Reserve In Women Research Articles

Constitutional Amendment 106 Women Reservation - What can be Learned from 1/3rd PRI Reservation?

Abstract: Attaining gender inclusion and political empowerment is the goal of the historic Constitutional Amendment for Women's Reservation, which calls for a one-third reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The dynamics of women's participation in grassroots governance can be better understood by looking at the lessons learned from PRIs' implementation of the 1/3rd reservation. In rural local bodies, like as Panchayats, women were required to occupy one-third of the seats under the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. In an effort to rectify past gender inequalities, increase women's representation in decision-making bodies, and boost their social and political standing, this proactive policy was put in place. The revolutionary effect on women's political engagement is one important takeaway from the one-third reservation in PRIs. Women were able to take part in local administration through the reserved seats, which helped them develop their leadership abilities and increase their visibility in public service. As a result, women's status in communities was enhanced, and decisionmaking became more inclusive and equal. The importance of prioritizing health, education, and social welfare issues is positively correlated with women's political representation, which is another lesson. To address pressing social issues, women PRI officials frequently fought for policies that would have a direct positive effect on women's and marginalized communities' quality of life. In addition, the 1/3rd reservation effort highlighted the significance of initiatives that strengthen the abilities of female leaders. To help women successfully carry out their responsibilities as leaders, educational and training programs were crucial in providing them with the information and abilities they needed to understand and handle the many facets of government. Even with these good results, there are still problems. In many cases, women are unable to reach their full leadership potential due to cultural biases, patriarchal attitudes, and resistance from established power structures. If we want women to have an impact in politics, we need to break down these entrenched stereotypes and create conditions where they feel comfortable taking an active role

Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in Empowering Rural Women

This article follows the evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) from the Independence provisions in the 73rd constitutional amendment concerning reservations for women and other vulnerable sections. The goal of the 73rd constitutional amendment of 1993 is to examine and comprehend how the amendment affects women's empowerment. Indeed, women's reservations in PRIs have created enormous opportunities for their empowerment, especially for those who belong to the weakest segments of society. Despite significant progress, women's subordination to men is still a widespread occurrence. India is seeing a sharp increase in violence against women at a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, and the majority of girls are still not afforded equal opportunities in school. The Indian government designated 33% of the seats in Panchayats for women and granted constitutional status to village-level councils, or Panchayati Raj institutions, in one of the most significant moves towards the empowerment of women.

Sexual objectification of women in media and the gender wage gap: Does exposure to objectifying pictures lower the reservation wage?

Using an online experiment, we investigate the influence of sexual objectification in media on reservation wages. In the experiment, subjects (843 women and 307 men in the main analysis) are asked to evaluate advertisements in women's magazines. In the treatment groups, the ads portray women in sexually objectifying poses, while the poses are neutral in the control group. The main research hypothesis is that sexual objectification tends to make women self-objectify, i.e., they internalize the view of the objectifying images, and as a result, they lower their reservation wage. We find that women in the treatment groups do self-objectify: Women who were exposed to the objectifying images described themselves with words related to body shape or size significantly more often than women in the control group. Adding a warning text about the fact that photoshopped images can create unrealistic body ideals did not mitigate the self-objectification. However, we do not find any effect of sexual objectification on women's reservation wages. If we take the results at face value, they do suggest that the objectification of women in media, while having important psychological and emotional effects, does not seem to affect women's reservation wages, at least not directly.

Enhancing Democratic Representation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Women's Reservation Policies

This research paper delves into the multifaceted landscape of women's reservation policies, examining their impact on democratic representation and gender equality. Drawing upon a comparative analysis of global practices, with a focus on the study navigates through historical developments, legislative frameworks, and societal responses to women's reservation in political spheres. The research critically evaluates the effectiveness of such policies, considering their influence on governance, policy priorities, and societal attitudes. The paper not only investigates success stories and positive outcomes resulting from increased female representation but also scrutinizes the challenges and criticisms faced in the implementation of women's reservation policies. Special attention is given to the intersectionality of these policies, acknowledging the diverse experiences of women from different backgrounds.

