Wood Oil Research Articles

Ash Treatment Promotes the Revegetation of Abandoned Extracted Peatlands

Treating peat with nutrient-rich ash significantly increases the content of different nutrients in the substrate. Such ash treatment promotes the revegetation of abandoned extracted peatlands. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of wood ash (WA15 = 15 t ha−1 and WA10 = 10 t ha−1), oil shale ash (OSA8 = 8 t ha−1), and a mixture of wood ash and oil shale ash (WA10 + OSA8) on the revegetation (vascular plants and bryophytes) of the Puhatu abandoned extracted peatland in NE Estonia. The following results were obtained: (1) The MRPP tests indicate that there are compositional differences between the treatments. (2) Altogether, 23 vascular plant and 3 bryophyte species were recorded in the treatment areas. (3) Nine years after these ash treatments, the highest mean vascular plant species richness was recorded for WA15 (3.8 ± 0.3) and the lowest for OSA8 (2.0 ± 0.3). (4) A greater number of vascular plant species was observed in the WA15 area. (5) Mixed ash and wood ash had a significant effect on the amount of biomass in vascular plants. Treating with either wood ash or a mixture of ash ensured the rapid formation of vascular plants and bryophyte layers, contributing to the restoration of the abandoned peatland ecosystem.

Investigation on the restoration properties of wood oil microcapsules in wood coatings

Wood coatings endure wear and tear and may experience reduced service life. Therefore, the self-healing feature is crucial for practical application in wood protection. The study involved preparing a self-healing microcapsule through in-situ polymerization. Wood oil was utilized as the core material and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) as the wall structure, forming a “core-shell” structure. The average particle size of the microcapsules is approximately 2.8 μm. Wood oil Microcapsules of varying content are added to water-based coatings and applied to form a self-healing wood coating. When external forces damaged the wood coating, the microcapsules ruptured and released the inner core to repair the coating. The study results indicated that adding microcapsules at a 6 % level significantly increased the coating's repair rate to over 30 %, enhancing its mechanical properties. This microcapsule type in wood oil can protect wood coatings and guide future wood coating repair methods.

Culture-dependent methods revel the diversity of endophytic fungi of Psidium cattleianum leaves (Myrtales: Myrtaceae).

Endophytic fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms that reside within plant tissues and play a crucial ecological role in the development of their hosts. Psidium cattleianum (Myrtales: Myrtaceae: 'Cattley guava') is a Brazilian native species with economic potential due to the diverse applications of its fruits, wood, and essential oils. Despite their significance, the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with P. cattleianum remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the diversity of endophytic fungi in the leaves of this plant using cultivation-dependent isolation methods, analysis of the macroscopic characters of the isolates, and phylogenetic analyses employing the ITS barcode marker. A total of 396 isolates, classified into 25 fungal taxa, were obtained, namely, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Coprinellus, Coriolopsis, Diaporthe, Induratia, Mycosphaerella, Muyocoprom, Myrmecridium, Neofusicoccum, Pantospora, Paracamarosporium, Parapallidocercospora, Paraphaeosphaeria, Penicillium, Perenniporia, Phaeophleospora, Phyllosticta, Pseudofusicoccum, Talaromyces, Xylaria, Sordariomycetes, and Xylariomycetes. Our findings reveal a significant diversity of fungi associated with P. cattleianum leaves; however, our study suggests an even greater diversity of fungi associated with this plant species. Interestingly, although P. cattleianum shares endophytic fungi with other plants in the Myrtaceae family, this plant species harbors a unique fungal community. This distinction is evidenced by certain fungal genera and seven potentially new phylogenetic species, isolated in this study.

Synergistic enhancement of rheological and anti-aging properties of asphalt modified with bio-oil and layered silicate

