Representation Of Women Research Articles

Positions of the Leading European Parties on the Eve of the European Parliament Elections 2024

The article analyses the main trends in the transformation of the party and political system of the European Union on the eve of the next elections to the European Parliament in June 2024. The article examines the main events of recent years that had the main impact on the process of this transformation. New trends in the change of this system were noted, which included strengthening the popularity and influence of Eurosceptic parties, increasing internal tension concerning relations between old and new members of the European Union. The research demonstrates that following the results of the national parliamentary elections held over the past five years in almost all EU member states, the influence of the leading political parties, which for many years occupied dominant positions in the executive and representative authorities of these countries, has significantly decreased. The phenomenon of increasing representation of women in the bodies of the EU and its member states and its impact on their formation is considered. The influence of changes in the social structure of the European community and their impact on the electoral preferences of Europeans is analysed. The preelection positions of all leading European parties that currently have their factions in the European Parliament are presented, including their election manifestos and candidacies for the post of the President of the European Commission (EC), the so-called Spitzenkandidaten. The forecasts of the results of the participation of leading panEuropean political parties in the European Parliament Elections 2024, made by a number of European non-governmental organizations and leading media holdings, as well as possible options for post-election inter-party coalitions that shape positions of the European Parliament, are demonstrated.

Can State Family Support Policies Level the Playing Field for Early-Career Women in Plastic Surgery? An Analysis of Web-Scraped Data.

For the young plastic surgeon, the quantity of first-author peer-reviewed publications plays a prominent role in job offers and promotions. Women surgeons carry a disproportionate share of family responsibilities, contributing to their lower representation in positions of leader- ship and influence. Policies protecting reproductive rights and mandating paid family leave (PFL) boost women's participation and productivity in the workplace. However, these policies vary by U.S., state and territory. Web-scraped publication data from all PubMed-indexed plastic surgery journals from 2010 to 2022 were evaluated by first-author gender and affiliated state reproductive rights policy and PFL. Female first authors were further compared with men by publication output (1 article; ≥ 2; ≥ 5) by gender and by affiliated state policies. Protective reproductive rights policies were associated with greater representation of female first authors (3.3 percentage points; p value = 0.003). Protective reproductive rights policies and PFL were associated with a decreased publication gender gap (0.13 articles, p value < 0.001, and 0.18 articles, p value < 0.001, respectively). Protective reproductive policies and PFL had an even greater correlation with higher publication output among female first authors. Protective reproductive rights and mandatory PFL are not only correlated with women's representation among early-career researchers but with a reduction in the publication gender gap. Legislation and policies aimed at supporting women's family responsibilities are associated with higher research productivity among women and likely play a significant role in attracting more women to higher academic ranks and improving gender equity in professional success in plastic surgery. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Female Psychology Analysis of the Female Character in the Movie Barbie

The movie Barbie offers a nuanced exploration of gender roles, cultural norms, and the impact of idealized imagery on societal perceptions. By juxtaposing the flawless world of Barbieland with the complexities of the real world, the film subverts traditional views on gender and masculinity. Barbie's evolution from a symbol of perfection to a character grappling with her imperfections serves as a metaphor for the pressures women face in conforming to societal expectations. Through characters like Barbie and Gloria, the film underscores the social and psychological toll of these ideals, presenting a sharp critique of patriarchal norms. Moreover, Barbie cleverly challenges gender hierarchies by reversing roles in Barbieland, where women dominate, highlighting the absurdity of gender expectations. Glorias passionate speech and Sashas critique underscore the films call for more nuanced and authentic representations of women. Ultimately, Barbie invites audiences to reflect on societal norms, encouraging them to embrace imperfection, reject rigid gender roles, and work toward a more inclusive and equitable understanding of identity.

