Women's Studies International Forum Research Articles

Representing Online Hostility against Women

On 6 March 2023, the Australian journalist Lisa Millar appeared on the television programme ABC News Breakfast (of which she is a host) wearing a skirt with a thigh-exposing slit. Photographs of this appearance were circulated on Twitter alongside misogynist commentary about the choice of attire. Millar addressed this commentary on air, admonishing not only those who posted it but also the media outlets where it was republished. This article uses the Millar case as a prism through which to pursue the question: “what are the ethical considerations for journalists when representing online hostility against women?” The article suggests that journalistic representations are significant not only because they help construct public understandings of the issues being reported, but because of the repetition that necessarily constitutes representation. The very term “representation” connotes the “re-presentation” of something past; in the case study, journalists – through graphically depicting the hostility Millar has endured – ­have effectively (and probably unintentionally) exacerbated that hostility. The article concludes with a list of ethical considerations and explores how journalists may negotiate these when reporting on misogynist online abuse. Online Hostility against Women: Research Gap Online hostility is “a cultural condition which has emerged as a practice of communication; and an attitude or mode of disposition towards others that reflects and is produced by the instantaneity of online communication” (Thompson and Cover 1771). The term encompasses a range of practices that are designed primarily or exclusively to offend, degrade, or subjugate. These practices include trolling (posting content to generate heightened responses), doxing (posting personal details – e.g., home addresses – online without permission), and cyberbullying.  The study to which this article belongs seeks to contribute to ongoing research into online hostility directed against women. Researchers have demonstrated that this hostility reflects and exacerbates broader gender inequality (Jane, “Back”), and that it has a parlous impact on wellbeing, especially for those who are abused online and those who witness or are otherwise made aware of this abuse. Online hostility can cause psychological damage (Vakhitova et al.) and make victims reluctant to participate in online fora; Millar herself left Twitter in 2021 after being abused on that platform (Quinn). Online hostility against women can be amplified by prejudices including racism, as witnessed in online attacks against African-American actress Leslie Jones (Lawson) and Sudanese-Australian Muslim commentator Yassmin Abdel-Magied (Fyfe). A growing corpus of scholarship has investigated hostility against female journalists. Fiona Martin notes that “journalists are disproportionately subject to online violence due to the public nature of their work, their focus on covering and analysing aspects of societal conflict and their normative watchdog role” (75). Martin further acknowledges that women journalists “are subject to more frequent, image-oriented and sexualised violence, with deeper structural and social roots and more significant impacts than for men in their profession” (75). Millar’s 2023 Twitter attackers made hostile comments about her physical appearance; victims can be maligned on account of other factors, too, including their ethnicity, sexual identity, or religion. Online hostility against female journalists has also taken the form of rape and death threats (Jane, “Back”), and social media posts attacking them for working in traditionally “masculine” journalistic domains such as sports reporting (Antunovic). Currently, little research exists on journalistic representations of online hostility against women. This is striking given the pivotal roles that journalistic reportage still plays in constructing public understandings of social issues. An exception is a 2017 study which found that “media frames of trolling reinforce the normalisation of online violence against women as an extension of or proxy for gendered violence” (Lumsden and Morgan 936). This study’s findings echo studies of the ways in which “offline” violence against women (including rape and murder) has been represented in media texts (e.g., Morgan). Representation: Politics and Repetition This article is premised firstly on the argument that representation is an inherently ideological endeavour. Stuart Hall suggests this when he argues that representation “connects meaning and language to culture”; it gives form/s to the way we view and experience the world, legitimising and challenging dominant power systems (Hall 1). This kind of argument has informed feminist scholarship on how mediatised representations of violence against women reinforce gendered power imbalances and stereotypes; the 2017 study cited above is one example. Secondly, the article argues that the power of representation lies in the logic of repetition. This is suggested by the word itself; the object of representation is re-presented, staged again via the deployment of language and visuals – sometimes on multiple occasions. In a to-camera address recorded during ABC Breakfast News on 8 March 2023 (not coincidentally, International Women’s Day), Millar remarked: “that [her online abuse] then ended up online on some news sites where the photos and the abuse were republished made me angry”. The journalistic reportage cited by Millar re-presents that hostility – which was already highly public by virtue of the target’s media profile and by its enactment on Twitter – in public fora (including media outlets that publish journalism). In doing so, this reportage risks granting legitimacy to that hostility; the latter becomes worthy of repeating, even as it may be framed as problematic. In this respect, there are echoes of reportage on right-wing extremists, which – while sometimes well-intentioned – has given those actors “a level of visibility and legitimacy that even they could scarcely believe” (Phillips 32). (It should be acknowledged that online hostility is not perpetrated only by those aligned with a specific political disposition.) Further, journalistic representations of online hostility against women involve the re-presentation of hostility that has – in some cases – been re-presented multiple times on social media platforms. Research has demonstrated that hostile comments and the resharing of abusive content “by very large or uncountable numbers of individuals” can amplify the hostility’s force (Thompson and Cover 1772). This appears to have been the case with Millar; shots of the skirt were shared even by those claiming to defend her, as were vituperative comments about the clothing, and these were shared yet again in certain media coverage (on the 8 March broadcast, Millar’s co-host Michael Rowland identifies news.com.au and Daily Mail as publishers of this coverage). That coverage could then be shared and re-shared on social media. Ethical Considerations for Journalists This section begins the task – one that is beyond the scope of a single article – of outlining the ethical considerations journalists should make in producing representations of online hostility against women. The section is informed by ongoing scholarship on media ethics, and especially two of its key aims: mitigating harm and maximising equitable participation in online spaces, including social media platforms (Johnson). The section draws on insights from extant scholarship on media representations of violence against women. The following considerations may be adapted to studies of ethical reportage on racism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia. The first consideration involves abandoning gendered stereotypes. Stuart Hall argues that “stereotypes get hold of the few, ‘simple, vivid, memorable, easily grasped and widely recognized’ characteristics about a person, reduce everything about the person to those traits, exaggerate and simplify them” (247; emphasis in original). The simplicity of stereotypes and their familiarity among audiences could make them a convenient go-to for journalists. Feminist media scholars have critiqued the stereotyping of female victims as either “undeserving” innocents or “deserving” (sexually active, revealingly dressed) vamps (Benedict; Morgan). Journalist Ginger Gorman has critiqued the stereotyping of online hostility proponents as bizarre, unhinged, Other; these include the “loner in his mum’s basement” (24). In fact, Gorman argues, these individuals exist within the same society as “we” all do, one where gender inequality still holds currency; they are not rare bad actors (Gorman 264). The second consideration involves interviewing or otherwise obtaining quotes from victims. This should involve the cultivation of trauma literacy and, relatedly, an awareness of how certain lines of questioning can distress victims and journalists (Seely). In the case study under review, Millar decided to speak publicly about her online abuse and, in doing so, received support from her colleagues and television network employer (Meade). She had the platform and the (apparent) willingness to respond to her abusers. Her distress is nevertheless palpable in the 8 March broadcast. The third consideration concerns the explicitness of the detail provided about online hostility. This is especially contentious. Media scholar Emma A. Jane argues that a less explicit and more polite way of discussing [online hostility against women] may have the unintended consequence of both hiding from view its distinct characteristics and social, political and ethical upshots, and even blinding us to its existence and proliferation – of implying that it circulates only infrequently and/or only in the far flung fringes of the cybersphere. However, research … provides ample evidence to support the contention that gendered vitriol is proliferating in the cybersphere; so much so that issuing graphic rape and death threats has become a standard discursive move online. (“Back” 558) Jane is clarifying why she has chosen to report – sometimes verbatim – online misogyny. Her words have relevance for journalism. No ethical representation of online hostility against women should downplay its seriousness or frame it as being either an aberrant phenomenon or simply lively (but not necessarily injurious) banter. Jane has elsewhere chronicled the “economic vandalism” (her term) wrought by hostility directed against women workers, including journalists (Jane, “Gendered”). Nonetheless, Millar’s 8 March statement demonstrates that repeating online hostility in detail can (further) distress victims. This can also expand the reach of the hostility, and frame it as somehow worth repeating (even if only for the purpose of critique). The two media outlets accused by Michael Rowland of doing this both proclaim to abhor the abuse and do so via the florid language that is redolent of tabloid media. News.com.au describes the abuse as “sickening” (Borg); Daily Mail labels the abusers “vile online trolls” whose commentary was “disgustingly personal” (Milienos). The abhorrence is diminished by the republication in both pieces of abuse directed against Millar. One of these articles even quotes the tweets of a high-profile Australian Twitter user who – in admonishing Millar’s attackers – posted screenshots of abusive commentary. The fourth consideration involves acknowledging the systemic nature of online hostility against women. This does not comprise isolated acts of aggression against individuals. For instance, where there is space permitting, journalists could cite statistics regarding this hostility and its prevalence. In her 8 March address, Millar stated:  [I am] angry on behalf of myself, and also on behalf of other women, young women who see those stories and see someone like me being violently abused day after day … I worry it might make [young women] think that no progress has been made and that it’s not worth it to be a woman in the public arena. Millar emphasises that online hostility does not impact only on its targets; it can potentially have a prohibitive impact on the public participation of all women, especially – though not only – when the target has a media profile. “Public participation” can entail working as a journalist or even using social media. The fifth, and perhaps most challenging, consideration entails how exactly more ethical journalistic representations of online hostility might be encouraged or welcomed in the contemporary mediascape. This consideration is as much for policymakers and journalism researchers as journalists themselves. The current Australian Federal Minister for Women, Katy Gallagher, described the republishing of hostile commentary about Millar as “providing clickbait to generate readers” (cited in May). This may seem simplistic – sensationalism and gendered stereotypes are not recent phenomena –, but it is a reminder that their commercial viability persists. There has been public outrage against gendered online hostility; statements by Rowland and myriad Twitter users (some of them journalists) exemplify this. Such outrage can have beneficial outcomes; for instance, research has demonstrated that online “call outs” against misogyny and sexism can publicly emphasise the harms it causes and, therefore, its unacceptability (Mendes et al.). These call outs ­– which include hashtag movements such as #MeToo and screenshots of threatening direct messages – can help attach negative meanings to sexist practices. Nonetheless, outrage in itself cannot prevent or necessarily even restrict hostility. For ethical journalistic representations of online hostility against women to flourish in any tangible sense, widespread institutional changes are required. The ethical considerations listed above could be taught within university journalism curricula, in the same way that trauma literacy has been (Seely; Thompson); in fairness, such teachings might well be underway. Those considerations could also inform guidelines for journalistic reportage of online hostility. There are already several (actual or proposed) guidelines for reporting on violence against women (e.g., Our Watch), as well as “digital safety strategies for women journalists” (Martin 74). Finally, ethical journalistic representations of online hostility against women must be accompanied by proper regulation of this hostility. Such regulations have been the topic of impassioned debate amongst media outlets and politicians in jurisdictions that include Australia (Beckett). Ethical representations – whatever these might look like (and they will necessarily be as diverse as journalism itself) – would have limited benefit in environments where the hostile actors are permitted to remain on the platforms where they abused others. This article has argued for the importance of ethical journalistic representations of online hostility against women. This hostility threatens the wellbeing of its victims and those who witness or are otherwise aware of the abuse; that threat is amplified when the hostile behaviour itself is re-presented, either by journalists or everyday social media users, in graphic detail. Those points have been teased out via the case study of Australian television journalist Lisa Millar. Millar’s Twitter abuse, and the subsequent reportage of that abuse, highlights a need for representations that educate audiences on the harms of online hostility without exacerbating those harms. 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Borg, Rebecca. “‘Just Plain Gutless’: Aussie Twitter Users Slam Online Trolls for Sickening Lisa Millar Comments.” News.com.au 8 Mar. 2023. <https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/morning-shows/just-plain-gutless-aussie-twitter-users-slam-online-trolls-for-sickening-lisa-millar-comments/news-story/e17e839f0d0b789e600a8b6c44daf4a0>. Fyfe, Melissa. “Yassmin Abdel-Magied on Becoming 'Australia's Most Publicly Hated Muslim'.” Sydney Morning Herald 18 Aug 2017. <https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/yassmin-abdelmagied-on-becoming-australias-most-publicly-hated-muslim-20170816-gxxb7d.html>. Gorman, Ginger. Troll Hunting: Inside the World of Online Hate and Its Human Fallout. Melbourne: Hardie Grant, 2019. Hall, Stuart. “The Spectacle of the ‘Other’.” Representation. 2nd ed. Eds. Stuart Hall, Jessica Evans, and Sean Nixon. UK: Open University, 2013. 215-275. 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Fit for Motherhood: The Glocalization of Maternal Physical Activity in Mother and Baby Magazine

