Women's Congress Research Articles

RUSYA TÜRKLERİNDE KADIN HAKLARI MESELESİ

Türk tarihi açısından kadının sahip olduğu konum yüzyıllar boyunca mutlak surette değişikliklere uğramıştır. İslam öncesi Türk toplumlarına bakıldığı zaman kadının erkekle beraber toplumsal hayat içerisinde aktif olarak yer aldığı, kılıç kuşanıp ata bindiği ve sürekli bir şekilde talim yaptığı görülmektedir. İslamiyet’in Türk toplumuna girmesinin ardından da kadınlar sahip olduğu çoğu hakkı ilk başta korumuş fakat İslam dininin yanlış bir şekilde yorumlanması ve etkileşim içerisinde bulunulan Arap kültürünün tesiri altında kalınması sonucunda kadının statüsünde bir düşme görülerek toplumsal hayat başta olmak üzere pek çok alanda ikinci plana atılmıştır. Kadın hakları meselesi mevzu bahis olduğu zaman da tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Rusya Türkleri arasında da bu husus üzerinde hassasiyetle durularak çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. İsmail Gaspıralı öncülüğünde ortaya çıkan Usul-i Cedit hareketi doğrultusunda kızların eğitimi için tamamen onlara tahsis edilen kız okulları yenileşme çabaları içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Basının toplum üzerindeki etkisinin farkında olan İsmail Gaspıralı uzun uğraşlar sonucunda çıkarttığı Tercüman Gazetesi’nde, kadın haklarına yönelik yazılara yer vermiş olsa da bunu dönem içerisinde yeterli görmemiştir. İsmail Gaspıralı’nın imtiyaz sahibi olduğu ve kızı Şefika Gaspıralı’nın editörlüğünü üstlendiği Âlem-i Nisvân Dergisi ise Rusya Türkleri arasında çıkarılan ilk kadın dergisi olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Âlem-i Nisvân’ın açtığı bu yolda, ondan sonra Işık, Süyüm Bike, Azat Hanım ve Şark Kızı gibi birçok dergi yayınlanmıştır.
 Siyasi açıdan kadın hareketlerinin oluşumu ise Rus İhtilali’nin 1905 yılında gerçekleşmesiyle birlikte Çar’ın Rus olmayan azınlıklara kendi örgütlerini kurabilme hakkı tanıyan 1906 tarihli geçici kararnamesi ile açılan kadın cemiyetleri sayesinde mümkün olmuştur. Düzenlenen Rusya Müslümanları Kongreleri de kadınların ait olduğu toplumsal statüye ulaşabilmeleri için önem arz etmektedir. Kadınlar açısından aktif bir mücadele döneminin başladığı 1917 yılında toplanan Rusya Müslüman-Türk Kadınları Kongresi de kadınların kendileri hakkında son derece dikkat çekici kararlar aldıkları bir oluşum olarak görülmektedir. Daha sonra Rusya genelinde yaşayan tüm Türk ve Müslümanların katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen Bütün Rusya Müslümanları Kongreleri, sunulan konular sebebiyle karşılaşılan muhalefetlere rağmen Müslüman-Türk kadınının haklarını savunan aydınların mücadeleleri sonucunda kadın-erkek eşitliğinin sağlanması ve siyasi alanda kadının hak ettiği noktaya gelebilmesi için Türk Kadın Hareketine büyük katkı sağlamıştır.
 Bu çalışmada tarihi süreç içerisinde Rusya Türkleri arasında kadın ve kadın hakları meselesi ele alınacaktır. Türk Kadın Hareketine dair ilk gelişmelerin Kazan Tatarları tarafından kadınların konumunu iyileştirmeye yönelik başlamasıyla birlikte bu konuya desteğini esirgemeyen Türk aydınları ve onların yapmış oldukları faaliyetler hakkında birçok bilgi çalışmanın kapsamına girmektedir. Meselenin gidişatı açısından son derece önemli olan gazete ve dergiler kadın hareketine sunduğu katkı sebebiyle üzerinde durulan hususlar arasında yer almaktadır. Kadın cemiyetlerinin oluşumu ve düzenlenen çeşitli kongreler de incelenen konuların temelini oluşturmaktadır.

Women's Movement and attempts to organize the National Women's Council in Russia at the beginning of the XX century.

