Wood Manufactures Research Articles

Effects of Postmanufacture Conditioning on the Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of Extrusion Printed Wood–Sodium Silicate Composites

Abstract Additive manufacturing of wood–sodium silicate composites could aid in mitigating the carbon footprint of the building and construction industry. However, the effect of postmanufacture conditioning on the mechanical and physical properties of additively manufactured wood–sodium silicate composites is not well understood. This study investigated eight different postmanufacture drying processes, including: ambient indoor and outdoor conditions, oven-drying at two different temperatures, microwave drying, alcohol-induced dehydration using ethanol and denatured alcohol, and desiccant drying. Each postmanufacture conditioning treatment was assessed in terms of total moisture extraction and moisture extraction rate as well as the flexural strength, flexural stiffness, and hardness of the wood–sodium silicate samples after drying. In addition, the water absorption and volumetric swelling properties of the additively manufactured wood–sodium silicate samples were assessed via water submersion tests. The postmanufacture conditioning treatments were found to significantly affect the mechanical and physical properties of the samples. A universal ranking system was established based on cumulative rankings of each evaluated characteristic. Samples dried in ambient outdoor conditions achieved the best overall ranking and had the smallest carbon footprint. However, ovendried samples had the best flexural properties. Future studies investigating hybrid approaches in which composites are sequentially subjected to different drying methods will likely provide the most desirable mechanical and physical properties of wood–sodium silicate composites.

When market leads innovation: The interplay of internationalisation, innovation and productivity among Swedish wood manufacturing SMEs

AbstractWe examine the effects of innovation, productivity and export on small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Swedish wood manufacturing sector. Previous studies have produced mixed results on these topics, which may be due to methodological limitations, contextual differences and inadequate operationalisation of key variables. To address these gaps, we adopt a more specific and rigorous approach, focusing on product innovation and using sophisticated statistical methods to account for endogeneity and other confounding factors. We use a longitudinal dataset to analyse how SMEs select into export markets and learn from exporting, as well as how other factors influence their export performance. We find that innovation and export have a nonlinear relationship, which depends on the level of interaction between SMEs and their international customers, and the degree of fit between their innovative products and the export market. In particular, when SMEs have high international customer engagement, they are more likely to innovate in ways that enhance their export potential. Regarding productivity, we find that self‐selection is more advantageous for SMEs, while learning‐by‐exporting is more consistent in controlling for unobserved factors.

Continuous Improvement of Productivity and Quality with Applying Lean Six Sigma: A case study

Any business that wants to compete may need to constantly raise both its output and quality. An effective and popular approach to achieving continuous improvement is known as Lean Six Sigma. This paper demonstrates a successful implementation through a case study in wood manufacturing. The enhancement greatly benefited from the optimization of the production process. The seven quality control tools were integrated into specific systematic steps of the PDCA cycle and DMAIC process, along with lean technology. As a result, this led to an increase in product quality and a decrease in manufacturing errors. Customer satisfaction and market competitiveness have risen as a result. A wood production line's productivity and quality were both improved, and this case study demonstrates the positive effects. It could be considered for implementation in various production or assembly lines in other fields such as electronic, clothing and furniture assembly lines.

Daya Saing Dan Komplementaritas Perdagangan Kayu Indonesia: Kasus Kawasan Asia-Pasifik

Indonesia trades ten groups of wood in the Asia-Pacific region. Many forest industry problems occur during trade. Competition and interdependence in trade are research objectives. The research secondary data source is taken from UN Comtrade 2011-2021 and analyzed using the Export Similarity Index (ESI), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), and Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) methods. The research results show that the wood export trade between Indonesia and competing countries competes weakly with each other in the six partner countries. Indonesia is competitive in the products SITC 245 (fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal), SITC 248 (wood, simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood), SITC 251 (pulp and waste paper), SITC 634 (veneers, plywood, particle board, and other wood, worked, n.e.s.), SITC 635 (wood manufactures, n.e.s.), and SITC 641 (paper and paperboard). On the other hand, Indonesia and partner countries almost complement each other as trading partners in terms of exports and imports of wood. However, the integration of Indonesian wood trade with partner countries is considered weak. Products SITC 248 (wood, simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood), SITC 251 (pulp and waste paper), SITC 641 (paper and paperboard), and SITC 642 (paper and paperboard, cut to size or shape, and articles of paper or paperboard) are several product industries that have led to intra-industry trade. Policy recommendations are to utilize resources optimally, develop the wood processing industry to produce finished wood products, and improve the quality and standards of wood products in accordance with policies in trade cooperation.