The Journal of Popular CultureEarly View Original Article Fit for Motherhood: The Glocalization of Maternal Physical Activity in Mother and Baby Magazine Jaime R. DeLuca, Corresponding Author Jaime R. DeLuca [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-9805-0548 Search for more papers by this authorCallie Batts Maddox, Callie Batts MaddoxSearch for more papers by this authorJacob J. Bustad, Jacob J. BustadSearch for more papers by this author Jaime R. DeLuca, Corresponding Author Jaime R. DeLuca [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-9805-0548 Search for more papers by this authorCallie Batts Maddox, Callie Batts MaddoxSearch for more papers by this authorJacob J. Bustad, Jacob J. BustadSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.13185Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Works Cited Ambwani, Suman, et al. “Fearing Fatness: A Cross-National Comparison of Indian and European American University Students.” International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, vol. 8, no. 1, 2015, pp. 46- 59. Bauer Media Group. “Mother & Baby.” Bauer Media Group, https://www.bauermedia.co.uk/brands/mother-baby. Accessed 21 September 2019. Bedor, Emma, and Atsushi Tajima. “No Fat Moms! 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Yan, Yan, and Kim Bissell. “The Globalization of Beauty: How Is Ideal Beauty Influenced by Globally Published Fashion and Beauty Magazines?” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, vol. 43, no. 3, 2014, pp. 194– 214, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2014.917432. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

An Introduction to Reading the Past Critically

This special issue of the Journal of Sport History honors the legacy of Dr. Susan Birrell who retired from the University of Iowa in December 2019 as a professor of American studies, although this was certainly not the end to her storied career. As editors of this special issue, “Reading the Past Critically: Honoring the Legacy of Susan Birrell,” we have benefitted from our relationships with Susan in countless ways. She has been our graduate advisor, our coauthor—perhaps even coconspirator—friend, colleague, confident, and role model. We share her love of dogs and cats, the lakes of Montana, and Iowa's women's basketball, although we can't match her skill as a ukulele player. And, like so many readers of this journal, we are the beneficiaries of Susan's significant and brilliant scholarship. Her sharp research and elegant writing instructs and inspires. It has motivated generations of scholars to take her formative ideas in new and innovative directions.“Reading the Past Critically” is the result of a long process that began with an open call for contributors in the summer of 2019. At that time, the plan was that selected papers would be presented at a preconference symposium to be held in May 2020, prior to the annual meeting of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH) in Susan's own Iowa City, Iowa—and then incorporated into a special issue. However, that conference was moved by NASSH to Chicago due to transphobic legislation passed by the Iowa legislature. Unfortunately, the Chicago conference was subsequently cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic. Although it is disappointing that we could not celebrate Susan's work in person, the articles in this collection were subject to a comprehensive review process and constitute an important tribute to her considerable contributions to sport studies.But first, before proceeding, a bit about Susan, who began her academic journey at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, where she graduated in 1968 with a degree in English. Not simply a keen student but a talented athlete as well, Susan played every sport available—basketball, field hockey, and swimming—in the era just prior to the massive growth of women's sports in the United States. She did this while serving as president of the Women's Athletic Recreation Association and is now a member of the St. Lawrence University Athletic Hall of Fame. Susan continued her graduate education at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Under the tutelage of John Loy, one of the founders of sport sociology and a doyen of the field, she earned a master's of science in sport studies and then, in 1978, a PhD in human movement, with a concentration in the sociology of sport.Susan's first academic position took her to Hamilton, Ontario, and McMaster University's School of Physical Education and Athletics. In 1980, she moved to the University of Iowa, where she rose through the ranks of assistant, associate, and full professor, to become chair of the Department of Health and Sport Studies, while simultaneously holding joint appointments—and subsequently serving as chair—in the Department of Gender, Women's and Sexuality Studies and the Department of American Studies. These affiliations, and the interdisciplinary networks they represent, would prove valuable, as Catriona Parratt explains in this issue, as the University of Iowa's prolific Sport Studies program merged with American Studies in 2010.Susan has been recognized for her service and intellectual contributions to her departments, college, university and to the field, including awards from both NASSH and the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS). At Iowa, she was the recipient of the 2002 Michael J. Brody Service Award for Faculty Excellence in Service and the 2018 Jean Jew Award in recognition of her work improving the status of women on campus.“A significant part of Dr. Birrell's legacy is her outstanding publication record and influence on the development of the field,” write Eileen Narcotta-Welp and Dain TePoel in this issue. But, they continue, “we believe her greatest legacy is her students.” As the editors of this issue, we find it impossible to weigh one strand of her legacy against another, yet, as her former students, we also find it difficult to argue against Narcotta-Welp and TePoel's conclusion.Throughout her storied career, Susan taught a wide variety of graduate and undergraduate courses devoted to the critical study of sport and leisure and has mentored a staggering number of graduate students. By our count, she has been the major advisor for over forty doctoral recipients and served as a committee member for an additional fifty-plus dissertation committees and/or qualifying exams in Departments of Health and Sport Studies; Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies; American Studies; and others across the University of Iowa. In addition, she has advised more than twenty-five Health and Sport Studies master's students. The time, commitment, patience, and energy necessary for mentorship suggest that Susan frequently placed the needs of her students over her own career. This makes her reputation as a pre-eminent international scholar all the more impressive.Susan's considerable knowledge and generous sharing of ideas has benefitted not just her own students but the entire field of sport studies—and, by extension—sport itself. Many of today's leading scholars in sport history, sport management, and the sociology of sport are her former students and share her commitment to expanding understandings of how race, gender, class, and sexuality shape opportunity and reward within sport and the broader U.S. culture. What is more, many of her students also work within the athletic community, especially in intercollegiate athletics. Consequently, we can think of very few scholars, if any, who have had a comparable impact on both the professoriate and the sports industry.Within this special issue devoted to the work of Susan Birrell, authors focus primarily on her ontological, epistemological, theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions to sport studies. These contributions include four coauthored and coedited books and a fifth in progress, all of which point to important junctures in her scholarship, as well as in the field writ large. The titles include a 1978 monograph with Peter Donnelly, Motivation and Sport Involvement: The Need for Stimulation and Achievement; an anthology coedited with Maria Hart, Sport in the Sociocultural Process, 1981; Women, Sport, and Culture, coedited in 1994 with C. L. Cole and among the first anthologies devoted to feminist analysis of sport; and a 2000 anthology coedited with Mary G. McDonald, Reading Sport: Critical Essays on Power and Representation, which recognizes the narrative turn in the social sciences and draws on cultural studies, feminism, and critical race theory to offer the first collection to explore intersectionality—the entwined workings of race, class, gender, and sexuality—in sport. Her manuscript in preparation, Reading Mt. Everest: History, Narrative, Power will no doubt make an equally substantial contribution to the literature.1The trajectory of Birrell's scholarship traces a brilliant arc that bends from her initial psychological and sociological inquiries to sophisticated interdisciplinary analyses best described as critical feminist cultural studies. This sweep is perhaps most evident in her influential work on women, gender, and feminist theories. From her 1978 “Achievement Related Motives and the Woman Athlete” to her 1984 “Separatism as an Issue in Women's Sport” to her 1988 “Discourses on the Gender/Sport Relationship: From Women in Sport to Gender Relations” to her 2000 chapter “Feminist Theories for Sport,” she has shaped the ways scholars think about and study women, gender, and sport for over five decades.2 It is no surprise then that the contributions in this issue by Mary Louise Adams, JoAnn LoSavio, and Murray Phillips and Gary Osmond continue in this feminist tradition of interrogating normative assumptions as a means to illuminate the complicated workings of gender and sport.Indeed, as Adams recognizes in this issue, “Susan Birrell is well known in sport studies for introducing politically astute and theoretically robust forms of critique that aim to advance social justice.” Her commitment to the critical study of power is evident in “Race Relations Theories and Sport: Suggestions for a More Critical Analysis,” which appeared in the Sociology of Sport Journal in 1989 and is among the most notable of her publications.3 Drawing on work from within Black and Chicano studies, Birrell was among the first critics to urge sport scholars to move away from commonsense conceptualizations of race as biological category. Instead, she mapped out a much more profound approach “to conceive of race as a culturally produced marker of a particular relationship of power, to see racial identity as contested, and to ask how racial relations are produced and reproduced through sport.”4 She further argued that cultural studies frameworks that blended materialist and cultural perspectives offered the most promising model for scholars to reveal the complex processes of dominance and resistance at play in the structuring of race including in the ways in which race is (re)made through sport. Consistent with her theoretical and political commitments, Birrell also implored scholars not simply to theorize about race but to investigate the complex ways in which race, gender, class, and sexuality interact. “Race Relations Theories and Sport,” thus, offered yet another early call for scholars to apply an intersectional lens to the study of sport and power.Birrell's 1990 chapter “Women of Color, Critical Autobiography and Sport” demonstrated the critical, theoretically grounded scholarship for which she advocated in “Race Relations Theories and Sport.”5 Informed by Chicana and Black feminist theorizing about difference, she proposed ways to understand women of color's unique experiences in sport, which were, at that time, largely absent from the literature. She not only suggested the need to theorize about this absence but also introduced sport studies audiences to some of the “home truths” or important issues expressed in the writings of women of color, further illuminating the “tensions between identity, experience and consciousness” of oppression.6 This type of writing serves multiple ends as “an act of recovery, of survival, of resistance, of revolution” where women of color are “writing themselves out of a tradition of enforced silence and absence, and they intend their writing to be read as theory.”7 As such, embracing diverse and shifting positionalities offers significant points of access to capture the complex articulations of sexism, racism, and classism in sport as women of color themselves experience and articulate such important issues.Birrell's dedication to feminist cultural studies and the importance of investigating intersectionality is central to her work with Mary McDonald. The interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological lens they call “reading sport critically” suggests the significance of highly visible sporting events, incidents, and celebrities as important sites of cultural meaning where “power lines” cross and intersect.8 Popular discourses about celebrity sport stars such as Billie Jean King and Michael Jordan are thus conceived as texts ripe for critical analysis for the cultural work they perform. Birrell and McDonald engage with poststructuralist theories, diverse conceptualizations of power, and the “crises in representation” to discuss the ideological importance of cultural narratives that are too often encoded into highly visible sporting texts and to think about what might produce counternarratives or “narratives infused with resistant possibilities.”9Extending the concept of “reading sport critically,” Birrell later argued for the value of locating it within an intertextual framework, which, she explains, is “an approach that explores the interrelationship and interdependencies of meanings as they travel among different texts.”10 In this regard, she shows perhaps her strongest contributions to sport history. She brought this inventive approach to the attention of NASSH in her 2006 Seward Staley honor address, “Approaching Mt. Everest: On Intertextuality and the Past as Narrative.”Birrell continued her intertextual analysis of Mt. Everest and the narratives that circulate around it in a 2012 article, coauthored with Theresa Walton. There, they juxtapose the stories of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, who ascended the “Holy Mother” in 1953, with those of Roger Bannister, who famously broke the four-minute mile the following year. As Walton and Birrell contend, these are “two of a triad of potent texts—the coronation of Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953, is the third—that are linked together intertextually through synchronicity, media narratives, and cultural imperatives.”11 This line of work culminates in Birrell's book project on Everest, which continues her interests in exploring narrativity and issues of power. Articles in this special issue written by JoAnn LoSavio and by Eileen Narcotta-Welp and Dain TePoel draw from Birrell's insights on intertextuality to explore the contexts surrounding such diverse subject matter as Burmese sportswomen, and the sports film Rudy.In the first contribution to this special issue, “Feminist Softball as Everyday Utopia: Sport as a Site of Political Transformation,” Mary Louise Adams pays special attention to Birrell's influence in feminist sport studies. Adams centers her analysis on Birrell's 1987 article “Is a Diamond Forever? Feminist Transformations of Sport,” coauthored with Diana Richter and published in Women's Studies International Forum. In this formative study, Birrell and Richter interviewed and observed feminist participants in two women's recreational, slow-pitch softball leagues who actively resisted “the male preserve of sport” and the often harmful values it promotes and sustains. The softball players, argue Birrell and Richter, successfully transformed sport “from a mechanism for the presentation and reproduction of male values to a celebration of feminist alternatives.”12In regarding “Is a Diamond Forever” as a historical artifact shaped by the politics of late twentieth-century women's liberation movements, Adams contends that Birrell and Richter's work still has much to offer, even in the face of more recent intersectional and antiessentialist critiques. Namely, the article serves as a reminder of the transformative power of sport and the importance of collective struggle for social and political change. Adams draws on the work of theorists Sara Ahmed, Davina Cooper, and José Esteban Muñoz to maintain that Birrell and Richter's analysis of softball “reminds us of the history of feminist efforts to transform conventional models of sport and to engage the ‘potentialities’ of sport in the project of making a better world.”Next, Murray Phillips and Gary Osmond highlight the sporting experiences of the women of Cherbourg, an Aboriginal community in Queensland, Australia. The authors raise epistemological, methodological, and ontological issues regarding how non-Aboriginal scholars might investigate and highlight such histories. By working reciprocally with community members to tell the story of the Cherbourg “Marching Girls,” Phillips and Osmond also discuss long-standing feminist issues of insider/outsider positionalities, as well as the need to explore complex issues of intersectionality and counternarratives, as aligned with Birrell and McDonald's call to “read sport critically.” Phillips and Osmond thus demonstrate the power of counternarratives and the necessity of historians’ engagement with local communities to revise simplistic colonial accounts “to facilitate Aboriginal people telling their histories on their own terms.”In the third article, JoAnn LoSavio investigates the trope of the “Burmese Sportswoman” as a key figure used to promote nationalistic sensibilities in postcolonial Burma. Drawing on Birrell's notions of intertextuality, LoSavio offers a visual analysis of the sportswoman's significance in communicating Burma's alleged forward-thinking gender relations that presumably signify the nation's entry into modernity and simultaneous break from its colonial past. In this way, LoSavio's scholarship reveals the continuing salience of Birrell's analytic and conceptional contributions including their applicability across time and space.Following LoSavio, Eileen Narcotta-Welp and Dain TePoel ruminate on Birrell as a scholar, teacher, and graduate mentor in “Tuesdays with Susan: Rudy, Race, and Reflections on the Lessons and Legacy of Birrellian Approaches to Sport and Film.” Over several semesters during their doctoral studies at the University of Iowa, the authors both served as teaching assistants for Birrell's undergraduate “Sport and Film” course. Through personal reflections and critical analysis, Narcotta-Welp and TePoel present what they call a “Birrellian legacy” that involves “cultural studies perspectives and intertextual approaches to cinematic narrative sport films.” Based on that legacy, and the pedagogical insights they developed during their time working with Birrell, the authors engage in an intertextual exercise involving the 1993 sport film Rudy and its recent references in commercial and popular culture.Finally, Catriona Parratt closes this section of the issue issue with her musings on some lesser-known aspects of the legacy of Susan Birrell: as a supportive colleague, as a dear friend, and as a woman who “enchanted” and ultimately converted Parratt's father into a champion for LGBTQ+ rights. Parratt's reflections further illustrate Susan's sincere influence on the lives of those she touched.Taken together, the articles in this special issue point to Susan Birrell's incalculable contributions to sport history and affiliated fields of study. They also reveal the generous collaborative spirit that is a hallmark of her legacy. In our view, it is an indelible legacy defined by selfless service, profound mentorship, and cutting-edge research; and each facet glows with her intelligence, political commitment, fluency, kindness, grace, and good humor. It is a daunting but rewarding task to put together a collection that honors all this and more—and we are grateful for the time and thoughtfulness the contributors devoted to the task. Above all, however, we are grateful to Susan Birrell who emboldens and empowers all of us to read the past critically. In this essay we use “Susan” when discussing our personal reflections, her degrees and academic honors, and her teaching and mentorship. We use “Birrell” when examining her scholarship.