The subject of this study is the organization of the National Women's Council in Russia at the beginning of the XX century. The study was conducted using a gender approach in history (historical feminology). In addition, the problems under consideration were studied using the methods of source studies, mainly internal criticism of historical sources. The source base of the article was made up of both documentary (legislation and materials of women's congresses and organizations) and narrative sources. First of all, these are the documents of the A.I. Filosofov Foundation: draft charters of women's organizations, letters of petition, responses of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and others. Of considerable interest is also the women's periodical press, which published reports and resolutions of women's congresses, memorable articles about representatives of the women's movement. The scientific novelty of the research lies both in the inclusion of new source complexes into scientific circulation, and in the reconstruction of the process of creating the All-Russian Women's Council, an organization that was seen as the coordinating center of the Russian women's movement. As a result of the analysis of sources and historiography, the authors came to the conclusion that at the beginning of the XX century the women's movement in Russia focused on the struggle for civil and political rights, for which it was necessary to unite the maximum possible number of women who aspired to equality. For this purpose, along with the creation of women's organizations and the publication of regular periodicals, women's congresses are beginning to be held. The First All-Russian Women's Congress for the first time raised the issue of creating a National Women's Council to unite all women's societies and organizations. Attempts to create the organization continued for 20 years, but were crowned with success only in 1917. However, Russian feminism has not been able to create an international organization. Despite the progressive nature of the activities of women's movement activists, the civil war in Russia interrupted the work of the organization.

NYAI SUTARTINAH'S NATIONALISM BASED ON PSYCHOHISTORY APPROACH

Ethical politics is a response from the Netherlands to Indonesia, which has filled its cash void. There are three moral politics programs: education, irrigation, and emigration. The field of education is very influential because it can give birth to a specific group. They are aware of the gap between their people and the colonial. A fighting organization was born and dominated by men, resulting in a women's organization. The research method used in this journal is the theme of Nyai Sutartinah; heuristics are carried out on books and journals, source criticism is carried out by reading these sources to find credible data; interpretation processes sources into writing data, and historiography, writing about Nyai Sutartinah's nationalism with a psychohistorical approach. Psychohistory is part of psychoanalysis that studies a person's behaviour in the past and its influence on an attitude. The attitude to be learned is nationalism. Nationalism is an identity of a unified group regardless of language, ethnicity and religion. The figure of Nyai Sutartinah is the subject of this research. He is a descendant of the Pakualaman palace and was born in 1890. Since childhood, he has received an education. Seeing the education inequality for women around him, he and Ki Hadjar Dewantara founded an educational institution called Wanita Taman Siswa. Apart from that, another struggle is being involved in the women's congress in Yogyakarta.

Ukrainian Women in Austria and Attempts to Resume the Activities of the Union of Ukrainian Women (1945-1957)

The present study investigates the predicament of Ukrainian women in post-war Austria, where numerous Ukrainian refugees found themselves after the end of the Second World War. Ukrainian women were active in public life, which led to attempts to resume the activities of the Ukrainian Women's Union. The relevance of this study is conditioned upon both the lack of its research and its importance for the history of the Ukrainian women's movement. The purpose of this paper is to consider the attempts to consolidate Ukrainian women, intensify the Ukrainian women's movement, resume the activities of the Union of Ukrainian Women in emigration, the main tasks and vectors of Ukrainian women's activities in post-war Austria. The study is based on the use of documentary materials stored in the Central State Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, the memories of people who were in DP camps and materials of the then Ukrainian press. The study employed general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction) and special-historical methods – problem-historical, chronological, comparative-historical, which enabled a comprehensive analysis of the problem. In the first post-war years, the Ukrainian women's movement was revived in camps for displaced persons and refugees in Austria and West Germany. The intensification of women’s activities was connected both with the need to solve a number of social and national problems of refugees and with the continuation of the traditions of the Ukrainian women’s movement. It was in Austria in 1945 that the Union of Ukrainian Women resumed its activities and the idea arose to establish a single organisational superstructure that would unite Ukrainian women in new political circumstances and emigration conditions (a project of the Union of Ukrainian Women of Europe). The authors of this study draw attention to the need to review the tasks of Ukrainian women in exile. Although the post-war living conditions of Ukrainian refugees in Austria did not allow for the implementation of part of the programme of the Ukrainian Women's Congress in Feldkirch, the activities of local branches of the Union of Ukrainian Women in DP camps were important for the life of Ukrainian communities, as women themselves were actively engaged in support activities, social work, organisation of cultural and educational activities, preservation of Ukrainian traditions in emigration. The present research can be used to write summary works on the history of life of Ukrainians in camps for displaced persons in Germany and Austria after the Second World War, the history of the women's movement and Ukrainian emigration