Gendered Backlash Depends on the Context. Reassessing Negative Campaigning Sanctions Against Female Candidates via Large-Scale Comparative Data

ABSTRACT On paper, women politicians should be punished more than men when they go negative during election campaigns. Yet, empirical evidence in this sense is surprisingly scarce, and findings offer a muddled picture. In this article, we argue that existing research has, so far, neglected to consider a fundamental intervening factor: the role of the context, and specifically the level of descriptive representation of women in politics. Using novel large-scale data for 700+ candidates having competed in 150+ elections in 94 countries worldwide, we test – and confirm – the expectation that women are especially punished for negative campaigning in countries with low descriptive representation of women in politics. This pattern does not hold in more gender-equal contexts. Additional observational evidence from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) shows that this electoral punishment is likely due to voters expressing lower likability of women candidates (compared to men) when the former go negative in countries where women are less established in political leadership positions. We suggest that inconsistent results in previous studies are likely due to the lack of comparative focus.

Capital Utilization of Incumbent Female Politicians (Case Study: Victory of Female Politicians in Three Legislative Election Periods in the Semarang Regency)

This article examines the capital utilization of two female politicians who have successfully maintained their positions for three consecutive terms in the Semarang Regency People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah/DPRD). Periodically, the election results indicate a continued decline in the representation of women in the DPRD of Semarang Regency. Despite this, the two incumbent politicians in this article managed to retain their positions. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method, with data collection through in-depth interviews with two incumbent female politicians and several other informants, such as members of political parties, campaign teams, and voters. The findings in this study reveal that political capital, social capital, and economic capital play an important role in the victory of incumbent female politicians. This study also revealed that, despite the strong political and social capital of these two female politicians during their second and third terms, these factors did not diminish their need for economic capital to win the election.

Women Representation through Selected Poems of Maya Angelou

The paper aimed to study the representations of women in the selected poems of Maya Angelou. The researchers utilized qualitative textual analysis and close reading methods in analyzing the poems through feminism. The results of the researchers' analysis of the selected poems of Maya Angelou emphasized the representation of women per poem: a slave, an outcast, and a mother. The findings of this study encompassed the importance of utilizing feminist approach in analyzing poems to appreciate and empower women against societal expectations and personal challenges in different complexities of life. The researchers suggest exploring more literature from the perspective of feminism to provide further information about other representations of women

Investigating the effects of a physician’s race and gender on user engagement with and perceived credibility of COVID-19 vaccine news

A quasi-experiment (N = 676) manipulated the gender and race of physician sources in news about COVID-19 vaccinations. Results suggest no differences in perceived credibility across genders, but news featuring an African American or Latinx physician predicted higher reader engagement than news featuring a White physician. These findings address the effects of a source’s gender or race in health news and lend support for equal representation of women and racial minorities as expert sources.

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY ON WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Affirmative policies and the low representation of women in the House of Representatives (DPR) indicate obstacles within the design of the electoral and party systems. Therefore, this study aims to identify the challenges posed by the operation of technical variables in both indirect and direct electoral systems regarding women's representation in the DPR. To achieve this goal, the study employs the Rational Choice Neoinstitutionalism (RCN) approach. This approach seeks to understand how systems, structures, and institutions are designed and interact to achieve specific objectives. The purpose of political institutionalization is to make political institutions more accountable, transparent, controlled, responsive, participatory, and rooted in the rule of law. This study adopts a literature review method, summarizing and analyzing ideas from various sources to develop an understanding and theory about affirmative policies, followed by a review of the operationalization of technical electoral variables within electoral regulations. The findings reveal that affirmative policies in Indonesia's democratic electoral system do not guarantee women's representation in the DPR. This is because affirmative policies are focused solely on electoral formulas, while other technical variables are deemed disadvantageous. This is evident from the number of women in the DPR from the 2004 to 2024 elections, where women's representation has not yet reached the critical mass threshold

Gender composition in the work environment and physicians’ income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments: evidence from longitudinal data