Philosophical Heritage of bell hooks’ Radical Feminism and Cultural Criticism

In Feminist theory: from margin to center, bell hooks puts into question the works by reformist feminists who happens to be mostly white, privileged women. She insists that these reformists do not address the plight of other oppressed women who were subjugated not only by their sex alone but by other factors such as race and class. Consequently, she proposes a cultural criticism that investigates the systems of domination in place through a disruption and deconstruction of cultural productions. This paper aims to critically evaluate hooks’ radical feminism and cultural criticism, and show its philosophical heritage through an engagement with the key ideas of critical theory and postmodernism.
 References
 Ackerly, Brooke A. Political theory and feminist social criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 Adorno, Theodor W., and Anson G. Rabinbach. “Culture industry reconsidered.” New German Critique 6 (1975): 12-19.
 Ahmed, Sara. Differences that matter: Feminist theory and postmodernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
 Anderson, Pamela Sue. “Feminism and philosophy.” In Gamble, Sarah, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. London: Routledge, 2006, 117-124.
 Berger, Arthur Asa. Cultural criticism: a primer of key concepts. California: Sage Publications, 1995.
 Brezina, Corona. Sojourner Truth’s “ain't I a woman?” speech: A primary source investigation. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005.
 Bronner, Stephen Eric, and Douglas Kellner, eds. Critical theory and society: A reader. New York: Psychology Press, 1989.
 Brooks, Ann. Postfeminisms: feminism, cultural theory and cultural forms. London: Routledge, 1997.
 Cavallaro, Dani. Critical and cultural theory. London: The Athlone Press, 2001.
 Cott, Nancy F. The grounding of modern feminism. Boston, Mass.: Yale University Press, 1987.
 del Guadalupe Davidson, Maria, and George Yancy, eds. Critical perspectives on bell hooks. London: Routledge, 2009.
 Devereux, Cecily. “New woman, new world: maternal feminism and the new imperialism in the white settler colonies.” In Women's studies international forum, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 175-184. Pergamon, 1999.
 Dicker, Rory, and Alison Piepmeier, eds. Catching a wave: Reclaiming feminism for the 21st century. Northeastern University Press, 2016.
 Foucault, Michel. The history of sexuality: An introduction. Vintage, 1990.
 Friedan, Betty. The feminine mystique. New York: WW Norton & Company, 2010.
 Gamble, Sarah, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. London: Routledge, 2006.
 Genz, Stéphanie and Benjamin Brabon. Postfeminism: cultural texts and theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
 Geuss, Raymond. The idea of a critical theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
 hooks, bell. Outlaw culture: resisting representations. London: Routledge, 2006.
 __________. Salvation: Black people and love. New York: Harper Perennial, 2001.
 __________. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston, Mass.: South and Press, 1990.
 __________. Feminist theory: from margin to center. Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1984.
 __________. Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism. Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1981.
 Horkheimer, Max. Between philosophy and social science: selected early writings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.
 Leitch, Vincent B., and William E. Cain, eds. The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: WW Norton & Company, 2010.
 McLaren, Peter, and Nathalia E. Jaramillo. “Borderlines: bell hooks and the Pedagogy of Revolutionary Change.” In Critical Perspectives on bell hooks, pp. 31-47. Routledge, 2009.
 Kellner, Douglas. Baudrillard: A critical reader. Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1995.
 May, Tim, and Jason Powell. Situating social theory. London: McGraw-Hill Education, 2008.
 Nussbaum, Martha C. “Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aristotelian Essentialism.” Political Theory 20, no. 2 (1992): 202-46.
 Rush, Fred, ed. The Cambridge companion to critical theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
 Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. "Forty Years of Women’s Studies." Ms. Magazine online. Spring Issue. http://www. msmagazine. com/womensstudies/FourtyYears.asp (2009).
 Walters, Suzanna Danuta. Material girls: Making sense of feminist cultural theory. California: University of California Press, 1995.
 Watkins, S. Craig, and Rana A. Emerson. “Feminist media criticism and feminist media practices.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 571, no. 1 (2000): 151-166.
 Wolf, Naomi. The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York: Random House, 1991.

Abortion at the edges: Politics, practices, performances

This article provides a brief overview of the state of discourse, politics and provision of abortion in the Anglophone West, including developments in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It then surveys three promising directions for feminist abortion scholarship. The first is work inspired by the Reproductive Justice Movement, that points to the intersectional axes of inequality that shape abortion discourse and position us in relation to reproductive choice and access issues. The second is work that examines the particularity of the constitution of the aborting body, reflecting the particularity of the pregnant body. This is a specific body, with a specific history; abortion discourse draws from and makes a significant contribution to the meaning and lived experience of this body. The third area of scholarship we highlight is that which seeks to amplify the meaning of abortion as a social good. Much abortion scholarship is attuned to a critique of negative aspects of abortion—from its representation in popular culture to restrictive law and access issues. This is critical work but/and the performative nature of abortion scholarship, like all discourse, means that it can amplify the association of negativity with abortion. The article concludes by introducing the articles contained in the special section of Women's Studies International Forum, ‘Abortion at the edges: Politics, practices, performances’.