Wood-products value-chain mapping

ABSTRACT With the increasing importance of wood as a sustainable material and addressing challenges facing the wood products industry, there is an emerging need for innovation and collaboration across all industry sectors. The mapping of the wood products industry has become crucial for gaining an overview and overall understanding of material flow. It also proved beneficial for educational and research purposes. The outcome of this study should help seek new economic opportunities and promote sustainable resource management. A Generic Map was developed to navigate the entire wood products industry as well as Dive-in Chain Maps will guide the four major production chains: sawmill (I), veneer mill (II), reconstituted wood manufacturing (III), and pulp and paper mills (IV). In addition, a By-products Management Wheel Diagram was introduced to clarify waste management practices within these chains. Our approach sheds light on efficient material flow and utilization, revealing opportunities for innovation and the development of high-value products. It also offers strategies for minimizing waste and making informed end-of-life decisions. Ultimately, this study enhances the understanding and potential for circularity and sustainability in the wood products industry.

Mexico and the forum for economic cooperation, Asia-pacific, 1990-2019: Determinants of the sustainable productivity of the wood industry

The purpose of this research is to identify the determinants of the productivity of the wood industry for the economies that make up the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APECF) in the period 1990-2019. As a dependent variable, a sustainable productivity index is created to measure this productivity. Using the econometric method of panel data, the impact of employment, capital stock, and innovation on the sustainable productivity of the wood manufacturing industry is found. The variable capital stock (SC) is estimated using the Perpetual Inventory Method (PIM) and incorporating an adjustment factor for the absence of the first observation. The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between the sustainable productivity index and the variables employment, innovation, and capital stock. The study's findings demonstrate that productivity exists when there is a balance in the use of resources or public goods. The contribution that is made to the literature is about authentic productivity that promotes the improvement of the quality of life of the population as well as the responsible use of finite resources. This research examines the practical implications of sustainable forest resource utilization, specifically focusing on sustainable productivity.

Occupational Health Assessment and Risks in Automotive and Wood Manufacturing Industries: A Retrospective Study

Objective: This study examines workers' health status and occupational risks in the automotive manufacturing and wood manufacturing sectors based on medical examinations conducted between January 2019 and January 2020. Materials and Methods: It involves 27 individuals with an average age of 36.26. Younger workers, especially those aged 20 to 35, show a higher propensity for workplace accidents due to their engagement in hazardous tasks and limited experience. The research emphasizes prevalent health issues such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases among these workers, influenced by sedentary work routines and inadequate physical activity. Workers employed for 1-10 years exhibit the highest incidence of workplace accidents, warranting careful monitoring in this demographic. Key factors observed include tobacco consumption, blood cell counts, hemoglobin, glucose, liver function indicators, and exposure to hazardous substances. The study highlights prevalent hearing impairment and lung abnormalities in these workers, aligning with global trends in occupational health. Results: It recommends regular health screenings, lung film examinations during initial employment, and periodic check-ups for early detection and treatment. While acknowledging limitations, such as study specificity and resource constraints, it underscores the role of such studies in shaping policies, guiding preventive measures, and enhancing worker health and safety in high-risk industries. Conclusion: This study underscores the need for proactive health monitoring and regular screenings to safeguard workers' health, even in industries where symptoms might not be evident.