BackgroundDespite the rising representation of women in the physician workforce, gender-based income disparities persist. In this study, we explore the role of representation of women in the work environment in physicians’ income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments and the income gender gap.MethodsOur main analytic sample is a balanced panel of 371,472 physicians over 9 years, obtained from the Medicare Part B fee-for-service (FFS) Provider Utilization and Payment Data (2012–2020) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). We use panel regressions with physician and year fixed effects to quantify how total Medicare Part B FFS payments to physicians patient volume, and per-patient payments respond to gender composition changes at the specialty and practice level, controlling for other practice characteristics. We allow the gender composition to have differential impacts on women and men by interacting it with the physician’s gender. In addition, we examined the subsample of physicians who have not switched specialties or practices and explored differences in the effects by practice size.ResultsIncreasing women’s representation in physician work environments impacts men’s and women’s Medicare Part B FFS payments received differently. We find that for women physicians, a 1% increase in the share of women in the same specialty leads to 1.634% higher annual payment, 1.147% more patients, and 0.297% more per-patient payment. Conversely, these effects are reversed for men. Changes in women’s share at the practice level have qualitatively similar effects. Among physicians who have not switched specialties or practices, we still find positive effects for women but no negative effects for men. Furthermore, these effects are stronger in solo or small practices than in large practices.ConclusionsIncreasing women’s representation in the work environment helps increase the amount of Medicare Part B FFS payments received for women physicians but may reduce payments received for men physicians. Our findings support the efforts in increasing women’s representation in the physician workforce to mitigate gender income disparities and demonstrate the nuanced differences in its impact by gender and the size of the practice to refine policy recommendations.

The Role of Women in Islamic Sacred Texts: A Critical Study of Women's Narratives and Authority in Islamic Tradition

This research aims to examine the role and authority of women in Islamic sacred texts, focusing on narratives within the Quran and Hadith and their implications for the social status and leadership of women in contemporary religious contexts. The urgency of this study stems from a significant discrepancy between women's representation in Islamic doctrine and their participation and recognition in broader religious and social power structures. Employing a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach, this study collected data from primary sources through in-depth interviews, as well as document analysis and secondary literature review, to explore interpretations of texts and prevailing practices. The findings reveal that although the sacred texts provide a basis for gender equality, traditional interpretations often restrict women's roles in leadership and authority capacities. Discussions on reinterpreting these texts with a more inclusive gender perspective offer opportunities to expand understandings of women's leadership in Islam. This study also highlights the importance of education in supporting women to take on more active roles in religious activities and leadership. Based on these findings, the research recommends adopting a more egalitarian interpretative approach in Islamic theology and integrating gender-inclusive religious education as strategies to overcome structural and social barriers that hinder women. These recommendations aim to encourage broader dialogue and fairer religious practices, supporting social change that recognises and promotes women's roles and authority in Muslim communities.

"Our Community Comes First": Investigating Recruitment Ads That Represent and Appeal to Black Women for Online, HIV-Related Research Studies.

Black women are underrepresented in health-related research. Consulting Black women in the creation of recruitment materials may help increase their representation in research studies, but few of these recruitment materials have been evaluated. This manuscript reports on the impact of two ads (one featuring older women and one featuring younger women) created through multiple focus group sessions with Black women. The purpose of the ads were to recruit Black women to participate in an online research study about HIV prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP. Questions about the ads were embedded in the eligibility screener for inclusion in the online parent research study. Respondents were asked which ad they saw, what they liked about it, and what about the ad piqued their interest in the study. In total, 301 Black women completed the eligibility screener for the online study and answered questions pertaining to the two ads. Most participants reported seeing the ad with younger women (260/301, 86.4%). Representation of Black women (n = 70), ad design (n = 64), relevance to Black women and the Black community (n = 60), and comprehensiveness of ad content (n = 38) were the top 4 ad features respondents liked. Relevance to Black women and the Black community (n = 104) as well as ad content (n = 54) (i.e., study purpose, location, duration, images, incentive) were the top two reasons provided about ads that piqued respondent's interest in the online study. Findings showcase how recruitment ads informed by Black women could help increase their interest and participation in research.