Applying bio-oil to asphalt pavement effectively reduces the dependence on traditional petroleum asphalt in pavement industry. However, the utilization of bio-oil can encounter rutting and aging issue of modified asphalt. To solve the aforementioned issue, two kinds of organic layered silicates with typical structures were adopted to enhance the high-temperature and anti-aging performance of the bio-modified asphalt. The modification mechanism and the synergistic effect of bio-oil and organic layered silicate on asphalt were explored through rheological characterization, infrared spectroscopy tests, gel chromatography tests, etc. Results showed that the incorporation of layered silicate in bio-modified asphalt can improve asphalt-filler interaction and hence the high-temperature and fatigue performance of asphalt. When the content of layered silicate is 5 %, the negative effect of Castor oil on the high-temperature performance of asphalt can be eliminated. Still, for Turpentine wood oil and Straw oil, the content of layered silicate is 7 %, which shows the same effect. The waste bio-oils can balance the low-temperature performance of asphalt modified with layered silicates. Furthermore, the addition of layered silicates was effective to reduce oxidation reaction and improve the anti-aging performance of bio-oil modified asphalt. When the ratio of layered silicate to bio-oil is 1 1, the composite-modified asphalt maintains the best anti-aging performance. Specifically, Castor oil, Straw oil, and OMMT are more suitable, and Turpentine wood oil and OREC are more appropriate. According to the quantification of the functional group aging index, the SI and CI of the optimal ratio of different types of bio-oil asphalt are Castor oil: 61.64 % and 59.41 %, Turpentine wood oil: 50.02 % and 53.57 %, Straw oil: 50.01 % and 55.05 %. Composite modified asphalt can be applied to complex service conditions.

Development of biobased, sustainable and environmentally friendly glycerol ester rosins for the production of thermoplastic road marking paint

AbstractIn recent years, natural rosin derivatives have gained significant importance in the production of sustainable bio‐based materials, including thermoplastic road marking paint (TRMP). This study evaluates the use of sustainable natural glycerol ester rosins as bio‐based binders in TRMP formulations, specifically focusing on pine, wood, and tall oil rosins. Various analytical techniques, such as FT‐IR, TGA, MALDI‐TOF‐MS and GPC‐HPLC, were utilized to analyze both unmodified and glycerol ester rosins. Standard tests, including acid number (mg KOH/g) ASTM D 465‐05 and softening point (°C) ASTM E 28‐99, were also conducted on the samples. The optimum synthesis conditions for glycerol ester rosins (GER) were determined as follows: a rosin/glycerol molar ratio of 2.54, catalyst/rosin weight ratio of 0.5%, and antioxidant/rosin weight ratio of 1.0%. GPC‐HPLC analysis revealed average esterification reaction yields of over 90.85%. Furthermore, TRMPs underwent various tests, including gloss factor (β), chromaticity coordinates (x, y), UVB aging, and softening point (°C). The results demonstrated that GERs exhibited superior performance, especially in the UVB aging test, with all TRMPs classified as UV1 type. These findings highlight the promising potential of GERs derived from different types of rosins in producing sustainable, environmentally friendly, and bio‐based next‐generation TRMPs.

Innovative Application of Juniperus Communis Wood Oil in Acne Skincare:

This review study explores the potential of Juniperus communis wood oil in cosmetics, namely its efficacy in treating acne diseases and its antibacterial qualities. Acne is a common skin ailment characterized by inflammation and the presence of several forms of acne lesions. Traditional acne treatments sometimes involve medications that may have possible side effects, which has sparked a growing interest in natural alternatives with antibacterial properties. Juniperus communis, commonly referred to as juniper, is extensively utilized in traditional medicine for its firmly established therapeutic advantages. This article consolidates the current scientific literature on the use of Juniperus communis wood oil for acne treatment, encompassing its mechanisms of action and its capacity to attack acne-causing bacteria by means of its antimicrobial properties. The review analyzes the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, sebum-regulating, and anti-comedogenic properties of Juniperus communis wood oil. The paper also evaluates the efficacy of the treatment by analyzing its influence on many indicators, such as the decrease in the number of lesions, inflammation, and sebum production, as evidenced in clinical investigations. The text explores several aspects related to safety factors and formulation considerations, including extraction processes, synergistic effects, and appropriate administration systems. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits of utilizing Juniperus communis wood oil as a treatment for acne, its potential implications for future acne therapies, and the need for further research in this area.

