Labor Force Participation Rate Of Women Research Articles

Factors Affecting the Participation Rate of Women in the Labor Force in Lima Puluh Kota Regency Using Probit Regression Analysis

Labor currently plays a very important role in a country's economy. In the labour sector, women still experience discrimination, which causes the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of women to remain low compared to men. The LFPR of men in Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota is higher than the LFPR of women. In 2022, the female LFPR was 63.75%, meaning that of the total labour force, around 63.75% of them were working or looking for work. This study aims to determine the factors that influence women's participation in the labour force in Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. This research is applied using the probit regression analysis method. The data used is secondary data, which is microdata from the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS). Based on the results of the analysis, the factors that influence the level of women's participation in the labour force in Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota in 2022 are education level, age, job training status, and status as head of household.

The Decline in the U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate: A Literature Review

After peaking around the year 2000, the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of Americans declined substantially. The weakening in LFPR was faster after the financial crisis of 2007, the “Great Recession.” Since 2015, the LFPR has remained at its lowest in four decades. This paper constitutes a comprehensive review of the literature investigating the causes of the LFPR’s recent decline. We determine what is known and identify the remaining gaps. The literature reviewed signaled multiple causes behind this decline. Trend factors, such as long-running demographic patterns, explain an important part of the decline. The research on the extent to which the Great Recession caused the decline establishes that most of the drop cannot be attributed to cyclical factors. Part of the decline in LFPR can be attributed to factors such as technological innovations and trade, which affect the participation rates of specific subpopulations, as well as to changes in social programs, like Social Security Disability Insurance. Some subpopulation trends are clear, but their ultimate causes are not fully understood, as is the case for the LFPRs of women and youth. We list these factors and point to important areas for future research.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN ANTARA PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK, KONSUMSI MAKANAN, DAN TINGKAT PARTISPASI ANGKATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI KOTA MAGELANG

Economic growth is a measure of people's welfare. This indicator reflects the extent of economic activities of population that gives additional income for them. The income encourages people to increase consumption and savings. Today, there is a different consumption pattern in Magelang City. Food consumption is smaller than non-food consumption. On the other hand, food and beverage consumption (cooked food and beverage ready for consumption) is the most dominant. One cause of this phenomenon is working women increasing. This paper wants to find the relationship between population growth, food consumption, and the women labor force participation rate for economic growth in Magelang City. The secondary data from Statistics Indonesia-BPS are used. The analysis showed that partially population growth, food consumption, and the women labor force participation rate had positive and significant effects on economic growth. But the effect does not occur simultaneously.

WHY ARE U.S. WOMEN DECREASING THEIR LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION IF THEIR WAGES ARE RISING?

Given the traditional interpretation of women's labor force participation rate (LFPR) trends as movements along a positively sloped labor supply curve, it is surprising that the recent downward trend in U.S. women's LFPR has occurred over a period when women's real wages were commonly believed to be rising. I find that almost two‐thirds of the decline since 2000 is attributable to aging of the adult female population. The remainder, due to declining labor force participation for women under 55, becomes less puzzling in light of my evidence that the wage/education locus faced by women actually may have worsened since 2000. (JEL J21, J31, J82)

Female Labor Market Participation and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

Female labor force plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The core objective of this paper is to examine the nexus between female labor force participation rate and Pakistan’s economic growth using time series data for the period 1990-2014. The data was extracted from World Development Indicators database. Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to examine the data for unit root. The results show that both the variables--- female labor force participation rate and economic growth---are stationary at first difference i.e. I(1). The error correction model (ECM) and Johansen co-integration tests were used to examine the co-integration relation between the variables. The econometric results conclude that there is long-run and a U-shaped link between economic growth and women labor force participation rate of Pakistan. The results conclude that lower female labor force participation rate leads to lower economic growth in Pakistan. This paper has important policy implications, suggests that policies intend to remove such barriers could help to enhance the Pakistan’s economic growth.