CHARITY EFFORTS OF SITI MUNJIYAH IN THE AISYIYAH ORGANIZATION IN YOGYAKARTA, 1914–1955

Siti Munjiyah is an Aisyiyah figure who was born in Kauman, Ngupasan Village, the District of Gondomanan, Yogyakarta Province. She was one of the early generation modern women in the Dutch East Indies who had a good educationalobackground. The education he received gave a critical awareness that custom whichptook place in the.life of the community at that time hampered the progress of women's lives. This study aimed to determine the background of Siti Munjiyah's life to her participation in the movement of women in Yogyakarta. This research was a historical research because the problem revealed was focused on the past events of the life of a religious figure, named Siti Munjiyah, through her charity efforts in the Aisyiyah organization. The result study showed that Siti Munjiyah was listed as one of the figures who succeeded in advancing Aisyiyah's orthom by pioneering Frobelschool. Her work in a national scale, she became one of the participants in the First Indonesian Women's Congress in Ndalem Jayadipuran. In her speech, she gave an overview of the important of women degree. Her appearance as Aisyiyah's representative in the forum influenced the developmentSof this organization in the future. Siti Munjiyah’s opinion was very important for the progress of women in general and Muslim women in particular.

The Revival of the "Mothers of the Nation" from the Period of Anti Colonial Movement until the Independence of Indonesia

<p>"Mothers of the Nation" or <em>ibuism</em> is a term that is often considered negative in the study of women's history. This is related to the nation's political journey, during which the New Order regime took power, the terminology was used to control and dominate women in Indonesia. Further explored, in the 1920s, the spirit of nationalism are grew, including among the (<em>priayi</em>) noble women. They formed an association and held the Indonesian Women's Congress I in 1928. According to Susan Blackburn, what women did at the time was their nationalistic form, becoming "Mothers of the Nation." Using a historical approach, this paper seeks to retrace how early noble women came into existence and formulated their ideas of nationalism. The sources used are the result of literature studies, whether magazines, books, scientific papers, memoirs or biographies of women movement. This paper also use oral and photo sources to complete the experiences of women who involved in this topic.</p><p> </p>

"In the general interest of all conscious women": Race, Class, and the Cuban Women's Movement, 1923–1939

This article examines the evolution of racial and class dynamics in the women's movement during the 1920s and 1930s. In particular, it traces the evolution of the feminist leadership between the 1923 First National Women's Congress and 1939 Third National Women's Congress, with specific consideration of how elite and middle-class white organizers formed alliances with black women from a range of class backgrounds. Though scholarship has emphasized the increasing collaboration of elite and working-class women in support of suffrage, labor reform, and social welfare programs during the rise of popular movements in this period, this article argues that race played a critical role in how many feminists reimagined their platform. By 1939, black female leaders emphasized their disparate experiences before national audiences while attempting to unify all Cuban women on behalf of democratic reform. The article thus shows how African-descended women helped build a cross-racial political alliance that would demand institutional reform during the 1940 Constitutional Assembly.

A Quest for Feminist Space and Time

This article offers an investigation of practical and political aspects of new materialism on the basis of texts accepted for publication in Women: A Cultural Review. The authors emphasize various political strategies that appear in the collected essays; above all they stress the practical aspects of theory itself. Theory as praxis is a concept inspired by contemporary philosophers such as Georges Canguilhem, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Donna Haraway. It can also be the basis for a politics of location and it highlights the importance of being situated in specific sociocultural, historical, local and geographical contexts. The authors raised the question of the potential alliances between their specific, Polish context and the possibility of participating in and creating a broader feminist movement, which proves to be possible thanks to a variety of perspectives that are considered important and worth considering in new materialism. In the article, the Polish Kongres Kobiet (‘Women's Congress’) initiative is presented as a platform for feminist activity which combines various kinds of political, social and cultural interests, concerns and goals. Along with the importance of space for feminist politics, the authors consider time as a crucial constituent of feminist activism. Both rethinking the past—tradition, heritage, history—and directing reflection towards the future hopes, possibilities, politics and theories, constitute important characteristics of the new materialism approach. The authors conclude by introducing the notion of the ‘politics of squatting’, which serves as a metaphor for a feminist quest for space and time.