A novel nanocomposite hydrogel with excellent photo-thermal and enhanced antibacterial properties based on China wood oil soot for acute wound healing

A hydrogel intended for potential use in wound dressing necessitates specific properties, including notable self-healing abilities, mechanical durability, and the ability to combat bacteria to address muscle and skin damage effectively. Moreover, the hydrogel must exhibit superior tissue adhesiveness to ensure seamless integration with the wound tissue during practical application scenarios. In this study, a novel photothermal China wood oil soot (CWOS)--based hydrogel (CH) dressing with high-strength and excellent photothermal performance was developed. Unlike traditional synthetic polymer networks, the novel nano-crosslinker fabricated by the CWOS optimized the dispersion of crosslinking points in the polymer network, resulting in outstanding mechanical properties (2000 % stretchability, 1.88 MPa strength). Massively reversible interactions between metal coordination (Ag-S) and hydrogen bonds gave the hydrogel excellent self-healing behavior. Besides excellent adhesiveness and biocompatible ability, the CH hydrogel combined with near-infrared ray radiation endowed highly antibacterial, alleviated inflammation, promoted angiogenesis, and promoted acute wound healing. Briefly, this multifunctional hydrogel can potentially aid wound healing for patients susceptible to bacterial infections. Its versatile properties offer promising prospects for its application in treating acute wounds.

Redox-mediated changes in the release dynamics of lead (Pb) and bacterial community composition in a biochar amended soil contaminated with metal halide perovskite solar panel waste

This study explored the redox-mediated changes in a lead (Pb) contaminated soil (900 mg/kg) due to the addition of solar cell powder (SC) and investigated the impact of biochar derived from soft wood pellet (SWP) and oil seed rape straw (OSR) (5% w/w) on Pb immobilization using an automated biogeochemical microcosm system. The redox potential (Eh) of the untreated (control; SC) and biochar treated soils (SC + SWP and SC + OSR) ranged from −151 mV to +493 mV. In SC, the dissolved Pb concentrations were higher under oxic (up to 2.29 mg L−1) conditions than reducing (0.13 mg L−1) conditions. The addition of SWP and OSR to soil immobilized Pb, decreased dissolved concentration, which could be possibly due to the increase of pH, co-precipitation of Pb with FeMn (hydro)oxides and pyromorphite, and complexation with biochar surface functional groups. The ability and efficiency of OSR for Pb immobilization were higher than SWP, owing to the higher pH and density of surface functional groups of OSR than SWP. Biochar enhanced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria irrespective of Eh changes, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota increased under oxidizing conditions. Overall, we found that both OSR and SWP immobilized Pb in solar panel waste contaminated soil under both oxidizing and reducing redox conditions which may mitigate the potential risk of Pb contamination.

The transcriptomic signature of respiratory sensitizers using an alveolar model

Environmental contaminants are ubiquitous in the air we breathe and can potentially cause adverse immunological outcomes such as respiratory sensitization, a type of immune-driven allergic response in the lungs. Wood dust, latex, pet dander, oils, fragrances, paints, and glues have all been implicated as possible respiratory sensitizers. With the increased incidence of exposure to chemical mixtures and the rapid production of novel materials, it is paramount that testing regimes accounting for sensitization are incorporated into development cycles. However, no validated assay exists that is universally accepted to measure a substance’s respiratory sensitizing potential. The lungs comprise various cell types and regions where sensitization can occur, with the gas-exchange interface being especially important due to implications for overall lung function. As such, an assay that can mimic the alveolar compartment and assess sensitization would be an important advance for inhalation toxicology. Some such models are under development, but in-depth transcriptomic analyses have yet to be reported. Understanding the transcriptome after sensitizer exposure would greatly advance hazard assessment and sustainability. We tested two known sensitizers (i.e., isophorone diisocyanate and ethylenediamine) and two known non-sensitizers (i.e., chlorobenzene and dimethylformamide). RNA sequencing was performed in our in vitro alveolar model, consisting of a 3D co-culture of epithelial, macrophage, and dendritic cells. Sensitizers were readily distinguishable from non-sensitizers by principal component analysis. However, few differentially regulated genes were common across all pair-wise comparisons (i.e., upregulation of genes SOX9, UACA, CCDC88A, FOSL1, KIF20B). While the model utilized in this study can differentiate the sensitizers from the non-sensitizers tested, further studies will be required to robustly identify critical pathways inducing respiratory sensitization.Graphical Graphical headlines/headlightsPollutants may trigger lung allergies, but no universal method measures respiratory sensitization potential.In vitro systems can detect respiratory sensitizers, aiding in anticipating and reducing the risks of new materials.Sensitizers and non-sensitizers can be distinguished through transcriptome investigation.The sensitizers tested induced cell differentiation and proliferation pathways while inhibiting immune defense and functionality.