Beyond the Quota: Unravelling Legislative Dynamics and Public Sentiment on Women's Reservation"

“Achieving the aim of equal involvement of men and women in decision-making will establish a balance that greater accurately describes the makeup of society, which is required to improve democratization and encourage its effective functioning. The goals of fairness, outcomes, and security cannot be attained without the active engagement of women and the adoption of women's viewpoints at all phases of decision-making." The Women's Reservations Bill is a critical piece of government legislation having the potential to alter the foundation of Indian democracy. It has always sparked intense arguments both inside and outside of Parliament. Its supporters argue that the Bill is vital for woman's active engagement with politics. Opponents believe that reserve would mainly benefit women from aristocratic groups, exacerbating the suffering of those with limited resources and underprivileged. The Women's Reservation law, also known as the Constitutional Amendments (108th Amendment) Bill, is an ongoing law in India that intends to reserve 33% of all seats in the Lok Sabha, India's Lower House of Parliament, and the state legislatures for women. This essay investigates gender inequalities in legislative decision-making in the context of the gender quotas. I utilize two empirical methodologies to randomize parliamentarians' gender and sentiments analysis to discover legislative issues in the French Assembly from 2001 to 2017. It might even go one step further and investigate the current state of support for policies on each issue, for example, by using analysing sentiment methods or embedding models to calculate the distance across a piece of text and the material of interest.

Debate on Women's Reservation in Politics and Contemporary Indian Cinema: a Feminist Overview

Gender discrimination is an important cause that relegates the position of women in Indian Pol- itics. It is a ground for denying rights and is not an argument posited in opposition to the notion of universal rights of women. In India except for the ballot machine, women's participation as contest- ants, elected representatives, members of the Government, and so on was negligible. The nature of the problem is varied such as lack of time due to domestic responsibilities, socio-cultural norms lim- iting mobility, and patriarchal control discouraging women from coming into conflict with men. Pa- triarchy always indicates the ramparts between public and private for women. The inner-outer dis- tinction specified that the world is external, the domain of material, and the home represents the inner spiritual self. The world is typically treacherous terrain a pursuit of material interests where practical consideration reigns supreme. It is also eventually the domain of the male. In the home, its essence remains unaffected by the profane activities of the material world. And the woman is its representa- tion (though indirectly it is controlled by men). It has been observed that the identification of social roles by gender corresponds with the separation of the social space into ‘Ghar and Bahir. There are so many factors that in turn merely reiterate the real problems women have faced. Film and sociology are interlinked. Four interrelated themes, i.e., i) identity, ii) interaction, iii) inequality and iv) institutions, help sociologists to analyze society in detail. Sociologists can use films as social texts to explore these core themes. Here in the context of post-nineties Indian Cinema or series, I would like to explain how did Indian filmmakers visualize the political subjugation of women through their cinematic gaze. Did they focus on the long battle of women to achieve political empow- erment? Research questions have carried following objectives :-1) No interaction with the Woman Pradhan or other officials with relevant officers. 2) Inactive or proxy members 3) internationalization of socially defined gender roles and an inherent acceptance of patriarchy, caste, and class barriers. 4) Non-articulation and inability to identify obstacles. 5) Patriarchal values have combined with political intimidation from opposing parties and vested groups and the system itself has hampered the func- tioning of Elected Women Representatives. Films like Samsodhan (1996) God Mother (1999), Bandit Queen (1994), Satta (2002), Deoal’ (2004), Gulaab Gang (documentary) (2012), Thalaivii (2021), Panchayat (2021) will be discussed from a particular sense of representation, where the term ‘representation’ will be used from two dis- courses i) Representation as ‘Speaking of’ as in terms of politics and ii) ‘Representation’ as in the art or the philosophy of filmmaking. Literature, articles, autobiographies, interviews, memoirs, docu- mentaries etc will be used as secondary sources.