Analisis Penerapan Prinsip Good Corporate Governance dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Perusahaan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Kayu PT DLI

This research aims to analyze the implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principles in enhancing the performance of PT DLI, a wooden manufacturing company in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach, the study involved interviews with three key informants from various departments within the company. The research findings indicate that the application of GCG principles, particularly transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence, and fairness, has been carried out with some challenges. Despite these principles having a positive impact on the company's performance, there is still external intervention in decision-making that may hinder the company's independence. Therefore, this study provides an in-depth understanding of how the implementation of GCG can influence company performance and highlights the need for further steps to enhance the company's independence in decision-making.

A screw extrusion-based system for additive manufacturing of wood: Sodium silicate thermoset composites

The aims of this work were to investigate the printability of high-fraction wood and sodium-silicate composites (WSSC) for additive manufacturing and to develop a screw extrusion-based process to demonstrate this approach for building construction applications. A custom additive manufacturing system was fabricated, and mixtures of 40%–60% wood fiber and 60%–40% sodium silicate were printed. The printability of these formulations was determined by observing their viscosity, extrudability, print-bed and layer adhesion, and curing characteristics. Fiber to resin ratios of 45:55 to 50:50 were the most suitable for printing. The printability was also affected by printing temperature and nozzle travel speed. The mechanical properties of printed and cured WSSC, were determined by three-point bending, tensile, and compression testing. Tensile strength, bending strength, and elastic modulus were found to be comparable to those of 3D printed concrete and other wood-plastic composites reported in the literature. The WSSC was successfully printed into a panel indicating promise for use in additive manufacturing.

Development of a Biodegradable Material with Oregano Stick as a Prototype of Substitute for Wooden Agglomerate Material

Oregano is a herb that is found in the wild in different parts of the world. The stick represents about 60% of the plant and is biodegradable, using lactic acid as a binding agent for the oregano stick. Waste oregano stick can be used to make biodegradable material which provides sustainable development in support and promotion of the circular economy by reducing pollution generated by chemical economy by reducing pollution generated by chemical products, agricultural waste, or products that accumulate in the environment spending years for its degradability. The originality of this project is present in the use of the oregano stick, a natural product which supplies the physicochemical characteristics of conventional raw materials used in the manufacture of wood. Oregano was collected and dried to separate the leaves from the stick. The stick was then ground, sieved at 0.118 mm and 0.025 mm, and then treated with one of two binders. For treatment 1, three samples were prepared with varying lactic acid concentrations and stick quantities with the addition of 0.3 mL of 2,2 azobisiso-butyronitrile (AIBN) 1% by weight. In treatment 2, three samples were prepared with varying polyvinyl acetate concentrations, diluted in acetone, stirred, poured into a mold, and placed in an oven at a temperature of 90 °C for 36 h. Bending and compression mechanical tests were performed on all samples; the data were analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance and Tukey test. The sample that performed the best had a value of 1.148 mm and 0.77333 kN in mechanical resistance and less elongation in compression. This sample also had a value of 0.8183 and a kN of 0.1559 with a lower mean, meaning higher resistance to bending. This sample also had the best results from the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) test with a value of 5.9958 MPas/m2.

Computer numerical control (CNC) carving as an on-demand point-of-care manufacturing of solid dosage form: A digital alternative method for 3D printing

Computer numerical control (CNC) carving is a widely used method of industrial subtractive manufacturing of wood, plastics, and metal products. However, there have been no previous reports of applying this approach to manufacture medicines. In this work, the novel method of tablet production using CNC carving is introduced for the first time. This report provides a proof-of-concept for applying subtractive manufacturing as an alternative to formative (powder compression) and additive (3D printing) manufacturing for the on-demand production of solid dosage forms. This exemplar manufacturing approach was employed to produce patient-specific hydrocortisone (HC) tablets for the treatment of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A specially made drug-polymer cast based on polyethene glycol (PEG 6,000) and hydroxypropyl cellulose was produced using thermal casting. The cast was used as a workpiece and digitally carved using a small-scale 3-dimensional (3D) CNC carving. To establish the ability of this new approach to provide an accurate dose of HC, four different sizes of CNC carved tablet were manufactured to achieve HC doses of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg with a relative standard deviation of the tablet weight in the range of 3.69–4.79%. In addition, batches of 2.5 and 5 mg HC tablets met the British Pharmacopeia standards for weight uniformity. Thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction indicated that the model drug was in amorphous form. In addition, HPLC analysis indicated a level of purity of 96.5 ± 1.1% of HC. In addition, the process yielded mechanically strong cylindrical tablets with tensile strength ranging from 0.49 to 1.6 MPa and friability values of <1%, whilst maintaining an aesthetic look. In vitro, HC release from the CNC-carved tablets was slower with larger tablet sizes and higher binder contents. This is the first report on applying CNC carving in the pharmaceutical context of producing solid dosage forms. The work showed the potential of this technology as an alternative method for the on-demand manufacturing of patient-specific dosage forms.