Comparative Chemical and Biological Analysis of Wood and Tar Essential Oils from Cedrus atlantica and Juniperus oxycedrus in Morocco

Comparative Chemical and Biological Analysis of Wood and Tar Essential Oils from Cedrus atlantica and Juniperus oxycedrus in Morocco

Effects of waste wood oil content on thermodynamic and structural properties of bio-asphalt and interactions between components: a molecular dynamic simulation study

ABSTRACT This study fully intends to elucidate the mechanism of waste wood oil (WWO) modifier content on the microscopic action of bio-asphalt by utilising molecular dynamics simulations. Molecular models of virgin asphalt and its components, WWO modifier, and bio-asphalt with different WWO contents were created and verified by the fluctuation parameters, radial distribution function (RDF), and thermodynamics parameters. In addition, the influence of WWO content on thermodynamic and structural properties of bio-asphalt and interactions between components was quantitatively evaluated through Hansen solubility parameter, intermolecular interaction energy, mean square displacement, RDF, and fraction of free volume. The simulation findings show that the compatibility of bio-asphalt is associated with the composition of the asphalt molecule and the compatibility ranking is not affected by the WWO content. In addition, the WWO modifier is most compatible with the resin and least with the saturate. The interaction energy between virgin asphalt and WWO and the particle migration in the asphalt models increases with increasing WWO content. Furthermore, the introduction of WWO increases the first RDF peak intensity of each asphalt component. An increase in WWO content does not change its own chemical composition. Moreover, the free volume of the system decreased as the WWO was added.

Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review.

This study comprehensively examines recent developments in bio-epoxy resins and their applications in composites. Despite the reliability of traditional epoxy systems, the increasing demand for sustainability has driven researchers and industries to explore new bio-based alternatives. Additionally, natural fibers have the potential to serve as environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic ones, contributing to the production of lightweight and biodegradable composites. Enhancing the mechanical properties of these bio-composites also involves improving the compatibility between the matrix and fibers. The use of bio-epoxy resins facilitates better adhesion of natural composite constituents, addressing sustainability and environmental concerns. The principles and methods proposed for both available commercial and especially non-commercial bio-epoxy solutions are investigated, with a focus on promising renewable sources like wood, food waste, and vegetable oils. Bio-epoxy systems with a minimum bio-content of 20% are analyzed from a thermomechanical perspective. This review also discusses the effect of incorporating synthetic and natural fibers into bio-epoxy resins both on their own and in hybrid form. A comparative analysis is conducted against traditional epoxy-based references, with the aim of emphasizing viable alternatives. The focus is on addressing their benefits and challenges in applications fields such as aviation and the automotive industry.

GC-MS olfactometry reveals sesquiterpenes α-humulene and δ-cadinene significantly influence the aroma of treated Aquilaria malaccensis essential oil

Aquilaria malaccensis is a tropical woody tree that produces agarwood, which is valued for its aromatic properties. Agarwood is widely used in traditional medicines and the cosmetics industry. Natural agarwood production in the wild, which occurs due to fungal infection, is scarce and cannot meet the market demand. Hence, many artificial techniques have been employed to stimulate the production of agarwood. Although many studies have determined the volatile compounds present in naturally produced agarwood, the characterisation of these compounds from differentially treated agarwood samples, particularly A. malaccensis, is still limited. This study was conducted to identify and differentiate the volatiles present in treated and healthy A. malaccensis wood and essential oil using the solid phase microextraction (SPME) and hydrodistillation techniques, respectively, coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Subsequently, the olfactory active compounds in the treated agarwood essential oil were determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, coupled with olfactometry analysis (GC-MS/O) with four panellists. The essential oil from the treated agarwood was found to be abundant in sesquiterpene and aromatic compounds (80.61%), which was a similar result to that obtained from the volatiles of the wood that yielded 86.94%. Among the major sesquiterpene constituents in the essential oil are α-cadinol (19.40%) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (13.39%), whereas α-humulene (13.33%), α-copaene (12.49%) and δ-guaiene (10.41%) predominated in the SPME extract. Meanwhile, GC-MS/O analysis revealed that the sweet, woody agarwood aroma is an orchestra of olfactory active compounds that are significantly influenced by sesquiterpenes such as α-humulene and δ-cadinene. This study highlights that although treated agarwood is rich in secondary metabolites, only a handful, particularly those belonging to sesquiterpenes, are actual aroma impact compounds

Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant assessment and toxicity test of the essential oils of Bridelia ferruginea Benth

Bridelia ferruginea Benth is a plant usually found in Savannah regions, used in ethno-medicine for treatment of dysentery, elephantiasis, intestinal and bladder disorder. Chemical compounds present in the leaf, twig, stem bark, stem wood and root wood of Bridelia ferruginea essential oils, their antioxidant and toxicity assays are been reported. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant assay was conducted using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) while the brine shrimp lethality test was carried out using Artemia salina eggs. Leaf, twig, stem bark, stem wood and root wood essential oils gave yields of 0.44%, 0.42%, 0.51%, 0.20% and 0.26% respectively. A total of eighty-two (82) compounds were identified in the five essential oils. Ethyl salicylate was the dominant constituent of the leaf essential oil (41.15%) while methyl salicylate was most abundant in the twig (33.33%) and stem bark (24.67%) essential oils. Stem wood oil contained ethyl salicylate (12.60%) while the root wood oil was composed mostly of 1-octadecene (18.53%). The antioxidant assay showed that stem bark had the most activity (53.12 μg/mL) while the least activity was recorded for twig oil (1037.14 μg/mL). The brine shrimp lethality test revealed that lethal concentration at 50% level (LC50) for leaf essential oil was non-toxic (74361.99 μg/mL). Bridelia ferruginea is rich in antioxidants; significant amounts of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes in the essential oils support the use of the plants in ethno-medicine.

Taxogenomic placement of Rasporella oleae and Rasporella dianae gen. and spp. nov., two insect associated yeast species.

During the course of independent studies in Europe, North America, and Africa,seven yeast strains were isolated from insect frass, decaying wood, tree flux, and olive oil sediment. Phylogenetic analysis of two barcoding DNA regions (internal transcribed spacerand the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene) revealed that they belong to two closely related undescribed species distinct from all genera in the family Debaryomycetaceae. For reliable taxonomic placement the genomes of four strains of the two novel species and six type strains of closely related species were sequenced. Orthologous genes from 54 genomes of representatives of the Pichiomycetes and 23 outgroup taxa were concatenated to construct a fully supported phylogenetic tree. Consistent with the assumptions, we found that the two new species belong to a novel genus. In addition, the delimitation of the novel species was supported by genetic distance calculations from average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA:DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. The physiological characterization of the novel species was generally consistent with their genomic content. All strains had two alleles encoding secretory lipase in either two or three copies depending on the species. However, lipolytic activity was detected only in strains with three copies of the secretory lipase gene. Nevertheless, lipolytic activity might be related to their association with the insect gut. Based on these results, formal descriptions of the new genus Rasporella gen. nov. and of two new species Rasporella dianae sp. nov. (holotype UCDFST 68-643T , MycoBank no.: 850238) and Rasporella oleae sp. nov. (holotype ZIM 2471T , MycoBank no.: 850126) are provided.

E-grocery development trends in the Russian regions

The article considers regional development trends in the context of economic activity and price processes, shows data on material well-being of families in Russian regions, and presents the ratings of the Russian regions by dynamics of wages and family welfare. The dynamics of sectoral production (agro-industrial complex, logging and wood processing, extractive industry, oil and oil products transshipment, chemical industry, motor transport, marine transportation, furniture production, construction materials, housing construction, machine building, shipbuilding, tourism, and education) in the Russian regions has been shown, and diffrentiation of regions by industries development revealed. The dynamics of consumer demand has been presented and main factors affcting consumer activity from the cost of living crisis and escapism manifested in diffrent forms revealed. A signifiant trend is also a decrease in concentrating attention. Main trends in online commerce development in Russia have been shown as it has been growing in 2022 even against the background of general decline in consumer demand. These trends include orientation of most players to sustainable development and ethics: increasing market share and capitalization, as well as reducing concentration of activities on profi. Global and local factors of consumer goods sales development in the Internet have been identifid.