Is There an Association Between Circulating Kisspeptin Levels and Ovarian Reserve in Women of Reproductive Age?

To investigate the possible association of kisspeptin levels with the ovarian reserves of women of reproductive age. Eighty women aged 19-40 participated after signing an informed consent. Of these, 74 were finally included as in 6 women the blood samples were considered inappropriate due to hemolysis. They were divided into three main groups according to their ovarian reserve patterns: women with adequate ovarian reserves (Group A - AOR) (n=30), women with increased ovarian reserves (Group B - PCOS) (n=31), and women with diminished ovarian reserves (Group C - DOR) (n=13). Women with diminished ovarian reserves had statistically significantly increased age and FSH compared to the other two groups. No statistically significant difference was found between the three groups for estradiol and thyroid stimulating hormone. Moreover, body mass index, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and antral follicle count (AFC) were increased in group B compared to the other two groups. AMH and AFC were decreased in women with diminished ovarian reserves compared to the other two groups, as expected. The comparison of kisspeptin levels between the three groups showed that kisspeptin levels were increased in women with diminished ovarian reserves, compared to the other two groups, but without a statistically significant difference. However, kisspeptin levels in group C were statistically significantly higher than those in group A. There are no strong indications that kisspeptin levels are associated with the ovarian reserve in women of reproductive age.

The status of the women's reservation bill in the Indian Parliament: Investigate the reasons for delays, opposition, or support from different political parties

The status of the women's reservation bill in the Indian Parliament: Investigate the reasons for delays, opposition, or support from different political parties

Investigation of the Predictive Factors of Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Women Aged Less Than 40 Years and Undergoing ICSI Cycle.

Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is one of the primary causes of poor ICSI outcomes. Therefore, this study was performed to speculate which of the following parameters: AMH, AFC, and women's age can be used as a predictor factor of the DOR in women aged < 40years. This prospective study enrolled 500 women suffering from idiopathic infertility problems and who underwent GnRH antagonist multiple-dose stimulation protocol. The women were divided into two groups: normal fertility (FSH ≤ 10 mIU/mL, n = 300) and DOR (FSH > 10 mIU/mL, n = 200). At the time of the study, the average of women age was 29.3 ± 5.7years. A significant reduction was found in AMH level, AFC, number of mature, immature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, embryos transferred, and β-hCG level in the DOR group compared to the normal fertility group (P < 0.001). Conversely, a significant increase was shown in the age of the DOR group compared to the normal fertility group (30.8 ± 5.8 vs. 28.2 ± 5.4, respectively; P < 0.001). A significant negative association was found between the AFC, the number of mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, embryos transferred, and the basal level of FSH in the DOR group (P < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) demonstrated that AMH level and AFC had the highest accuracy, followed by age in the prediction of DOR (P < 0.001) with a cut-off value of ≤ 1.2ng/mL, ≤ 4.5, and > 29.5years, respectively. This study exhibited that the levels of AMH and AFC are the best biomarkers, followed by age for the prediction of DOR in women < 40years old. Furthermore, AMH is the only independent factor that is significantly related to DOR in women.

In the Indian context, quotas for women's reservation have resulted in more women being included in local self-governing organisations, but they are still excluded by the male-dominated political power structure.

In the Indian context, quotas for women's reservation have resulted in more women being included in local self-governing organisations, but they are still excluded by the male-dominated political power structure.

COVID-19 Disease Effect on Ovarian Reserve in Women of Reproductive Age: An Analytical Before-and-After COVID-19

COVID-19 Disease Effect on Ovarian Reserve in Women of Reproductive Age: An Analytical Before-and-After COVID-19

Evaluation of Ovarian Reserve in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective: Subfertility is commonly observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although the causes are not well established, the alteration of the ovarian reserve is thought to contribute to the lower chances of pregnancy. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the ovarian reserve in patients with RA. Materials and methods: Two parameters associated with ovarian reserves such as the antral follicle count (AFC) and the anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) were assessed in 38 patients with RA. We also analyzed the correlation of these parameters with the medication used to treat this pathology and with the illness severity. Results: The AMH levels in women with RA were comparable to those found on healthy individuals although the RA patients were more likely to have a low AFC. Ovarian reserve and RA were neither influenced by parameters of disease activity nor by the use of medication. Conclusion: The ovarian reserve in women with RA was similar to that found in healthy individuals.