Stigma of Sexual Violence and Women's Decision to Work

Our study is motivated by two disturbing evidences concerning women in India. On one hand, crime against women is on the rise while on the other, women's labor force participation rate (WLFPR) has been declining over the last three decades. We estimate the extent to which the decline in WLFPR can be assigned to increasing instances of crime against women. We argue that an increase in crime against women, increases the non-pecuniary costs of traveling to work, particularly in a traditional society marked by stigma against victims of sexual crimes. Our findings suggest that women are less likely to work away from home in regions where the perceived threat of sexual harassment against girls is higher. The estimate is robust to various sensitivity checks. Moreover, the deterrence effect of crime responds to the opportunity cost of work on one hand and the stigma cost of sexual crimes on the other.

Gender Relations in Singapore Malay Dual-Income Households: (Un)Changing Views and Practices

Over the last four decades the labour-force participation rate of women in Southeast Asia has been steadily increasing. While gender relations are changing in the public sphere as more women play dominant roles in the employment sector, whether gender relations in the domestic sphere are changing is rather ambiguous. In this article, the author looks at gender relations in Singapore Malay dual-income households. She shows that there are existing cultural perceptions of Malays regarding the roles of women and men in the family: i.e. women see to care-giving and men see to breadwinning. She also argues that parallels of this perception can be found at the state level as well. The Singapore government too is of the view that the primary caregiver in the family is the woman. The author illustrates this by using the example of the discourse on the ‘supermom’ in Singapore to show the government’s expectations of women’s role as mother. There is external support which makes Malay women affirm their maternal role. In conclusion, the author suggests that Malay women’s and men’s decisions around the division of labour must be conceived within the wider framework of society. Explanations for persistence of unequal division of labour in Malay dual-income households must take into account state views of gender roles.

The Separation of Work and the Family: Attitudes Towards Women's Labour-Force Participation in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States

Recent trends indicate substantial changes in the labour-force status of women in Western industrialized societies. Many studies indicate that shifts in sex-role attitudes have apparently accompanied these changes, but research has not focused on the specific conditions under which men and women approve of non-familial roles for women. Moreover, virtually no comparative research exists on this topic. In this paper, data for three Western countries-the former West Germany, Great Britain, and the United Statesare compared with respect to attitudes toward female labour-force participation. The data, taken from the 1988 ISSP (International Social Survey Program) module on the family, focus specifically on the conditions under which respondents approve of women working. Results indicate that the attitudes of both men and women reflect substantial preference for a primary familial role for women, especially when young children are present. Intra-country patterns of predictable variation in attitudes are quite similar in the countries considered: attitudes favouring the labour-force involvement of women are associated with gender, labour-force experience, schooling, and birth cohort. Inter-country differences can in part be explained by normative differences in labour-force participation rates of women and perceptions of the suitability of child-care resources, but most of the inter-country differences were unexplained by the factors considered and are thought to be due to unmeasured normative and institutional factors associated with the care and nurture of children.

Consequences of the Rise in Female Labor Force Participation Rates: Questions and Probes

This paper discusses three independent inquiries into consequences of the rise in women's labor force participation rate (LFPR) in the United States since 1946. (1) The growth in women's LFPR is decomposed by decade, age, marital status, presence of age-specific children, and years of schooling. (2) Evidence on the impact of the growth on the inequality in income among husband-wife families is summarized and the impact on income inequality in other family structures is discussed. The effect on the level of family real income is considered and money illusion in measuring the change in income is noted. (3) Bivariate autoregressive time series are estimated with annual data from 1950 to 1980, indicating that lagged values of women's LFPR are systematically correlated with measures of flow fertility, marriage, schooling, and men's income, while only fertility has a strong, persistent lagged correlation with LFPR.

Determinants of female labor-force participation.

As is well known, the labor-force participation rate of women was in a continuous decline (for more than a half century) until 1975. Needless to say, this fact is attributable to the decline in the farm population. In other words, this gradual decline has been associated with industrialization and urbanization. However, as is also well known, the female labor-force participation rate made a complete turn around between 1976 and 1978, rising by as much as 1.6 percentage points to reach 47.4 percent over these three years (see Table 3 below for recent statistics).