Hybrid flow-shop scheduling in collaborative manufacturing with a multi-crossover-operator genetic algorithm

Collaborative manufacturing systems have become a key component of Industry 4.0, supported by Industrial Information Integration Engineering (IIIE) applications. Efficient scheduling and coordination of manufacturing tasks are vital for these systems, directly impacting factory operational efficiency. One of the most prominent optimization problems in collaborative manufacturing is the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with multiprocessor task (HFSPMT). This study proposes an improved genetic algorithm with multi-crossover-operator, called MCO-GA. MCO-GA introduces a novel crossover operator named SX, which demonstrates superior convergence efficiency compared to classical crossover operators. Furthermore,MCO-GA utilizes a probability selection method to autonomously choose between classical crossover operators and SX during the crossover stage. The effectiveness of MCO-GA is demonstrated through its successful application in solving a scheduling problem in a real-life wood manufacturing factory. Comparing MCO-GA with the state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms (HSA, OBL_HSA, and MGLS), it is observed that MCO-GA achieves significantly better average results in over 60% of instances. Additionally, MCO-GA outperforms OBL_HSA and MGLS in terms of computation time. These results highlight the effectiveness and efficiency of MCO-GA in solving the HFSPMT problem and its potential for improving scheduling and coordination in collaborative manufacturing systems.

A New Perspective on SPME and SPME Arrow: Formaldehyde Determination by On-Sample Derivatization Coupled with Multiple and Cooling-Assisted Extractions.

Formaldehyde (FA) is a toxic compound and a human carcinogen. Regulating FA-releasing substances in commercial goods is a growing and interesting topic: worldwide production sectors, like food industries, textiles, wood manufacture, and cosmetics, are involved. Thus, there is a need for sensitive, economical, and specific FA monitoring tools. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) on-sample derivatization and gas chromatography, is proposed for FA monitoring of real-life samples. This study reports the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sorbent phase combined with innovative commercial methods, such as multiple SPME (MSPME) and cooling-assisted SPME, for FA determination. Critical steps, such as extraction and sampling, were evaluated in method development. The derivatization was performed at 60 °C for 30 min, followed by 15 min sampling at 10 °C, in three cycles (SPME Arrow) or six cycles (SPME). The sensitivity was satisfactory for the method's purposes (LOD-LOQ at 11-36 ng L-1, and 8-26 ng L-1, for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively). The method's linearity ranges from the lower LOQ at trace level (ng L-1) to the upper LOQ at 40 mg L-1. The precision range was 5.7-10.2% and 4.8-9.6% and the accuracy was 97.4% and 96.3% for SPME and SPME Arrow, respectively. The cooling MSPME set-up applied to real commercial goods provided results of quality comparable to previously published data.

Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate occupational exposure data in industry (1998-2020): A descriptive summary from an industrial hygiene perspective.