Curriculum Option for Gender Equality: A Channel for Social and Economic Securities in Nigeria

Gender inequality has been one of the major forces that threatens the security and economic development of many societies world ever. Nigeria is not an exception in these social vices, where women are not avail with the opportunity to render their services for the general growth of the nation. This paper attempts to advance a curriculum option, that will provide women with the potentials to give their contributions in social and economic developments, that will translate into a positive security atmosphere in Nigeria. I. Introduction The critical role women play in partnership with men in creating and implementing a sustainable pattern of development, has in recent years become a topical issue world over. This is in recognition of the importance, the women play in the process of creating a well balanced society, with a view to make the world a better place to live. Nigeria as a nation cannot be an exception in this positive movement. The neglect women experience from development partners, in terms of their needs, has been the reason for the deterioration of the environment, in the developing nation like Nigeria. This trend has been one of the causes of failure in our developmental process. This has amplified women's voices and strengthened their call for a sustainable future for their children and generation to come. This movement by women to redefine development, has motivated planners to take a wholistic approach that will incorporate women in sustainable development. However, this approach has not considered curriculum option in this direction. The 1991 global assembly of women and the environment (British council, (1998) sponsored by the United Nation's Environment Programme (UNEP) which invited representatives of both government and non- governmental organizations to Miami, Florida to confer with 215 women who have initiated successful environmental projects in communities all over the world. These women, many of them faced daily with the responsibility for feeding and protecting the health of their families, took action within the spheres of influence traditionally open to them. They designed smokeless stoves, solar cookers, solar green houses, others are, how to clean up local water suppliers, altered farming methods and successful cultivated degraded lands. Women are also giving immeasurable contributions in development through their work with non- governmental organization (NGO's) when the non-government organization sponsored the world women's congress for a healthy planet, also in Miami, Florida over 1,500 women and men from more than 75 countries engaged in a spirited exchange of views on a variety of environmental related issues. The communique offered three guiding principles. 1. Global equity giving priority to meeting the basic human needs of people 2. Resource ethics, calling for sustainable use of natural resources and responsibility towards future generations. 3. Empowerment of women at all levels to the achievement of principles of equity social justice. The world is in desperate need of the good sense, determination and compassion exhibited by women in these international conferences. It is becoming increasingly clear that the talent and capabilities of women have been seriously undermined. Hence, if women are fully educated, through our curriculum provisions, they would have participated in decision-making process and policy making at all levels of the society.

The Black European Women's Council: ‘thinking oneself into the New Europe’

With the continuous political shift to the right in many European countries, exclusivist constructions of the nation and concepts related to national identity – issues which are immersed in and often conflated with biology and culture – the necessity for mobilization and political activism among women, migrants, and minorities in Europe has become all the more acute and timely. Organized within the framework of the ‘European Year for Equal Opportunities 2007’ and initiated by Béatrice Achaleke, AFRA (International Centre for Black Women's Perspectives in Vienna, Austria, and co-organized by Helen Felter, Director of Tiye International (The Netherlands); the Black European Women's Congress (26–29 September 2007) culminated in the formation of the Black European Woman's Council (hereafter BEWC). Employing a mix of discourse analysis, social movement and intersectional theory, I address the issues of Black female subjectivity, political agency, and strategies in relation to the socio-political empowerment of Black women across Europe. Based on qualitative data, I argue that the cross-border network of the BEWC exhibits the potential to serve as a structured political force not only on local and national levels, but also within the sphere of the European Union; and to possibly assist Black European women activists with the task of ‘thinking themselves into the New Europe’.

Karen Blixen on Feminism and Womanliness: "En Baaltale med 14 Aars Forsinkelse"