"Can You Do as You're Told?" The Nineteenth-Century Preparation of a Female Teacher in England and Australia

Previous articleNext article No AccessFocus on Gender"Can You Do as You're Told?" The Nineteenth-Century Preparation of a Female Teacher in England and AustraliaNoeline J. KyleNoeline J. Kyle Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 36, Number 4Nov., 1992 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/447146 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1992 The Comparative and International Education SocietyPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Njoki Wane Social Organization of Teacher Education in Africa: A Kenyan Case Study, (Jan 2005): 275–295.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403977199_15 N'Dri Assié‐Lumumba and Margaret Sutton Global Trends in Comparative Research on Gender and Education Assié‐Lumumba and Sutton, Comparative Education Review 48, no.44 (Jul 2015): 345–352.https://doi.org/10.1086/423396Noeline J. Kyle Cara David and the ‘truths’ of her ‘unscientific' travellers’ tales in Australia and the South Pacific, Women's Studies International Forum 16, no.22 (Mar 1993): 105–118.https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(93)90002-Q

‘Getting Personal’: 
Contemplating Changes in Intersubjectivity, Methodology and Ethnography

Introduction In the following self-reflexive (examining my own experiences) piece I discuss the methodology of my PhD thesis which, completed in 2014 (Johnson On a Tightrope), focused on how women negotiate, reject and embody the expectations associated with contemporary pregnancy and mothering. In this qualitative research project I examined the types of pregnancy and parenting practices (defined as those practices undertaken to manage and maximise the success of women’s pregnancies and parenting) women engage in with reference to contemporary sources of information. Central to this, I studied the changing nature of pregnancy and mothering practices in the context of increasing digitalisation, with a particular focus on whether and how technologies enable new spaces for experiential learning and health responsibilisation. This also allowed me to query how various discourses work to inform particular ideas of ‘good’ or ‘appropriate’ mothering behaviours and mothering ideologies, and the expert patient ideal (Johnson Maternal Devices). An examination of the different resources and technologies women draw on during their transition to first-time motherhood reveals how dominant discourses are resisted, negotiated or differentially embodied by women facing first-time pregnancy and motherhood. Since the time I began my research, there has been an explosion of applications (apps) into the market. Pregnancy and mothering have been ‘appified’. Apps offer a unique way to order, engage with and reshape our bodies and biology today. They reflect wider cultural and social changes in the understanding of our identity, our ‘lifestyle’ and our body. In my study I drew on characterisations from participants in attempting to understand the affordances of apps and the role they may play during both pregnancy and new motherhood. I found that apps format motherhood and pregnancy in new ways, instituting new rules into new devices and offering templates which actively shape meanings and practices. They provide new ways to imagine or create foetal/child identity, to monitor child activity from a distance, to gather and interpret data and the enactment of “digital” helicopter parenting (Johnson Maternal Devices). Apps also represent a ‘tidbitisation’ of information which is delivered directly into the user’s intimate sphere, sometimes ‘pushed’ into this intimate sphere, no matter where they are. This ‘device-ification’ of mothering purports to turn it into an administrative and calculable activity, valuing data over subjective experiences and changing the meaning of what it is to mother and be a mother.  Apps also represent the contemporary intersection between social media, medical advice, expectations of self-management and notions of convenience. They also creates new social relations and valuing practices, such as ‘likeability’ on Facebook, which have the potential to alter our understandings of health and identity. Increasing numbers of health initiatives are adopting apps in their promotional marketing campaigns and the appification of health means that medical knowledge is being increasingly incorporated into new sorts of social interactions. Ongoing research must consider the multiplicity of women’s engagement with these apps across the transition to first-time motherhood and for parents who are trying to manage child health. It would be productive to direct focus onto the lived experiences associated with apps rather than lauding or criticising the content of apps. Background The initial question that motivated my research was: ‘How do women draw on, weave together, and reject aspects of the dominant advice which configures contemporary perceptions of maternal subjectivity, encompassing specifically the transition to first-time motherhood?’  I was interested in what women in the transition to first-time motherhood experienced and how they reflected on and interpreted these experiences. The subjective accounts of women tell a particular story, so, rather than administering a survey to a large group of women I focused on in-depth, semi-structured but flexible interviews as a way of discovering participant experiences as expressed in their own words.  Having only a small number of interview participants meant that I was able to analyse my data closely in a way that would be difficult with a larger sample.  In total, I conducted twenty-two interviews with twelve women during January and September, 2012. This included two interviews with ten participants and one interview with the remaining two participants. The first interview was conducted during the third trimester of pregnancy, ranging from 32 to 38 weeks. The second interview was undertaken postnatally when the babies ranged from 3 to 7 months of age. For participant demographic information, please refer to earlier publications (Johnson Maternal Devices; Intimate Mothering Publics).  Interviewing late in pregnancy and early in new motherhood provided a realistic sense of the changes, both positive and negative, which occur during this transition as well as the – at times – deep rift between experience and expectation. The time between interviews was important as it allowed women time to adjust somewhat to life as a new mum, allowed time for reflection on both the pregnancy and the early months of mothering.  The interviews were conversational and relaxed in nature and allowed to flow in the direction the participant chose to take. The women were generous in sharing intimate details of their experiences from conception through to motherhood. Their responses revealed different ways of being pregnant, being supported and responsibilised during pregnancy, and the different ways women cope with stress, anxiety and more. The stories also demonstrate the amount of work, thought and often deliberate self-transformation which occurs throughout pregnancy, and as a new mother.  I believe my personal biography influenced the data that I collected during the interviews. My age and sex advantaged my position as an interviewer. Being a relatively young female researcher it was easy to develop rapport with the participants. In addition, being a woman likely increased my access, as a researcher, to the intimate experiences women shared throughout the interviews, especially considering the gendered and personal nature of the research. It was also apparent that my absence of first-hand experience of pregnancy and mothering enhanced the depth of interview data, encouraging participants to provide access to details and feelings that they may have believed were unnecessary to discuss had I also been a mother. Rebecca Horn discusses a similar experience in her research with prison inmates and police staff, which she describes as being due to her projected image as an “innocent abroad” (96). It also meant that participants were more likely to share details because my lack of experience meant that I was not in a position to judge these experiences against my own. Throughout the interviews, the participants often wanted to know more about me, asking me questions like:  How old are you? Have you ever been pregnant? Do you have a partner? Does doing this research turn you off having children? Does doing this research make you want to have children? What do you plan to do after you’ve finished your thesis? Similar to other researchers who discuss their interview experiences in self-reflexive pieces Edwards, Finch and Oakley, I found that by sharing some of my own personal experiences I was able to establish trust and develop rapport with the participants. Like Kasper I worked with the assumption that each interview is a collaborative and consensual enterprise among women. I focused on earning trust, displaying sensitivity and fairness, and showing support. The participants expressed genuine interest in my research and the findings it was generating, with most women keen to read any published findings from the research. Many participants asked to have a copy of their interview transcripts for posterity or to reflect on with friends or in future pregnancies.  ‘Getting Personal’ Now that I am contemplating the extension of my research into the future I must think about how my position as a researcher has changed. As one of my key interests is the ways in which digital technologies impact on parenting I have to ask myself whether I will use this broad range of technologies myself, as a parent. If I do use these technologies, will I insert myself into my research asking questions about my own user experiences and considering whether my partner uses these technologies in a different way to myself? If so, how, and what are the implications of this? I also need to consider my child amongst this, as both a parent and a researcher. Am I comfortable with my child having a digital life from a young age? I have already contemplated this question and made the conscious decision not to discuss or mention my pregnancy on social media, Facebook in particular. This question will again be important when my partner and I make decisions around the different ways we choose to announce the birth of our first child. These questions will continue to be important to me as a parent in an increasingly digitalised world. Until I become a mother, (some time in the next five weeks) I believe I cannot answer these questions. Rather, this article functions as a sounding board, allowing me to begin contemplating these questions in my future dual role as a mother and a researcher.  Becoming a mother will change my position as a researcher in other important ways. I will no longer be the inexperienced, childless researcher. I will continue to treat my participants as partners in my research but being a mother myself, intersubjectivity, “the acknowledgment of the reciprocal sharing of knowledge and experience between the researcher and the researched” (Shields and Dervin 67), will become all the more essential to my approach. In this way I would hope to continue to de-emphasise the conventional hierarchies and dichotomies of research by focusing on the dialectical relationship between myself and my research ‘partners’. It will be imperative that I not only listen to these women without judgement but that I also share the intricacies of my research project and my own experiences as a maternal subject.  These women are the experts of their own lives (Kasper) and I am sure this research would benefit from their involvement from an early phase where they would be invited to share in the design of research questions and the collection and interpretation of results. This is particularly important when designing research on new technologies where the only experiences I can currently draw from are my own and perhaps those of friends, family and colleagues. Digital research methodologies are still in their infancy, as this special issue attests, and although research into the use of apps is growing, there continues to be little research into the user experiences of apps.  Apps as Tools of Convenience? As noted above, apps create a “tidbitisation” of information (Johnson Maternal Devices), where information is convenient and accessible in small ‘tidbits’ that anyone can access anywhere, anytime on their smartphone. This is something I have already utilised during my pregnancy (checking symptoms, reading about baby’s development) and I am sure this will be useful for me as a new mum. I have also been using my smartphone for other baby-related resources such as gathering lists of lullabies and nursery rhymes. These few examples indicate that smartphones do offer a great number of conveniences to new parents. But, they could also appear worrisome – raising questions around smartphones as distractions from parenting or relying on smartphones to track health conditions or baby habits, and perhaps even the deferral of responsibility, for example, busy parents using apps to entertain children. At this stage we actually know very little about the user experience of apps for mothers and new parents and new research in this area needs to ask questions such as: Who uses apps and why? What are users paying attention to and what is ignored or ‘switched off’?  Do push notifications actually work? Do they create a new form of responsibilisation and if so, what are the repercussions of this, particularly if these apps are directed towards women as new parents, rather than men?  This last question is particularly important for a scholar such as myself in the field of Gender and Cultural Studies where questions of gender and gendering are often central to our research. I have found that, as apps continue to be developed at an alarming rate, those specific to parenting are, more often than not targeted to women rather than men. Those that are targeted to men are often patronising and poorly executed, lacking detailed information and emphasising gendered stereotypes (for examples, see Johnson Maternal Devices). This is important to note because I found in my study that app use constitutes part of the intimate relationship of parents-to-be and new parents. Male partners rarely read guidebooks or significant detail from other information sources and so apps played a role in their day-to-day gathering of knowledge, usually via their partner. Rather than reading a chapter of a book or googling a pregnancy symptom, quiet time chatting on the couch after work often included the sharing of information from apps or regular email updates on a variety of topics. Men used the same apps as women but this was usually on their partner’s phone, rather than their own. This raises another important question. How do we research indirect use of apps? Is this even possible? The obvious way to answer this question would be through the use of qualitative interviews. This is made difficult through the mere fact that we first must know who uses these apps indirectly before we recruit them into our research.  Researching Digital Technologies through Discourse Analysis In my PhD the use of smartphones and apps only emerged as a theme of interest late into the research project. The constant mention of various apps during the interviews prompted me to examine a number of key pregnancy and parenting apps in terms of the discourses they mobilise and their functionality (Johnson Maternal Devices).    As Dorothy Smith attests, we live in a textually mediated world. Pregnancy and parenting books, magazines, technologies such as apps and other forms of popular advice represent a mediated version of motherhood, parenthood and fatherhood. If these texts can influence and be influenced by patterns of parenting discourse then critical discourse analysis can contribute to an understanding of the ways in which mothering can be influenced or constructed by popular media and discourse. Thus, in my PhD research I applied discourse analysis to the study of apps. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs social phenomena and investigates the ways in which it produces certain social realities and expectations (Sunderland). Discourse analysis is valuable because of the questions it enables us to ask about the constructed nature of our experiences and the texts that we are exposed to.  Smartphone apps, social media and the Internet are growing resources for women in the transition to first-time motherhood. These technologies require further research as they represent a particular way for women to engage with the neoliberal project of responsibilisation. Targeting first-time mothers and parents research allows access to users of digital technologies who most likely have a vested interest (i.e. the health and development of their children) in understanding the way new technologies are increasingly intervening in our everyday lives. Maternal subjects are likely to view such technologies as a means to monitor her pregnancies and her children’s health and development. A central aim of my research is to render visible the enduring nature of ideologies and expectations of motherhood – which include the ways in which women as mothers are responsibilised – and the ways in which different variants of mothering are inserted in new ways into tools of self-help, social media and new ‘pushy’ technologies (apps). This will reveal how discourse is constituted by mothers and how mothering discourse can work to constitute particular maternal practices and beliefs or expectations. Thus I argue that discourse analysis is central to the research of pregnancy/parenting apps. My research demonstrates how women draw on new technologies in rebellious, ironic or affirmative ways to enact different technologies of the self (Foucault). The texts can be viewed as disciplinary in a Foucauldian sense, and by analysing these different forms of advice it is possible to provide an ongoing demonstration of the difficulty of complying with the various demands of motherhood. Women’s interactions with a range of parenting discourses and attempts to create their own version of motherhood can be seen to constitute one component of the work of motherhood and the ways women practice and enact motherhood (this is discussed in detail in an article currently under review). Although researching the potential affordances of apps is important this research must be connected to user experience. In other words, are apps used in the ways we think they are?   In order to move forward and ask questions such as: “Are women responsibilised and their conduct shaped in a new way via their smartphones in what I have characterised ‘push responsibilisation’?” we must move beyond discourse analysis and ask questions that focus on the user experience of apps. It would be useful to draw on existing research in other fields, which have started to develop a range of ethnographic methods and tools for research into computer-user interactions, applications and social media including Tinder, Grindr and Instagram.  Other questions I wish to include in a future empirical study include: Who adopts these apps and why? Are there variations in the ways different generational users adopt apps? Who rejects these apps and why?  Are push notifications ignored, considered obtrusive or do they prompt specific practices or actions?  How are apps used?  How do apps maintain already existing gender inequalities in parenting?  In asking these questions I believe we could also begin to interrogate a much broader question, that is: “What can the use of devices during this particular ‘life stage’ tell us more broadly about mapping, tracking and quantifying the self?” This brings me again to the central question in this piece: How do we do this research? In this article I have not attempted to answer this question but rather to provoke discussion and encourage debate. In particular, I would like to consider new research methodologies which have the potential to extend our research capabilities and those whom we are able to involve in our research. An example would be conducting research online through pre-existing discussion forums. I have attended numerous academic events in the past two years where academics have started to ponder these questions more generally but my hope is that this article can act as encouragement for further debate.     References  Edwards, Rosalind. “Connecting Method and Epistimology: A White Woman Interviewing Black Women.” Women's Studies International Forum 13 (1990): 477-490. Finch, Janet. “It’s great to have someone to talk to”: The Ethics and Politics of Interviewing Women. Social Researching: Politics, Problems, Practice. Eds. Colin Bell and Helen Roberts. London: Routledge, 1984.  Foucault, Michel. "Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault." Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. Eds. Luther Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998. Horn, Rebecca. “Reflexivity in Placement: Women Interviewing Women.” Feminism & Psychology 5 (1995): 94-98. Johnson, Sophia. “On a Tightrope? Technologies of Motherhood in Neoliberal Society.” PhD Thesis. Sydney: Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, University of Sydney, 2014.  Johnson, Sophia. “‘Maternal Devices’, Social Media and the Self-Management of Pregnancy, Mothering and Child Health”. Societies 4.2 (2014): 330-350. Johnson, Sophia. “‘Intimate Mothering Publics’: Comparing Face-To-Face Support Groups and Internet Use for Women Seeking Information and Advice in the Transition to First-Time Motherhood.” Culture, Health and Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care 17.2 (2015): 237-251. Kasper, Anne. “A Feminist, Qualitative Methodology: A Study of Women with Breast Cancer.” Qualitative Sociology 17.3 (1994): 263-281. Oakley, Ann. “Interviewing Women: A Contradiction in Terms.” Doing Feminist Research. Ed. Helen Roberts. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981. 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Shaping the online fat acceptance movement: talking about body image and beauty standards