This paper provides an overview of airborne methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) concentrations in workplaces across North America and Europe. A total of 7649 samples were collected between 1998 and 2020 by producers of MDI during product stewardship activities at customer sites, primarily using validated OSHA or ISO sampling and analysis techniques. As would be expected from the low vapor pressure of MDI, 80% of the concentrations were less than 0.01mg/m3 (1 ppb) and 93% were less than 0.05mg/m3 (5 ppb). Respiratory protection is an integral part of Industrial Hygiene practices; therefore, its use was studied and summarized. While covering a variety of MDI applications, a large number of samples was obtained from composite wood manufacturing facilities, offering specific insight into potential exposures associated with different process sections and job types in this industry sector. Given the potential presence in industrial processes of MDI-containing dust or aerosols, future work should place increased emphasis on also investigating dermal exposure. The data reported in this paper provide valuable information for product stewardship and industrial hygiene purposes throughout the MDI-processing industry.

H2O2 Solution Steaming Combined Method to Cellulose Skeleton for Transparent Wood Infiltrated with Cellulose Acetate

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) steaming, a green and highly efficient delignification method, has been demonstrated to provide a wood skeleton with a very low content of residual lignin in the manufacturing of transparent wood. It usually requires a long reaction time and a large amount of H2O2 because the piece of wood is treated using steaming equipment. Herein, a H2O2 solution steaming method was developed for the highly efficient removal of lignin from wood. Specifically, several wood samples were simultaneously immersed in a hot H2O2 solution to obtain delignified wood with a relatively high content of residual lignin, which provided a high strength and preserved the cellulose skeleton. Subsequently, the delignified wood with a relatively high content of residual lignin was further treated with H2O2 steam to obtain a very low lignin delignified wood. Compared with the previous H2O2 steaming method, the reaction time and used H2O2 volume of the H2O2 solution steaming method was reduced by 37.3% and 52.7%, respectively. All-biomass transparent wood could be obtained by infiltrating the delignified wood with cellulose acetate, which showed both a high transmittance of 83.0% and a low thermal conductivity of 0.30 Wm-1K-1.

Challenges and approaches when realizing online surface inspection systems with deep learning algorithms

Using deep learning in complex online surface inspection systems is challenging due to different framework conditions. First, time restrictions in production are usually fixed in terms of clock rate and response time. Furthermore, these methods need a lot of data, while typically the data situation is thin in the beginning as well as continuously unbalanced: defects occur rarely and thereby providing few example data for learning, while the desired detection rate is 100%. Another important issue is that although defect catalogues exist, they often change, especially when automatic inspection is applied for the first time. This is due to imaging systems usually being able to detect more defects than visual-manual inspection, therefore production, management, and quality assurance usually reiterate their prior defect catalogues. However, data driven methods depend heavily on consistent annotation. Therefore, respective parties must be made aware of this issue on the one hand, on the other hand, annotation and reannotation must be easy and useable by non-experts. Related is the issue of parametrization and traceability. Both are not inherent to neural networks but must be provided to some level to help building trust in machine learning methods. In this paper, we present a quality inspection system that uses deep neural networks for defect detection under real production conditions in wood manufacturing. We will address how we systematically deal with the above issues both in terms of process and algorithm.

The Influence of Work Motivation, Organizational Commitment and Democratic Leadership Style on Employee Work Discipline

This study aims to determine work motivation, organizational commitment and leadership style on work discipline at PT. Premiere wood manufacture in Sidoarjo.This research is a type of quantitative research with hypothesis testing. The sample used in this study were 79 employees of PT. Premiere wood manufacture in Sidoarjo. The analytical tools used in this research are multiple linear regression analysis, determinant coefficient (R2), multiple correlation coefficient (R), f test, t test, and classical assumption test using SPSS version 18 for windows. The primary data in this study were obtained from questionnaires whose measurements used a Likert scale which were tested for validity and reliability.The results of this study prove that work motivation affects work discipline, organizational commitment affects discipline, leadership style affects work discipline and work motivation, organizational commitment and leadership style affects work discipline PT.Premiere Wood Manufacture in Sidoarjo.