Reservation For Women in Panchayat

Reservation For Women in Panchayat

Abstract 11702: Sex Differences in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Greater Reduction in Myocardial Perfusion Reserve in Women Than Men Driven by Increased Resting Perfusion

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) confers a higher relative risk of heart failure in women than men. Women also have a greater prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), linked to microvascular dysfunction. We hypothesize that sex-specific differences are present in the pathophysiological alterations of myocardial structure, function, and perfusion associated with T2D. Methods: Cross-sectional case-control study. Participants underwent comprehensive cardiac phenotyping with echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance with adenosine stress/rest perfusion. Global myocardial perfusion was derived as a mean of three short axis slices. Image analysis was performed by two observers blinded to all participant information. Statistical analysis was performed with independent-sample T-tests or Mann-Whitney test. Results: Individuals with T2D (n=287, 41% female) were compared with age-matched controls (n=87, 41% female). Women with T2D were more obese than men (body mass index 35.7±7.2 vs 32.4±5.3 kg/m 2 , p&lt;0.05). Both women and men with T2D had increased left ventricular (LV) concentric remodelling (greater LV mass/volume ratio), impaired diastolic (higher E/e’) and systolic (lower global longitudinal strain) function compared to controls. LV mass index was significantly increased in women only. Comparing T2D and controls, stress perfusion was not significantly different in both sexes whereas resting perfusion was increased in women (1.4±0.6 vs 1.0±0.4 ml/min/g, p&lt;0.05) but not in men. Consequently, women with T2D have a lower myocardial perfusion reserve than men (2.6±0.9 vs 3.1±0.9, p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: In asymptomatic people with T2D, women have increased LV mass index and lower myocardial perfusion reserve than men, driven primarily by increased resting perfusion. These findings support the growing evidence that microvascular dysfunction partly explains the greater risk of HFpEF in women with T2D.

Impact of Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss on Ovarian Reserve in Women with Obesity: A Systematic Review

Background: Due to exponential obesity prevalence, the number of bariatric surgery (BS) procedures has considerably increased. BS improves ovulatory function and natural fertility in some women. However, its effect on ovarian reserve is poorly known. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the impact of BS on ovarian reserve for women with obesity. Methods: In this systematic review, PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for studies evaluating the results of ovarian reserve tests in obese women before and after BS, and published between January 1st, 2000, and March 1st, 2020. Results: Eight studies were included, totaling 355 women with serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels evaluated before and after BS. The majority of currently available studies report a decrease in AMH levels occurring 6 and/or 12 months after surgery, which could suggest an ovarian reserve impairment following BS. Conclusions: Although the pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, this alteration raises concerns regarding long-term fertility following BS. Larger prospective controlled cohort studies will be necessary to provide a conclusion about the potential effect of BS on ovarian reserve. If a deleterious effect is confirmed, oocyte cryopreservation before surgery could be discussed.