Over the past decade, in Canada and the United States, blogs have become a popular and important space for fat women and their allies to create and further develop discursive strategies to contest the gendered anti-fat discourses perpetuated by the media, governments and the field of medicine and institutions of public health (e.g., Elliot, C. (2007). Journal of Canadian Studies, 41, 134–149. Gimlin, D. (2002). Body work: Beauty and self-image in American culture. Berkeley: University of California Press; Herdon, A. M. (2006). Social Semiotics, 15, 127–141. Rice, C. (2007). Women's Studies International Forum, 30, 158–174. Currently, popular discourses pertaining to fat people, particularly women, tend to range from larger bodies implicating a ‘moral deficit’ to a ‘risky behaviour’ to ‘political discrimination’ where elements from each discourse shape how fat women's bodies are read within the broader culture (Fikkan, J. L., & Rothblum, E. D. (2011). Sex Roles, 66, 575–592. Kwan, S. (2009). Sociological Inquiry, 79, 25–50. These messages in positioning the thin body as the ideal body are embedded in neoliberal discourses around citizenship that, in emphasizing personal responsibility, encourage (sometimes) punishing regimens of strict diets and exercise, and perpetuate an image of responsible citizenship as an extension of modern interpretations (Herdon, 2006). Using content and thematic analysis, we systematically analyze how four female self-identified fat acceptance (FA) bloggers discuss beauty standards and body image as a means to challenge these discourses. Findings suggest bloggers import elements from LBGTQ movements to extend dominant discursive strategies, model alternative forms of fat embodiment, and address the economic marginalization of fat women in industry. Moreover, through discussions on beauty and body image, bloggers use online spaces to contest anti-fat discourses and to develop discursive strategies that move beyond the binary of fat as a lifestyle choice, and body size as biologically or genetically determined that dominate the fat acceptance movement.

If You're So Smart, Why Are You under Surveillance? Universities, Neoliberalism, and New Public Management

Previous articleNext article No AccessArticleIf You're So Smart, Why Are You under Surveillance? Universities, Neoliberalism, and New Public ManagementChris LorenzChris Lorenz Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Critical Inquiry Volume 38, Number 3Spring 2012 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/664553 Views: 2503Total views on this site Citations: 279Citations are reported from Crossref © 2012 by The University of Chicago. 0093-1896/12/3803-0004$10.00. 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GIVING WAY AT THE INTERSECTION

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Thanks are due to the two anonymous AFS reviewers as well as Fiona Probyn-Rapsey, Adam Gall, Esther Berry, Jodi Frawley and Nikki Savvides for their invaluable advice on developing this article. All remaining errors are the author's. 1. Pseudonym. Interview conducted in Brazilian Portuguese, translation by author. 2. Machista in Portuguese and Spanish is the noun form of ‘machismo’, i.e. ‘that man is macho, he is a machista’. Machismo may be understood as a set of behaviours which reinforce the idea of men's superiority over women, often through the use of physical and verbal aggression. The stereotypes associated with machismo demand a specific geopolitical reading, as I discuss below. 3. This is not to say that women are not visible as public agents of the MST (Carolina's presence in Sydney is an example of this!) but that this is the common division of labour on the assentamentos. This is discussed, for example, in MST (2008); see also Caldeira (2009 Caldeira, Rute. 2009. The failed marriage between women and the landless people's movement (MST) in Brazil. International Journal of Women's Studies., 10(4): 237–58. [Google Scholar]). I note here that the matter of gender equality in the MST has, of course, also been analysed and debated by Brazilian feminist scholars; see, for example, Salvaro Salvaro, Giovana Ilka Jacinto. 2003. Jornadas de trabalho de mulheres e homens em um assentamento do MST. Revista de Estudos Feministas, 12(1): 321–30. [Google Scholar] (2003); Abramovay and Rua (2000 Abramovay , Miriam , and Das Graças Rua Maria . 2000 . Companheiras de luta ou coordenadoras de panelas? As relaç[otilde]es de gênero nos assentamentos rurais . Brazil : United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation . [Google Scholar]). 4. The term ‘global justice movement’ is contested among its participants (as is the label of ‘social movement’) but generally preferred to labels such as the ‘anti-globalization movement’. See Klein (2002, xv). This text is also a useful introduction to the people and events associated with the movement. 5. Assentamento means ‘settlement’ and refers here to settlements established by the MST throughout Brazil. 6. Similar assertions are made in Danta and Grein (2007 Danta , Isolda , and Izabel Grein . 2007 . Mulheres do campo e da cidade se unem na construção de um novo projeto para o país . Entrevistas , Movimento sem Terra. Available from: http://www.mst.org.br/mst/pagina.php?cd=2964 [Google Scholar]); MST (2006). 7. For an explanation of the Movement in English see the ‘Friends of the MST’ website at http://www.mstbrazil.org, and for a detailed history see Branford and Rocha (2002). The MST's website in Portuguese is http://www.mst.org.br 8. I am guided by Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 1986. Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Boundary 2, 12(3): 333–58. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] Mohanty in my use of the terms ‘first’ and ‘third’ world. I note that the term ‘third world’, for example, ‘is inadequate in comprehensively characterising the economic, political, racial and cultural differences within the borders of Third World [sic] nations … ’ but ‘retains a certain heuristic value … in relation to the inheritance of colonialism and contemporary neocolonial economic and political processes’ (Mohanty 1997 Mohanty Chandra Talpade . 1997 . Women workers and capitalist scripts: Ideologies of domination, common interests and the politics of solidarity . In Feminist genealogies, colonial legacies, democratic futures , M. Jacqui Alexander and Chandra Talpade Mohanty . New York : Routledge . [Google Scholar], 366). An alternative critique and schema is available in Esteva Esteva, Gustavo and Madhu, Suri Prakash. 1998. Grassroots postmodernism: Remaking the soil of cultures, London. Zed Books. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] and Prakash (1998, 16–17). 9. Gringa is the feminine form of the Portuguese term gringo. In Brazil both terms are loosely applied to foreigners, usually those of Anglo-American appearance, but may also apply to people from other parts of Latin America. Gringo and gringa are also Spanish words that denote specific foreigners in specific parts of Latin America. For an elucidation of the term gringo in relation to Brazil, see Blanchette (2002 Blanchette , Thaddeus . 2002 . Gringos . Bad Subjects : 60. Available from: http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2002/60/blanchette.html [Google Scholar]). See also Nelson (1999, 41–73). 10. See also Deslandes Deslandes, Ann. 2008. Fictocriticism as social movement. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science, 2(5): 243–48. [Google Scholar] (2008, 2009 Deslandes Ann 2009 . Moving encounters . Cultural Studies Review 15 ( 1 ): 113 – 30 . [Google Scholar]). 11. ‘One no, many yeses’ is often said to define the politics of the global justice movement. See, for example, Kingsnorth (2003). The same ethos is at work in another defining phrase: ‘a world where there is space for all/many worlds’ (un mundo donde quepan todos/muchos los mundos). This phrase was coined by Subcomandante Marcos Marcos, Subcomandante. 2001. The Fourth World War has begun. Translated by Nathalie de Broglio. Nepantla: View from South, 2(3): 559–72. [Google Scholar] (e.g. 2001, 570), spokesman and strategist for the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista National Army of Liberation), or Zapatistas. It is used extensively in representations of the Zapatistas, the global justice movement and associated academic thought (e.g. the covering page of Sandoval 2000). 12. I use the term ‘anticolonial’ feminism to refer to this body of thought (populated by thinkers such as Mohanty, Donna Haraway, Gloria Anzaldúa and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, whose works influence that of Diane Nelson, Sandoval and Ahmed) in order to mark its specific convergence with the politics of the global justice movement. As Sandoval (2000) acknowledges, this convergence lies in the critique, by both theorists and activists, of the multiple colonisations of mind and body entailed by patriarchy, imperialism and capitalism. See also Day Day, Richard J.F. 2005. Gramsci is dead: Anarchist currents in the newest social movements, London: Pluto Press. [Google Scholar] (2005, 184). 13. I refer to the accepted definition of sexual harassment in Australia, which is exemplified by the following behaviours: ‘unwelcome touching, staring or leering … unwanted invitations to go out on dates, requests for sex, intrusive questions about a person's private life or body … [and] insults or taunts based on sex … ’ (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 2002). 14. I refer to the APEC meeting that took place in Sydney in September 2007. 15. For my dissertation I analysed the first world discourse of the global justice movement, by which I mean the texts that ‘have some authority amongst activists’ (Eschle 2005, 1745) and that have functioned to transmit an authoritative picture of the global justice movement in the first world public domain. I assembled this discourse from a number of published texts in English. Those discussed in this article are Klein (2002), Kingsnorth (2003), Notes from Nowhere (2003) and Yuen, Burton-Rose, and Katsiaficas (2004). 16. ‘South’ or ‘Southern’ may be understood here as interchangeable with the term ‘third world’; see footnote 8. 17. ‘The Paperless’: a movement for the rights of undocumented migrant workers in France and other parts of Western Europe. 18. See Starr Starr, Amory. 2005. Global revolt: A guide to the movements against globalization, New York: Zed Books. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] (2005) for a discussion of these forms of organising. 19. See, for example, Notes from Nowhere (2005, 256–61). 20. See Starr (2005). 21. Discussions of feminist lessons in coalition building can also be found in Keating (2005 Keating, Cricket. 2005. Building coalitional consciousness. National Women's Studies Association Journal, 17(2): 86–103. [Google Scholar]) and Adams (2002 Adams, Katherine. 2002. At the table with Arendt: Toward a self-interested practice of coalition discourse. Hypatia, 17(1): 1–33. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). 22. For example, see the work of Mohanty (1997, 1–27; 2003) and Ahmed (2000, 167). 23. And see also Moreton-Robinson (2000, 169–70). 24. For white Australian feminists this was particularly highlighted by the critique, from a group of Indigenous women, of an article by white Australian feminist ethnographer Diane Bell, entitled ‘Speaking About Rape is Everybody's Business’ (see Bell and Nelson 1989 Bell, Diane and Narpurrula Nelson, Topsy. 1989. Speaking about rape is everybody's business. Women's Studies International Forum, 12(4): 403–16. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Huggins Huggins, Jackie. 1998. Sister girl: The writings of Aboriginal activist and historian Jackie Huggins, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. [Google Scholar] et al. 1991). 25. See Gómez-Peña (2005, 222–23). 26. In specific relation to Brazilian women, see Piscitelli Piscitelli , Adriana . 2004 . On ‘gringos’ and ‘natives’: Gender and sexuality in the context of international sex tourism in Fortaleza, Brazil . Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 1 : 87 – 114 . Available from: http://www.vibrant.org.br/downloads/a1v1_ogn.pdf [Google Scholar] (2004). 27. Regarding this particular phantasm in Australia, see Poynting Poynting, Scott, Greg, Noble, Paul, Tabar and Jock, Collins. 2005. Bin Laden in the suburbs: Criminalizing the Arab other, Sydney: Federation Press. [Google Scholar] et al. (2005, 87). 28. Branford and Rocha allude to a similar relationship at work within Brazil, where the ‘defiance’ of the MST ‘has even turned them into a sort of alter ego for the progressive middle classes, who hanker after the barricades, but not at the risk of losing their comfortable lives’ (2002, 285). 29. Scholarship that is more specifically focused on gender, feminism and the MST may be available in Yvonne Corcoran-Nantes Corcoran-Nantes , Yvonne . Forthcoming . Voices from within: Brazilians talk about the landless movement . Miami : University of Miami Press . [Google Scholar]’ forthcoming study of the MST. 30. To be sure, ‘female sex tourism’ (in this context, white women who pay brown and black men for sex) is a burgeoning industry in Brazil, along with many other Latin American and Caribbean nations. See Sanchez-Taylor Sanchez-Taylor, Jacqueline. 2006. Female sex tourism: A contradiction in terms?. Feminist Review, 83(1): 42–59. [Google Scholar] (2006) and Piscitelli (2004).