Scalable electrosynthesis of commodity chemicals from biomass by suppressing non-Faradaic transformations

Electrooxidation of biomass platforms provides a sustainable route to produce valuable oxygenates, but the practical implementation is hampered by the severe carbon loss stemming from inherent instability of substrates and/or intermediates in alkaline electrolyte, especially under high concentration. Herein, based on the understanding of non-Faradaic degradation, we develop a single-pass continuous flow reactor (SPCFR) system with high ratio of electrode-area/electrolyte-volume, short duration time of substrates in the reactor, and separate feeding of substrate and alkaline solution, thus largely suppressing non-Faradaic degradation. By constructing a nine-stacked-modules SPCFR system, we achieve electrooxidation of glucose-to-formate and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-to-2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) with high single-pass conversion efficiency (SPCE; 81.8% and 95.8%, respectively) and high selectivity (formate: 76.5%, FDCA: 96.9%) at high concentrations (formate: 562.8 mM, FDCA: 556.9 mM). Furthermore, we demonstrate continuous and kilogram-scale electrosynthesis of potassium diformate (0.7 kg) from wood and soybean oil, and FDCA (1.17 kg) from HMF. This work highlights the importance of understanding and suppressing non-Faradaic degradation, providing opportunities for scalable biomass upgrading using electrochemical technology.

Ectomycorrhizal community associated with Cedrus deodara in four urban forests of Nantong in East China.

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play fundamental roles in host plant growth and terrestrial ecosystems. Cedrus deodara is cultivated in several regions in China, has high ecological, economic and medicinal value, for its afforestation and providing timber and wood oil. Here, we investigated ECM colonization status of four urban C. deodara forests in Nantong, East China. We also characterized soil spore banks by conducting bioassay experiments using soils collected from these forests. In total, we identified 19 ECM fungal species, of which 13 species were found in mature forests and 9 species were identified in bioassay experiments, with only 3 species shared. Soil pH and available P content had significant effects on species occurrence in both mature trees and bioassay seedlings on local scales. ECM communities clearly (A = 0.391, p = 0.006) separated mature forests from spore banks. Thelephoracae was the richest family we detected associated with C. deodara, while Trichophaea sp. was the most dominant in mature forests, and Wilcoxina sp. was dominant in spore banks. ECM richness affected the growth of bioassay seedlings, especially after inoculation with 2 ECM species, promoting root growth, significantly (F = 3.028, p = 0.050), but it had no effects on shoots (F = 1.778, p = 0.177). No effect of inoculation rate was found on seedlings growth. To conserve this important tree species, the ECM fungi that are associated with it should be considered.

Karyotype analysis and genome size estimation of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. an economical important tree species in China

ABSTRACT Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. is a multi-purpose tree used for landscaping and ecological protection, and in the chemical and wood oil industries in China. However, the karyotype and genome size of S. mukorossi are currently unknown, which has hindered the development of novel cultivars and identification of Sapindus species. In this study, we characterized the karyotype and estimated nuclear DNA content of S. mukorossi from southern China. The S. mukorossi karyotype was characterized by 2n = 2× = 28 = 12sm + 16 m, and the karyology analyses of trees from Fujian, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang Provinces gave an average relative chromosome length of 19.13, 22.01 and 22.45 μm, karyotype asymmetry index of 59.78, 60.60 and 60.03, mean centromere index of 38.27, 39.26 and 39.68, and chromosome types classified as “2B”, “2B”, and “1A”, respectively. Using the known genome size of poplar as a standard species, with internal and external standard methods, the genome size in Fujian, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang Provinces was 414.215 ± 0.96, 444.55 ± 10.12 and 439.67 ± 2.01 Mbp; the average size of about 432 Mbp represents a small genome. This study is the first report about karyotype for S. mukorossi and will facilitate future cytogenetic and omic studies of this species, and could serve as a reference for studies on other species related to this genus.

Combined Analysis by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR of Leaf and Wood Essential Oils from Vietnamese Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton ex D. Don) K. Koch

Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton ex D. Don) K. Koch is a critically endangered species, native to southeastern China and also very locally found in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. Essential oil isolated from leaves is a monoterpene-rich oil containing mainly limonene (33.3%), α-pinene (23.4%) and bornyl acetate (9.2%). The composition of G. pensilis wood oil is rather complex and the identification of individual components needed fractionation over column chromatography. The main components, identified by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR, were cedrol (29.3%), occidentalol (6.6%) and occidentalol isomer (5.9%).