Politics of Resistance: Political Reservation for Women in Nagaland, India

Gender quota opens politics to women and ensures full and equal participation of women in politics. However, the initiative is not an end itself to ensure the representation of women in politics. In 2017, Nagaland witnessed the protest against the thirty-three per cent reservation for women in the urban local body (ULB) after the government’s decision to conduct local election. The article seeks to understand the negligible presence of women representation in the political sphere despite having better gender indicators compared to national average in terms of education, literacy rate and employment in Nagaland, India. Based on the empirical research, it explores the various reasons for resisting the implementation of thirty-three per cent reservation for women in ULB elections. Since the formation of Nagaland as a state in 1963, nineteen women have stood in the assembly election. None of them have won in the election till the year 2022. Even though women are completely absent in the institutional forum, there is a resistance against the implementation of the policy. In its continued exploration, the article discusses the impact of group rights on the women in accessing liberty.

The Weight on Her Shoulders: Marginalization of Women Legislators in Parliaments and Substantive Representation of Women

Abstract Studies have widely documented that women's descriptive representation in parliaments enhances their substantive representation. We probe this relationship under varying levels of women's collective and individual marginality based on an original dataset documenting the parliamentary behaviour of Israeli legislators over eleven parliamentary terms (1977–2015). Using several measures of individual-level marginality we show that marginalized female legislators are more prone to engage in gender-related parliamentary activity than their less marginal counterparts, albeit only under a certain threshold of women's marginality as a group. The article elucidates the dynamic nature of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of disadvantaged groups by demonstrating that it is contingent on their collective standing in parliament and on the marginality of individual legislators as manifested in their strategic choices.

Science for whom? The influence of the regional academic circuit on gender inequalities in Latin America

AbstractThe Latin‐American scientific community has achieved significant progress towards gender parity, with nearly equal representation of women and men scientists. Nevertheless, women continue to be underrepresented in scholarly communication. Throughout the 20th century, Latin America established its academic circuit, focusing on research topics of regional significance. Through an analysis of scientific publications, this article explores the relationship between gender inequalities in science and the integration of Latin‐American researchers into the regional and global academic circuits between 1993 and 2022. We find that women are more likely to engage in the regional circuit, while men are more active within the global circuit. This trend is attributed to a thematic alignment between women's research interests and issues specific to Latin America. Furthermore, our results reveal that the mechanisms contributing to gender differences in symbolic capital accumulation vary between circuits. Women's work achieves equal or greater recognition compared to men's within the regional circuit, but generally garners less attention in the global circuit. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at strengthening the regional academic circuit would encourage scientists to address locally relevant topics while simultaneously fostering gender equality in science.

Catalyzing Increased Representation of Women in Radiology: Role of Radiology Interest Groups

Radiology Interest Groups (RIGs) in medical education are a catalyst for enhancing the appeal of the discipline and catapulting professional development of medical students. Despite the growing number of women amongst medical school graduates, a significant gender disparity persists in radiology, partly due to obstacles including limited exposure, lack of role models and mentors. This article evaluates the role of RIGs in bridging the gender gap and highlights the challenges women medical students face and proposes targeted initiatives to promote their participation in RIGs.