Prostitution, trafficking and feminism: An update on the debate

Within the academy the 'sex work' position, i.e. that prostitution should be understood as legitimate work, and an expression of women's choice and agency, has become the dominant perspective. Most feminist scholars now take this point of view or show sympathy towards it. The critical approach to prostitution that was almost universal amongst feminists from the nineteenth century up till the 1980s, that prostitution arises from and symbolizes the subordination of women, is much less often expressed. The 'sex work' position has been extended to the issue of trafficking of women into prostitution through the transformation of trafficking into 'migration for labour' (Agustin, 2007). This new approach to trafficking, which draws a veil over the human rights issues involved and carefully removes the issue of the destination of the vast majority of trafficking in women, prostitution, from view, is fast becoming predominant amongst feminist academics writing on the issue in the fields of development studies and migration studies (Jeffreys, 2006). Unfortunately, some of the articles in this issue of Women's Studies International Forum demonstrate some of the common elements and problems of the new dominant ideology amongst feminist scholars. The 'sex work' position emerged from some sex workers' rights organizations in the 1980s (Jeness 1993). It gained strength from a sexual liberalism which portrayed pornography and prostitution as forms of 'freedom', and rejected any suggestion that they might be abusive to women (Jeffreys, 1990). This sexual liberalism was identified by its supporters as 'sex-positive' and those, mainly radical feminists, who criticize the whole construction of sexuality under male dominance as the eroticizing of women's subordination and argue for total transformation, as 'sex-negative'. This sexual liberalism joined up with the economic ideology of neo-liberalism in the next two decades to the point where the industries of pornography and prostitution came to be seen by governments as nice little earners (Jeffreys, 2009). Milton Friedman, the American sage of neo-liberalism, argued that pornography and prostitution should be decriminalized and subject to the ordinary rules of the market (Ammeson, 2006). As a result of these trends the global sex industry has been legalized, tolerated and normalized, and has become hugely profitable for domestic economies and in the global economy. Women's bodies are now well and truly launched into the marketplace as the basis of large profits for many different enterprises, the telecommunications companies that carry pornography, the credit card companies that the male buyers use, the banks that lend to the industry, strip club chains, the governments that tax legalized prostitution, the governments that gain foreign currency from the women sent abroad as 'entertainers'. In the global economy women from poor countries are trafficked to richer ones, or used in situ by prostitution tourists in what I define as the 'outsourcing of women's subordination' (Jeffreys, 2009). Meanwhile the average earnings of the prostituted women, whose vaginas and anuses are the raw materials of this industry, are well below the average wage in western countries (DeRiviere, 2006). It is radical feminists and those whom the writers in this issue call 'abolitionists', i.e. those who seek to rein in men's behaviour in the prostitution of women, that have called these processes into question... Keywords: Human trafficking Language: en

Theory versus reality: Commentary on four articles about trafficking for prostitution

In this issue of Women's Studies International Forum it's refreshing to read Limoncelli's observation there are points of agreement between abolitionists and non-abolitionists regard- ing trafficking. There is agreement that trafficking is harmful and that it is a gendered component of economic globaliza- tion (Limoncelli, p 16⁎). There is no argument about how to prevent trafficking for prostitution. All agree that sex discrimi- nation, race discrimination, and economic injustice are at the root of women's inability to avoid prostitution. A solution to the problem of trafficking arising out of this consensus would be to implement programs that promote sex, race, and economic equality, offering women alternatives to prostitution. There is also agreement that women in prostitution should not be criminalized. An abolitionist feminist approach to trafficking from the political left differs in important ways from an abolitionist approach from the political right. A critical difference is the evidence-based approach of feminists based on a broad understanding of the realities of sex, race, and economic inequality. Feminist abolitionists advocate the criminalization of buyers yet also insist on the decriminalization of women in prostitution. Abolitionists from the political right emphasize the immorality of trafficking for prostitution from a religious perspective and some would pragmatically accept arrests of women in prostitution for their own protection or in order to compel their testimony against traffickers. Language: en

Mutual corporeality: Gender and human/horse relationships

Synopsis In this article, we explore how gender is enacted within human/animal relationships – specifically, between people and horses. Horse cultures can be gendered in several ways, from little girls and their ponies to modern versions of the cowboy. Here, we examine two specific horse/human cultures – traditional “English” riding, and the rise of what is often termed “natural horsemanship” (despite the preponderance of women within it). Horses themselves, however, play an important role in the way that horsey cultures become experienced as gendered. We examine this in relation to Paechter's [Paechter, Carrie (2003). Masculinities and femininities as communities of practice. Women's Studies International Forum 26, 69–77] idea of “communities of practice”, arguing that the presence and meanings of the animal within particular communities – as well as the human practices – together shape how people experience gender. The presence of horses enables a subversion of dominant gender practices particularly at the localized (private) level, while at the same time enables a reinscription of traditional gender ideals at the global (public) level. Gender is experienced and expressed through the body; but, in human–horse relationships it is also expressed in conjunction with the body and character of the horse. Horses are not mere props, but rather they are companions who have a profound impact on people's lived experience of gender and how it is expressed corporeally. Continuing to explore the multiple ways gender is experienced within the context of human/animal relationships promises to offer greater insight into the complex workings of gender.

The Flux of Domesticity and the Exotic in a Wartime Melodrama

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Flux of Domesticity and the Exotic in a Wartime MelodramaChikako NagayamaChikako NagayamaDepartment of Sociology and Equity Studies in EducationUniversity of Toronto Search for more articles by this author Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in EducationUniversity of TorontoPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 34, Number 2Winter 2009 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/591249 Views: 82Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref © 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Erica Ka-yan Poon Lucilla You Min and Her Embodiment of a Cosmopolitan Fantasy, Feminist Media Histories 5, no.11 (Jan 2019): 113–140.https://doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2019.5.1.113Alison Luke Resilience, agency and activism: Viewing Yoshiko Yamaguchi through the feminist life course perspective, Women's Studies International Forum 57 (Jul 2016): 11–21.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.05.001

Gender Quotas, the Politics of Presence, and the Feminist Project: What Does the Indian Experience Tell Us?

Previous articleNext article No AccessGender Quotas, the Politics of Presence, and the Feminist Project: What Does the Indian Experience Tell Us?Neema Kudva, and Kajri MisraNeema KudvaDepartment of City and Regional PlanningCornell University Search for more articles by this author , and Kajri MisraDepartment of City and Regional PlanningCornell University Search for more articles by this author Department of City and Regional PlanningCornell UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 34, Number 1Autumn 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/589239 Views: 305Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sreevidya Kalaramadam Presence into Participation and Representation, Journal of South Asian Development 13, no.11 (Mar 2018): 1–23.https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174118757630Papia Sengupta How effective is inclusive innovation without participation?, Geoforum 75 (Oct 2016): 12–15.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.06.016 Gender Violence and Gender-Based Disparities in Fragile States, (Feb 2016): 165–196.https://doi.org/10.1201/b19167-7Ulrike Mueller Lost in Representation? Feminist identity Economics and Women's Agency in India's Local Governments, Feminist Economics 22, no.11 (Oct 2015): 158–182.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1086810Kerryn Baker QUOTA ADOPTION AND THE EXOGENOUS TRACK MODEL: THE PARITY LAWS IN THE FRENCH PACIFIC COLLECTIVITIES, Representation 50, no.33 (Aug 2014): 295–306.https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2014.951169Sreevidya Kalaramadam Dis/empowering political subjects: The production of “failed” elected women representatives in India, Women's Studies International Forum 35, no.44 (Jul 2012): 276–285.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2012.05.003Shirin M. Rai The Politics of Access: Narratives of Women MPs in the Indian Parliament, Political Studies 60, no.11 (Mar 2012): 195–212.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00915.x

Keeping Women Down and Out: The Strip Club Boom and the Reinforcement of Male Dominance

