content of RAFT-PDMS, emulsions with a core-shell structure were generated. The impact of RAFT-PDMS on the molecular weight, particle size, and thermal properties of the latex was evaluated. Studies demonstrated that the applied wood coatings reduced surface roughness while enhancing gloss and hydrophobicity. Further tests revealed excellent antifouling properties and resistance to both acid and alkali for the coating. This type of wood paint could address challenges associated with the difficulty of combining large molecule organosilicones with wood, thereby offering a novel approach for wood paint applications.

Effect of Microcapsules on Mechanical, Optical, Self-Healing and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption in Waterborne Wood Paint Coatings

A mixture of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbonyl iron powder (Iron(0) pentacarbonyl, CIP) was used as a core material, and a melamine-formaldehyde resin was used as a wall material to prepare CIP/CNTs microcapsules. A core-wall ratio, content of CNTs in the core material, stirring speed, and reaction time were carried out to explore the most significant factor affecting the coverage rate and yield of microcapsules. The most important factor affecting the preparation of CIP/CNTs microcapsules was the content of CNTs in the core material. The optimized CIP/CNTs microcapsules were mixed with shellac microcapsules, and the optimal ratio was explored by analyzing their optical, mechanical, and electromagnetic wave absorption properties in order to prepare coatings with superior performance. The lower the addition amount of CIP/CNTs microcapsules, the lower the effect on the color difference of the coating. The gloss and adhesion of waterborne wood paint coatings decreased with increasing CIP/CNTs microcapsule addition. The hardness, impact resistance and tensile properties of the coatings showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with the addition of CIP/CNTs microcapsules. The surface roughness of the coating basically tended to increase with the increase of CIP/CNTs microcapsule content. When the content of added CNTs in the core material was 3.0% and the content of microcapsules was 9.0%, the coating had the highest elongation at break of 12.4% and the highest repair rate of 34.3%, respectively. The mixed shellac microcapsules and CIP/CNTs microcapsules achieved a theoretical minimum reflection loss of −13.52 dB at 16.2 GHz, and the electromagnetic wave absorption band of less than −5 dB was 15.3 GHz–18.0 GHz. The results provide technical references for the preparation of self-healing composite electromagnetic wave absorption coatings on wood substrates.

Modelling of the deterioration and conservation costs of polychrome painted wood in two Norwegian medieval stone churches

EnvCul (https://envcul.nilu.no/) modelling was performed of condition changes of painted wooden panels and related conservation cost in indoor climate and object response scenarios in two Norwegian Medieval stone churches: Kinn (mean relative humidity = 79%) on the humid west coast, and Ringsaker (mean RH = 49%) in the drier eastern part of the country. It was found that, hypothetical, building measures in Kinn, and conservation heating measures in Ringsaker, to approach an indoor RH of about 65% in the two churches, could probably increase conservation intervals with 20–100%, and correspondingly reduce conservation costs between 10% and 50%. This is in reasonable agreement with an available report of observed conservation requirements in differently heated Norwegian churches. A situation between a linear and accelerating development of the deterioration of the painted wood on approaching a new conservation intervention gave the best correspondence to the observed values. The large modelling uncertainty was mainly due to lacking observations of the deterioration development, but also lacking understanding of the complex mechanisms and phases of the environmental dose-deterioration response of painting conservation treatments.