Evaluation of the Ovarian Reserve in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune disorder where the disease activity itself and the medications used for its treatment, may have adverse effects on ovarian function. This study aimed to assess the ovarian reserve (OR) in SLE patients. Materials and methods: The anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and the antral follicle count (AFC), two markers to evaluate the OR was assessed in 64 SLE patients and compared to normal individuals. Additionally, we assessed whether the disease per se or the pharmacological treatments affect the OR. Results: Patients with SLE displayed alterations in the OR regardless of the presence of alterations of the menstrual cycle. The AFC and AMH were significantly lower in SLE patients with and without menstrual alterations when compared to control individuals (p<0.0001). However, the AFC and AMH levels were significantly correlated (p=0.006) in the SLE patients with menstrual alterations. Except for hydroxychloroquine that was statistically higher in SLE patients with menstrual alterations (p=0.04), the cumulative dose for cyclophosphamide, corticosteroid, and methotrexate was similar in SLE patients regardless of the occurrence of menstrual alterations. Conclusion: The monitoring of AMH and AFC in SLE patients should be used to detect the rapid and irreversible decline of the OR to provide a possibility of pregnancy to the SLE patients.

The Women's Reservation Bill of India; a step towards equality or an empty promise

The Women's Reservation Bill of India; a step towards equality or an empty promise

WOMEN REPRESENTATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN INDIA- EMERGING TRENDS AND CHALLENGES

In our country, it has been an ancient and rich tradition of democratic decentralization through Panchayati institutions. Today, the independent India has completed 25 years on the path of democratic decentralization through the Panchayat Raj Act. During this period, more than 20 states have increased the number of seats reserved for women from 33% to 50%. In terms of number of women representatives -Jharkhand is on top in states like Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh, while Mizoram is at the bottom in this list. During the period of these 25 years, some new trends have emerged in Panchayati institutions like-Conversion of elite politics into mass politics, decline the concept of sarpanch pati, three-tier pressure on women in a three-tier Panchayati system, conflict status regarding the exercise of political rights, increase in percentage of women representatives and their political awareness, different role and different work culture of women representatives in urban and rural areas, efforts for economic self-reliance through self-help groups etc. .In this era of information revolution in 21st century,these women leaders will have to be technically equipped for the practical implementation of transparent schemes like e-governance and m-governance.Today,panchayati institutions are being entrusted with the important responsibility of connecting people through various schemes related to rural India like “Make in India” and “Digital India”. In such a situation, the success of the scheme like Digital Literacy Mission, Ayushyaman Bharat Yojana, Jal shakti Abhiyan, single use plastic ban and e-market plus depend to some extent on the working capacity of these representatives occupying more than half of the Panchayati posts. We can hope that maximum governance and minimum government based our Panchayati system will create immense possibilities in the female leadership, which will change the picture of rural India in the near future, it will also change destiny. KEYWORDS- Panchayati Raj, Rural Development, Decentralization, Political Awareness, Information Technology, E-Panchayat, E-Governance,Women's Reservation.

Reservations for Women in Kerala's Local Self-government Institutions: A Mere Tokenism?

Reservations for Women in Kerala's Local Self-government Institutions: A Mere Tokenism?

Cadmium Exposure and Ovarian Reserve in Women Aged 35-49 Years: The Impact on Results From the Creatinine Adjustment Approach Used to Correct for Urinary Dilution.

Cadmium is toxic to the ovaries in animal studies, but its association with diminished ovarian reserve in women is not established. We investigated urinary cadmium, a biomarker of long-term exposure, in relation to diminished ovarian reserve, as indicated by elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations (≥10 IU/L), in women aged 35-49 years (unweighted n=1,681). Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), we conducted Poisson regression to estimate adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Because the best approach to correcting for urinary dilution in spot samples with creatinine remains controversial, we employed 3 approaches: standardization, covariate adjustment, and covariate-adjusted standardization. Our data suggested a modest association with standardization (highest quartile vs. lowest: relative risk (RR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 1.9; P for trend=0.06) and covariate-adjusted standardization (highest quartile vs. lowest: RR = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.9; P for trend=0.05) and a stronger association with covariate adjustment (highest quartile vs. lowest: RR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.9; P for trend=0.01). The stronger association with covariate adjustment may reflect bias from conditioning on urinary creatinine, a collider in the hypothesized causal pathway. We conclude that cadmium may contribute to ovarian aging in women and that careful consideration of the creatinine adjustment approach is needed to minimize bias.