Previous articleNext article No AccessKeeping Women Down and Out: The Strip Club Boom and the Reinforcement of Male DominanceSheila JeffreysSheila JeffreysDepartment of Political ScienceUniversity of Melbourne Search for more articles by this author Department of Political ScienceUniversity of MelbournePDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 34, Number 1Autumn 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/588501 Views: 889Total views on this site Citations: 19Citations are reported from Crossref © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Theresa Anasti The (non)use of alcohol in topless establishments: Protection for women or gender policing?, Sexualities 23, no.1-21-2 (Feb 2018): 81–107.https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717750822Liberty Barnes Holiday Gifting at a Children’s Hospital: Sacred Ritual, Sacred Space, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 48, no.55 (Dec 2018): 591–618.https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241618820110Maren T. Scull Managing Identity in a Dirty Occupation: Male Strippers Experiences with Social Stigmas, Sociological Spectrum 37, no.66 (Nov 2017): 390–411.https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2017.1365030Andrea Walker, David A. Makin, Amber L. Morczek Finding Lolita: A Comparative Analysis of Interest in Youth-Oriented Pornography, Sexuality & Culture 20, no.33 (May 2016): 657–683.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9355-0Ashley Mears and Catherine Connell The Paradoxical Value of Deviant Cases: Toward a Gendered Theory of Display Work, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41, no.22 (Dec 2015): 333–359.https://doi.org/10.1086/682922Phil Hubbard, Rachela Colosi Respectability, Morality and Disgust in the Night-Time Economy: Exploring Reactions to ‘Lap Dance’ Clubs in England and Wales, The Sociological Review 63, no.44 (Nov 2015): 782–800.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12278Phil Hubbard, Rachela Colosi Taking back the night? Gender and the contestation of sexual entertainment in England and Wales, Urban Studies 52, no.33 (Feb 2015): 589–605.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013504006Kate Hardy, Teela Sanders The political economy of ‘lap dancing’: contested careers and women’s work in the stripping industry, Work, Employment and Society 29, no.11 (Dec 2014): 119–136.https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014554969Teela Sanders, Kate Hardy, Rosie Campbell Regulating Strip-Based Entertainment: Sexual Entertainment Venue Policy and the Ex/Inclusion of Dancers’ Perspectives and Needs, Social Policy and Society 14, no.11 (Aug 2014): 83–92.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746414000323Nicole Kalms Provocations of the Hypersexualized City, Architecture and Culture 2, no.33 (Apr 2015): 379–402.https://doi.org/10.2752/205078214X14107818390711Monica Stephens Gender and the GeoWeb: divisions in the production of user-generated cartographic information, GeoJournal 78, no.66 (Aug 2013): 981–996.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9492-zMaren T. Scull Reinforcing Gender Roles at the Male Strip Show: A Qualitative Analysis of Men who Dance for Women (MDW), Deviant Behavior 34, no.77 (Mar 2013): 557–578.https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2012.748624Phil Hubbard, Rachela Colosi Sex, Crime and the City, Social & Legal Studies 22, no.11 (Mar 2013): 67–86.https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663912459292Teela Sanders, Kate Hardy Devalued, deskilled and diversified: explaining the proliferation of the strip industry in the UK, The British Journal of Sociology 63, no.33 (Sep 2012): 513–532.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01422.xKaitlyn Regehr The Rise of Recreational Burlesque: Bumping and Grinding Towards Empowerment, Sexuality & Culture 16, no.22 (Sep 2011): 134–157.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-011-9113-2Gail Dines A Feminist Response to Weitzer, Violence Against Women 18, no.44 (Apr 2012): 512–520.https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212452550Katie Gentile Reply to Commentaries: “What About the Baby? The New Cult of Domesticity and Media Images of Pregnancy”, Studies in Gender and Sexuality 12, no.11 (Jan 2011): 72–77.https://doi.org/10.1080/15240657.2011.536069Sheila Jeffreys The sex industry and business practice: An obstacle to women's equality, Women's Studies International Forum 33, no.33 (May 2010): 274–282.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.03.001Judith Lynne Hanna Dance and Sexuality: Many Moves, Journal of Sex Research 47, no.2-32-3 (Mar 2010): 212–241.https://doi.org/10.1080/00224491003599744

What Is Third‐Wave Feminism? A New Directions Essay

Previous articleNext article No AccessWhat Is Third‐Wave Feminism? A New Directions EssayR. Claire SnyderR. Claire SnyderDepartment of Public and International AffairsGeorge Mason University Search for more articles by this author Department of Public and International AffairsGeorge Mason UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 34, Number 1Autumn 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/588436 Views: 10489Total views on this site Citations: 151Citations are reported from Crossref © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Ruby Brown, Marcos Mortensen Steagall, Marcos Steagall Painting the Kitchen Tables: Exploring women's domestic creative spaces through publication design, DAT Journal 8, no.11 (Mar 2023): 134–169.https://doi.org/10.29147/datjournal.v8i1.692Sara Kalm, Anna Meeuwisse The Moral Dimension of Countermovements: The Case of Anti-Feminism, (Nov 2022): 291–314.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98798-5_13Jianing Wang Analysis of the Intersection of Race and Gender in Feminist Movements, (Jan 2023): 65–72.https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-43-5_10 Introduction, (Nov 2022): 1–31.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023784-001 From Rosa Luxemburg to the Combahee River Collective, (Nov 2022): 33–66.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023784-002 Women of Color Feminism and Politico-Ethical Coalition Politics, (Nov 2022): 67–105.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023784-003 Coalition from the Inside Out, (Nov 2022): 106–149.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023784-004 Writing Feminist Theory, Doing Feminist Politics, (Nov 2022): 150–188.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023784-005Elyse J. Thulin, Justin E. Heinze, Marc A. Zimmerman Evaluating Community Factors Associated With Individually Held Intimate Partner Violence Beliefs Across 51 Countries, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37, no.21-2221-22 (Nov 2021): NP20065–NP20091.https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050104Katharina Heger, Christian P. Hoffmann Feminist women’s online political participation: empowerment through feminist political attitudes or feminist identity?, Journal of Information Technology & Politics 15 (Sep 2022): 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2119320Betül SARI Kadın Emeği: Neydi, Ne Oldu? Farklı İktisadi Anlayışlar Temelinde Kuramsal Bir Analiz, Sosyoekonomi (Jul 2022): 49–85.https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.03.03Taryn A. Myers What about being a feminist is protective? An examination of constructs related to feminist beliefs as moderators of the relationship between media awareness and thin-ideal internalization, Body Image 41 (Jun 2022): 248–261.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.001Monika Winarnita, Nasya Bahfen, Adriana Rahajeng Mintarsih, Gavin Height, Joanne Byrne Gendered Digital Citizenship: How Indonesian Female Journalists Participate in Gender Activism, Journalism Practice 16, no.44 (Aug 2020): 621–636.https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1808856Laura Savolainen, Justus Uitermark, John D. Boy Filtering feminisms: Emergent feminist visibilities on Instagram, New Media & Society 24, no.33 (Oct 2020): 557–579.https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820960074Ann-Marie Hsiung Mulan’s travel from ballad to movie: A case study of inter-modal translation, Translation Studies 15, no.11 (Dec 2021): 69–83.https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1984288Satwinder Kaur Bains, Sharanjit Kaur Sandhra The body politics of gender in Sikhi: shaping, shifting and pushing boundaries, South Asian Diaspora 14, no.11 (Sep 2021): 55–71.https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2021.1969517Maria Hristova Asceticism and embodiment: female bodies, sexuality, and religious experiences in contemporary Russian women’s writing, Canadian Slavonic Papers 64, no.11 (Mar 2022): 42–63.https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.2022.2035206Fei Qiao, Ye Wang The myths of beauty, age, and marriage: femvertising by masstige cosmetic brands in the Chinese market, Social Semiotics 32, no.11 (Nov 2019): 35–57.https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2019.1682279Alana M. Bibeau Gender Equality and Inequality, (Jan 2022): 702–723.https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4511-2.ch042Sue Middleton Gender Wars and Sexuality Education in 2021: History and Politics, New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 83 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-021-00220-5Helana Darwin, Amara Miller Factions, frames, and postfeminism(s) in the Body Positive Movement, Feminist Media Studies 21, no.66 (Apr 2020): 873–890.https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1736118Stefanie Benjamin, Keri Schwab Navigating the waves of feminism(s): a duoethnography of two feminist travellers, Annals of Leisure Research 8 (Jul 2021): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1938155Monica Patarroyo-Fonseca Feminism in a Female Teacher’s Discourse in an EFL Classroom, HOW 28, no.22 (Jul 2021): 159–178.https://doi.org/10.19183/how.28.2.619Laurel Elder, Steven Greene, Mary-Kate Lizotte Feminist and Anti-Feminist Identification in the 21 st Century United States, Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 42, no.33 (Jul 2021): 243–259.https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2021.1929607Kentse Sesele, Lochner Marais, Deidre van Rooyen, Jan Cloete Mine decline and women: Reflections from the Free State Goldfields, The Extractive Industries and Society 8, no.11 (Mar 2021): 211–219.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.11.006Helene Ahl, Susan Marlow Exploring the false promise of entrepreneurship through a postfeminist critique of the enterprise policy discourse in Sweden and the UK, Human Relations 74, no.11 (May 2019): 41–68.https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726719848480Maryanne L Fisher, Rebecca L Burch Evolutionary Biology and Feminism, (Apr 2021): 2635–2638.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3189M. C. Whitlock Chapter 16: Threads of Third Wave; Desiring Women’s Flat Track Roller Derby Uniforms, (Nov 2020): 273–286.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46843-9_17Jennifer C. Nash Practicing Love, Meridians 19, no.S1S1 (Dec 2020): 439–462.https://doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8566089Raquel Moreira ‘To be a slut is to be free’: women in favela funk, performances of racialised femininity, and celebrity media, Celebrity Studies 1 (Nov 2020): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2020.1847673John Roeder Interactions of Folk Melody and Transformational (Dis)continuities in Chen Yi’s Ba Ban (1999), Music Theory Online 26, no.33 (Sep 2020).https://doi.org/10.30535/mto.26.3.12Teri Finneman, Yong Volz Leading the second wave into the third wave: U.S. women journalists and discursive continuity of feminism, Feminist Media Studies 20, no.66 (Jul 2019): 863–878.https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1644658Emanuela Bini Migranti e rifugiate. Antropologia, genere e politica, REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 28, no.5959 (Aug 2020): 241–243.https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880005915Matthew Paskins History of science and its utopian reconstructions, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 81 (Jun 2020): 82–95.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.08.001CAITLIN SCHMID Ice(d) Music/Cello/Bodies : Re-staging Charlotte Moorman's Ice Music (1972–2018), Twentieth-Century Music 17, no.22 (Apr 2020): 213–245.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478572220000067Dale Moodley The politics of female adolescent sexuality in music: a social semiotic analysis of Liz Phair's “Glory”, Social Semiotics 30, no.22 (Nov 2018): 191–205.https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2018.1541119Teresa Lleixà, Carolina Nieva The social inclusion of immigrant girls in and through physical education. Perceptions and decisions of physical education teachers, Sport, Education and Society 25, no.22 (Dec 2018): 185–198.https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1563882Teresa Nelson Strengthening the contribution of scholarship to equity in practice for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 12, no.11 (Jan 2020): 103–115.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-06-2019-0110Brianne M. Posey, Melissa A. Kowalski, Mary K. Stohr Thirty Years of Scholarship in the Women and Criminal Justice Journal: Gender, Feminism, and Intersectionality, Women & Criminal Justice 30, no.11 (Sep 2019): 5–29.https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1661330Nancy L. Cohen Toward a Feminist Future: A Political Strategy for Fighting Backlash and Advancing Gender Equity, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, no.22 (Dec 2019): 328–336.https://doi.org/10.1086/704987Maha Tazi, Kenza Oumlil The Rise of Fourth‐Wave Feminism in the Arab region? Cyberfeminism and Women's Activism at the Crossroads of the Arab Spring, CyberOrient 14, no.11 (Dec 2020): 44–71.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.cyo2.20201401.0002Thomaï Serdari How Do We Consume Luxury Fashion?, (Sep 2020): 81–92.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45301-5_6Satwinder Kaur Bains Interrogating Gender in Sikh Tradition and Practice, Religions 11, no.11 (Jan 2020): 34.https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010034Alana M. Bibeau Gender Equality and Inequality, (Jan 2020): 164–185.https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9434-5.ch011Katherine Sveinson, Larena Hoeber, Kim Toffoletti “If people are wearing pink stuff they’re probably not real fans”: Exploring women’s perceptions of sport fan clothing, Sport Management Review 22, no.55 (Feb 2021): 736–747.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.003Francisco J. López Rodríguez, Irene Raya Bravo Teresa Fernández-Valdés and female-produced TV series in Spain. Cable Girls/Las chicas del cable as case study, Feminist Media Studies 19, no.77 (Oct 2019): 962–976.https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1667062Samantha McClellanJames K. Beggan Addressing the Dilemma of the Ironic Librarian: Self-Reported Strategies Librarians Use to Enhance Approachability, The Library Quarterly 89, no.33 (Jun 2019): 254–273.https://doi.org/10.1086/703471Nancy L. Malcom, Nicole Sheahan From William’s Doll to Jacob’s New Dress : The Depiction of Gender Non-Conforming Boys in Children’s Picture Books From 1972 to 2014, Journal of Homosexuality 66, no.77 (Jul 2018): 914–936.https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1484635Janet K. L. McKeown, Diana C. Parry First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes baby in the baby carriage? exploring how women can use leisure as resistance to gendered ideologies, Leisure Studies 38, no.22 (Dec 2018): 191–203.https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2018.1553995Alessandra K. Heggenstaller, Asta Rau, Jan K. Coetzee, Anne Ryen, Ria Smit Reflecting on Female Beauty: Cosmetic Surgery and (Dis)Empowerment, Qualitative Sociology Review 14, no.44 (Jan 2019): 48–65.https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.14.4.04Eirini Arvanitaki Postmillennial femininities in the popular romance novel, Journal of Gender Studies 28, no.11 (Aug 2017): 18–28.https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1368370Adrienne L. Massanari “Come for the period comics. Stay for the cultural awareness”: reclaiming the troll identity through feminist humor on Reddit’s /r/TrollXChromosomes, Feminist Media Studies 19, no.11 (Dec 2017): 19–37.https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1414863Andra Ivănescu Games on Society: Playable Anxieties, (Jan 2019): 75–108.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04281-3_3Gilah C. Leder Gender and Mathematics Education: An Overview, (Apr 2019): 289–308.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15636-7_13Maryanne L. Fisher, Rebecca L. 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Erickson Re-establishing Justice as a Pillar of Ecological Economics Through Feminist Perspectives, Ecological Economics 152 (Oct 2018): 191–198.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.022Emily January Petersen, Rebecca Walton Bridging Analysis and Action, Journal of Business and Technical Communication 32, no.44 (Jun 2018): 416–446.https://doi.org/10.1177/1050651918780192Stefano Giacomelli, Michael Gibbert “He likes playing the hero – I let her have fun shooting”. Gender games in the Italian forest during the hunting season, Journal of Rural Studies 62 (Aug 2018): 164–173.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.08.005Neal Curtis, Valentina Cardo Superheroes and third-wave feminism, Feminist Media Studies 18, no.33 (Jul 2017): 381–396.https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1351387Elspeth Tilley Feminist Discourse Analysis, (Apr 2018): 1–5.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeos1098Meg Tully Constructing a feminist icon through erotic friend fiction: millennial feminism on Bob’s Burgers, Critical Studies in Media Communication 35, no.22 (Nov 2017): 194–207.https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2017.1398831Katherine Weikert Feminism, Fiction, and the Empress Matilda, (Feb 2018): 69–89.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68771-1_4Jo Reger Gender in Movements, (Jun 2018): 537–547.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76333-0_39 Introduction, (Nov 2017): 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-001 Producing In/Visibility in Los Angeles, (Nov 2017): 27–48.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-002 Middle-Class Dreaming and the Limits of ”Americanness”, (Nov 2017): 49–82.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-003 Making Mothers Count, (Nov 2017): 83–114.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-004 Organizing, Motherhood, and the Meanings of (Domestic) Work, (Nov 2017): 115–147.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-005 Dreaming American, (Nov 2017): 148–176.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-006 Conclusion, (Nov 2017): 177–183.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-007 Notes, (Nov 2017): 185–203.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-008 References, (Nov 2017): 205–224.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372264-009Chelsea P. Butkowski, Atsushi Tajima A critical examination of visualized femininity: selective inheritance and intensification of gender posing from historical painting to contemporary advertising, Feminist Media Studies 17, no.66 (Mar 2017): 1037–1055.https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1300830Julia Schuster Why the personal remained political: comparing second and third wave perspectives on everyday feminism, Social Movement Studies 16, no.66 (Feb 2017): 647–659.https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2017.1285223Neal Curtis Wonder Woman’s symbolic death: on kinship and the politics of origins, Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 8, no.44 (Jan 2017): 307–320.https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2017.1279198Raquel Moreira “Now That I’m a Whore, Nobody Is Holding Me Back!”: Women in Favela Funk and Embodied Politics, Women's Studies in Communication 40, no.22 (Apr 2017): 172–189.https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2017.1295121Alejandra Araiza Díaz, Hacia la búsqueda de vidas vivibles. 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Choice feminism, political engagement and the contemporary feminist movement, Feminist Theory 54 (Jan 2016): 146470011668365.https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700116683657Hojoon Choi, Kyunga Yoo, Tom Reichert, Michael S. LaTour Do feminists still respond negatively to female nudity in advertising? Investigating the influence of feminist attitudes on reactions to sexual appeals, International Journal of Advertising 35, no.55 (Mar 2016): 823–845.https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2016.1151851Emily January Petersen, Ryan M. 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Migrant Women’s Bodies as Boundary Markers: Reproductive Crisis and Sexual Control in the Ethnic Frontiers of Taiwan