Institutional Shareholders, Board Gender Diversity, and Firm Performance

ABSTRACTMy research examines the relationship between two important methods of governance, specifically, institutional ownership and the presence of women on the board of directors. I examine two hypotheses, namely, the stealth‐trading and political attention hypotheses, by employing fractional logit models and zero‐inflated Poisson models. The analysis is conducted on a dataset consisting of 480,780 observations from 2000 to 2018. I find a negative relation between the shares held by institutions and the number of female directors on the board. This supports the stealth‐trading hypothesis. Moreover, I find that public pension funds have a beneficial influence on the presence of female directors, which aligns with the political attention hypothesis. Public pension funds may promote their political agenda by endorsing board gender diversity. Institutional investors with long‐term investment strategies, such as dedicated institutions and quasi‐indexed funds, play a beneficial role in increasing the representation of women on corporate boards. These institutions are expected to appeal to investors that prioritise social responsibility. Female directorships favourably influence the return on assets and Tobin's Q, but an unfavourable influence on market‐adjusted stock return and excess asset return. I find a positive relation between institutional ownership and firm performance when there are few female directors, but a negative relation when there are more female directors, consistent with the critical mass theory in that having more female directors in the firm leads to a greater amount of information being shared, in line with the stealth‐trading hypothesis.

Hambatan pengoperasian variabel teknis Pemilu terhadap keterwakilan perempuan di DPR

The low representation of women in the Indonesian DPR (People's Consultative Assembly) indicates a problem with the electoral system. Women's concerns cannot be translated into policy if they are not directly involved in decision-making. The study aims to identify the factors that contribute to the low representation of women in the DPR, specifically examining the operation of indirect and direct election technical variables. The research uses a literature review approach to understand the concepts of the electoral system, democracy, the party system, and affirmation policies. The findings reveal that the affirmation policy, which focuses primarily on the election formula, is insufficient to guarantee women's representation in the DPR. Other technical variables are considered detrimental to women's representation. Despite the implementation of the affirmation policy, the number of women in the DPR has not reached a critical mass from the 2004 to 2019 elections.

Does civil war violence stimulate women's participation in politics? Examining election candidacies in post war Nepal

ABSTRACT How does wartime violence shape women's representation in post-civil war politics? Some scholars argue that civil war violence alters the gender roles in society, empowering women in post-war politics. Others suggest that experience with civil war violence may deter women's participation in politics as women are often victimized during wars and are perceived as less capable of preventing violence than men in countries vulnerable to political violence. We test the generalizability of the findings with micro-level data from Nepal. We find that civil war violence does not stimulate the proportion of women candidates in districts where civil war violence was high in Nepal. However, civil war violence appears to increase the proportion of women winning elections. Nonetheless, the stimulative effect of violence on women's success in electoral politics appears to diminish over time.

Sex Differences in Metabolic Disorders of Aging and Obesity in People with HIV.

As advances in antiretroviral therapy for people with HIV (PWH) have prolonged lifespans, prevalence of aging and obesity related metabolic disorders have increased. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent research assessing sex differences in metabolic disorders among PWH, including weight gain/obesity, steatotic liver disease, insulin resistance/diabetes, dyslipidemia, bone loss/osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. A growing body of evidence shows that women with HIV are at increased risk of developing metabolic disorders compared to men, including body weight gain and obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, bone loss, and sarcopenia, while men with HIV are at higher risk for hepatosteatosis and hepatic fibrosis. Future work should prioritize the adequate representation of women in HIV clinical studies. Understanding sex-specific mechanisms underlying metabolic dysfunction in PWH is imperative so that interventions can be developed to address a growing global epidemic of metabolic diseases.

Women are awarded more team than solo grants and lead more gender-balanced teams than men

Abstract We modelled patterns of collaboration, team gender composition, and funding amounts across awarded Australian government-funded competitive team research grants from 2000 to 2020. The percentage of grants awarded to women at mid- and senior-career levels was higher for team grants than sole investigator grants compared to men at those levels. Teams led by women tended to have a greater percentage of women coinvestigators than teams led by men, but this was below gender parity regardless of team leader gender. Funding amounts per grant did not differ by the principal investigator’s gender and reached parity in 2020 across teams with both high and low representation of women. Since teams tend to be more gender-balanced when led by women, women’s grant leadership may be an important mechanism for shifting overall representation of women in research. We offer public policy measures to address gender inequities in the research sector.