Türkiye ve Katar’ın Orman Ürünleri Ticareti Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Ekonomik zenginliği ile Katar, dış ticarette Orta Doğu’nun en önemli ülkeleri arasında yer alır. 2017 yılında bölge ülkelerinden Suudi Arabistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Bahreyn ve Mısır Katar’a bazı ambargolar uygulamaya başlamış ve bu dönemde Katar diplomatik ve siyasi hayatta yalnız bırakılmıştır. Bu ambargolar sırasında Türkiye’nin Katar’ın yanında tavır sergilemesi, son 20 yıl içinde güçlenen Katar ile Türkiye ilişkisini pekiştirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ile Katar’ın her geçen gün güçlenen ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkisinin orman ürünleri ticaretini nasıl etkilediğini incelemektir. Orman varlığına sahip olmayan Katar, ekonomik zenginliği ile kısmen hammadde, çoğunlukla da mamul ve yarı mamul ithalatına da meyillidir. Mevcut literatür ve güncel istatistiklerin incelenip yorumlanması ile gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma sonucunda, 2017 Körfez Krizi’nin Türkiye’nin Katar’a yönelik toplam genel ihracatında ortalama %44’lük bir artışa etki ettiği görülür. Genel ihracat kategorisindeki bu artışın orman ürünleri sanayine yansımasına bakıldığında ise mobilya hariç, mantar ve ahşap eşya kategorisinde %211’lik, ağaç ve ahşap eşya kategorisinde %353, mobilya kategorisinde ise %108’lik bir artışa neden olduğu görülmektedir. 2017 Körfez Krizi koşullarının Katar ile olan işlenmiş ve mamul düzeydeki katma değeri yüksek mobilya ihracatı kategorisinde artışa neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Mevcut krizin sona erdiği şu günlerden sonra ise ihracattaki artışın, siyasi otoritenin Katar ile ilişkilerinin seyrine bağlı olmak kaydıyla, artarak devam edeceği tahmin edilebilir.

ANALISIS PERSEDIAAN ALAT PELENGKAP PADA PROSES PRODUKSI KAYU DENGAN METODE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ)

Inventory control is one of the most important things for the company, because without proper and optimal inventory control the company will experience a problem in meeting production needs and consumer demand needs both in the form of goods and services produced by the company. a wood manufacturing company located in Gresik Regency. In the process of making products, problems often occur, namely the number of requests for complementary tools that are quite large and uncontrolled, it is necessary to have optimal inventory control. To minimize the inventory, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) analysis can be used as a control or ordering tool for the company so that the ordering becomes optimal. From the results of calculations that have been carried out, the calculation shows that the relationship between the EOQ, Safety Stock, ROP, and Inventory methods of complementary tools for grinding grinding stones 8 INCH and grinding stones 4 x 1.2 mm is as follows: in the period September 2021 - July 20222 it shows that the purchase of complementary tools when the stock of 8 INCH grinding stones is 17 units and 4 x 1.2 mm grinding stones are 10 units, thus when ordering complementary tools are received with a Lead Time of 7 days for 8 INCH grinding stones and 4 days for 4 x 1.2 mm grinding stones, safety stock still remaining 7 units for the 8 INCH Grinding Stone and 5 units for the 4x1.2 mm Grinding Stone, while to avoid excess number of complementary tools in the warehouse, the optimal number of purchases of 8 INCH Grinding Stones and 4x1.2 mm Grinding Stones of 117 and 159 units. With calculations using the EOQ method, the total value of the supply of complementary tools for grinding grinding stones 8 INCH and grinding stones 4x1.2 mm is Rp. 469,041 da Rp. 253.968.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE WOOD-BASED PROCESSING MSMES IN THE NIŠ REGION

In the Niš region, there are 185 companies involved in the treatment or manufacture of wood and wood-based products. According to the national register of enterprise activity classification, 22.7 percent of micro, small and medium enterprises are engaged in the business of wood cutting and processing, 27.03 percent are in the business of construction carpentry production, 29.73 percent are in the business of wood packaging production, 2.7 percent are in the business of pellet production, and 32.43 percent are in the business of other wood treatment production or services. This article uses a preliminary energy audit assessment technique to address the concerns of potential improvements in competitiveness, energy efficiency, and waste wood biomass use potentials in selected representatives of the indicated company groups from the Niš region. Energy usage benchmarks are established based on the audits of the selected sample enterprises.