Previous articleNext article No AccessMigrant Women’s Bodies as Boundary Markers: Reproductive Crisis and Sexual Control in the Ethnic Frontiers of TaiwanPei‐Chia LanPei‐Chia LanDepartment of SociologyNational Taiwan University Search for more articles by this author Department of SociologyNational Taiwan UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 33, Number 4Summer 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/528876 Views: 873Total views on this site Citations: 85Citations are reported from Crossref © 2008 by The University of Chicago. 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Quirky Citizens: Autism, Gender, and Reimagining Disability

Previous articleNext article No AccessQuirky Citizens: Autism, Gender, and Reimagining DisabilityKristin Bumiller Kristin BumillerDepartments of Women’s and Gender Studies and Political ScienceAmherst College Search for more articles by this author Departments of Women’s and Gender Studies and Political ScienceAmherst CollegePDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 33, Number 4Summer 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/528848 Views: 2134Total views on this site Citations: 64Citations are reported from Crossref © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nameera Akhtar, Janette Dinishak, Jennifer L. Frymiare Still Infantilizing Autism? An Update and Extension of Stevenson et al. 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Ariel Cascio Neurodiversity: Autism Pride Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 50, no.33 (Jun 2012): 273–283.https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.3.273Vincent Guinchat, Brigitte Chamak, Beatrice Bonniau, Nicolas Bodeau, Didier Perisse, David Cohen, Anne Danion Very early signs of autism reported by parents include many concerns not specific to autism criteria, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 6, no.22 (Apr 2012): 589–601.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.10.005Alicia Diaz Balado El proceso de visibilización de las mujeres con discapacidad: Diferencia y perfil, HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades 1, no.22 (Mar 2012).https://doi.org/10.37467/gka-revhuman.v1.684Jordynn Jack Gender Copia: Feminist Rhetorical Perspectives on an Autistic Concept of Sex/Gender, Women's Studies in Communication 35, no.11 (Jan 2012): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2012.667519Jennifer S. Singh The Vanishing Diagnosis of Asperger's Disorder, (Aug 2011): 235–257.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012015Steven K. Kapp Navajo and autism: the beauty of harmony, Disability & Society 26, no.55 (Aug 2011): 583–595.https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.589192Robin Mackenzie, John Watts Including Emotionality in Tests of Competence: How Does Neurodiversity Affect Measures of Free Will and Agency in Medical Decision Making?, AJOB Neuroscience 2, no.33 (Jul 2011): 27–36.https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2011.580491Rozanna Lilley MATERNAL INTIMACIES, Australian Feminist Studies 26, no.6868 (May 2011): 207–224.https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2011.574600Robin Mackenzie, John Watts Is our legal, health care and social support infrastructure neurodiverse enough? How far are the aims of the neurodiversity movement fulfilled for those diagnosed with cognitive disability and learning disability?, Tizard Learning Disability Review 16, no.11 (Jan 2011): 30–37.https://doi.org/10.5042/tldr.2011.0005Julie A. 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The War on Terrorism: Appropriation and Subversion by Moroccan Women

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe War on Terrorism: Appropriation and Subversion by Moroccan WomenZakia SalimeZakia SalimeDepartment of SociologyMichigan State University Search for more articles by this author Department of SociologyMichigan State UniversityPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 33, Number 1Autumn 2007War and Terror II: Raced‐Gendered Logics and Effects beyond Conflict Zones. Special Issue Editors Mary Hawkesworth and Karen Alexander Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/518370 Views: 194Total views on this site Citations: 15Citations are reported from Crossref © 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Niyousha Bastani, Lorena Gazzotti “Still a bit uncomfortable, to be an arm of the state”: Making sense and subjects of counter-extremism in the UK and Morocco, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 40, no.22 (Jul 2021): 520–540.https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211031914Negar Razavi NatSec Feminism: Women Security Experts and the US Counterterror State, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 46, no.22 (Dec 2020): 361–386.https://doi.org/10.1086/710808Nadia Guessous Feminist Blind Spots and the Affect of Secularity: Disorienting the Discourse of the Veil in Contemporary Morocco, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45, no.33 (Mar 2020): 605–628.https://doi.org/10.1086/706551Anwar Mhajne Political Opportunities for Islamist Women in Morocco and Egypt: Structure or Agency?, (Oct 2019): 179–203.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27735-2_7Summer Forester Protecting women, protecting the state: Militarism, security threats, and government action on violence against women in Jordan, Security Dialogue 50, no.66 (Oct 2019): 475–492.https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010619877799 Middle Eastern State Responses to the War on Terror, (Sep 2017): 31–68.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108227124.003Silvia Gagliardi Violence against women: the stark reality behind Morocco’s human rights progress, The Journal of North African Studies 18 (Aug 2017): 1–22.https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2017.1363649Manal Hamzeh FIFA's double hijabophobia: A colonialist and Islamist alliance racializing Muslim women soccer players, Women's Studies International Forum 63 (Jul 2017): 11–16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.06.003Shir Daphna-Tekoah, Ayelet Harel-Shalev Beyond binaries: analysing violent state actors in Critical Studies, Critical Studies on Terrorism 10, no.22 (Jun 2017): 253–273.https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1329783Candice D. Ortbals, Lori Poloni-Staudinger Women defining terrorism: ethnonationalist, state, and machista terrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism 7, no.33 (Oct 2014): 336–356.https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2014.956014KATHERINE ALLISON American Occidentalism and the agential Muslim woman, Review of International Studies 39, no.33 (Dec 2012): 665–684.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210512000289Cécile Rousseau, Taïeb Ferradji, Abdelwahed Mekki-Berrada, Uzma Jamil North African Muslim Immigrant Families in Canada Giving Meaning to and Coping With the War on Terror, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 11, no.22 (May 2013): 136–156.https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2013.775892Bettina Dennerlein Remembering Violence, Negotiating Change, Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 8, no.11 (Jan 2012): 10–36.https://doi.org/10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.10Zakia Salime Securing the Market, Pacifying Civil Society, Empowering Women: The Middle East Partnership Initiative1, Sociological Forum 25, no.44 (Oct 2010): 725–745.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01209.xRobin L. Riley Women and War: Militarism, Bodies, and the Practice of Gender, Sociology Compass 2, no.44 (Jul 2008): 1192–1208.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2008.00132.x