Kvindens Virke er at udvide hendes eget Vosn. Det kan brede sig meget vidt, som et stort Tros Krone, men det har stadig sin Rod i hendes eget Jeg. (Blixen, En 80) Woman's function is to expand her own being. It can spread very wide like the crown a great tree, but still have its roots in her own Self. IN THE INTRODUCTION tO En Baaltale med 14 Aars Forsinkelse (1953; at a Bonfire 14 Years Late [1979]), Karen Blixen muses that the original invitation to speak at an International Women's Congress in Copenhagen in 1939 may have been given under forkerte Forudsaetninger (72) [on mistaken assumptions] and adds slyly that these feminists maaske alligevel ubevidst kaldt paa noget som de kunde bruge (72) [may nevertheless have evoked from me something which they may make use]. In her oration 1953, given fourteen years later, Blixen relates that she had informed the chair the committee, Mrs. Estrid Hein, that jeg er ikke kvindesagskvinde (72) [translated as am not a (in Daguerreotypes 66)]. (1) As a consequence this somewhat imprecise English translation as well as the author's deliberate ambivalence, feminist and other critics since the 1970s have indeed found in Blixen's fiction much of which they may make use to borrow the author's own words. In other words, critics have often plucked Blixen's statement out the polemical context the essay and overlooked the nuance in the original Danish text, jeg er ikke kvindesagskvinde [literally, am not a woman the 'Women's Cause]. Whether Blixen's on women, on the feminist movement and on gender roles remained consistent or static throughout her life and literary work, whether these evolved or whether they became increasingly conservative as the author aged are questions that have been addressed by other critics although most often in a cursory manner. The general consensus is that Blixen's on grew increasingly conservative as she matured so that by the rime she wrote the Bonfire Oration in 1953 she had reached a position that contradicted the convictions her letters the 1920s. Judith Thurman, for example, writes in Isak Dinesen: The Life a Storyteller (1982) that Blixen's views [on Feminism] had grown considerably more conservative since her letters [from Africa] on the subject to Aunt Bess, when she had called the most revolutionary issue the nineteenth century (348). In Det Umenneskelige: Analyser af seksualitet, kon og identitet hos Karen Blixen (2001; The Inhuman: Analyses Sexuality, Gender, and Identity in Karen Blixen), Dag Heede maintains that konsforestillingeme [gender representations] gradually stivner (173) [stiffen] in Blixen's work, so that she eventually rejects the conception constructed gender roles evident in her early work. Yet in a letter 26 May 1926 to her maternal aunt Mary Bess Westenholz, the forty-one-year-old Karen Blixen articulates on and the Women's movement that were to prove remarkably consistent throughout her life and literary career: Jeg mener da, at 'Kvindesagen ... vistnok overhovedet maa betragtes som det nittende Aarhundredes mest betydningsfulde Bevogelse, og at den langt fra i dette Ojeblik har done with de Omvoltninger, den vil bringe; thi den har ikke naaet sit mal med at have gjort det muligt for Kvinder at blive Jurister, Loger, proter etc., med en ny AEgteskabslov og lige Arveret for Kvinder som for Mond; alt saadant er kun Udslag af den langt dybere liggende Bevogelse. (Breve fra Afrika 2: 42) I consider that feminism ... should probably be regarded as the most significant movement the nineteenth century, and that the upheavals it has caused are far from done with at the present moment; for it has not reached its goal by having made it possible for women to become lawyers, doctors, priests, etc., by the a marriage law and equal right inheritance for women and for men; all these things are only manifestations the far deeper rooted movement. …

Forwards and backwards: Women's soccer in twentieth-century India

Women's soccer has hardly been given due attention in existing studies on Indian sport. This essay traces the evolution of the women's game in India, locating it in the politico-economic context of the 1930s. With the establishment of the All India Women's Congress in 1918, attempts were made to give women a voice absent through the nineteenth century. As part of this broader movement for emancipation, sport, especially cricket and football, gained currency among Indian women. Period vernacular tracts commented on the virtues of these sports, claiming that sporting prowess would stimulate the movement for women's emancipation. Using the film Bend it Like Beckham as an entry point, which portrays the story of a modern young British Sikh girl who aspires to be a professional footballer, this essay attempts to retrieve the lost history of Indian women's football. It also deals with the sad plight of women footballers in modernday India, the reasons behind the dismal state of the game, and offers comments on the challenges that confront women footballers in contemporary India.

Pauline Periwinkle and Progressive Reform in Dallas.

As the first woman editor for Dallas Morning News, Pauline Periwinkle was a catalyst for numerous local reforms and was widely read by women across Texas. Viewing women's clubs as an ideal vehicle for familiarizing women with the needs of their communities, she was a driving force behind the establishment of the Women's Congress, the Dallas Federation of Women's Clubs, the Equal Suffrage Club of Dallas, the Dallas Women's Forum, and the Texas Women's Press Association. In Pauline Periwinkle and Progressive Reform in Dallas, Jacquelyn Masur McElhaney weaves together the development of women journalists as reform advocates, a chronicle of Periwinkle's life describing her talents for raising public consciousness about various problems and promoting solutions, and excerpts from her remarkably intelligent and witty columns. She creates an informative and moving story of a resilient woman who expressed her opinions and views in an unforgettable manner to a generation of Texas women who were just beginning to find a political voice.

Sexual Harassment in China

—Sexual harassment is a problem faced by women the world over and is one of the subjects selected for discussion at the Fourth International Women's Congress in 1995

The World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet

O ^ ne of Florida's specialities is Key Ume Pie; it is deliciously sweet and fluffy but not especially filling. Eating it in a Miami restaurant the night before the opening of the World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet in November 1991, Michelle Friedman and I hoped that it wouldn't be a metaphor for the congress itself lots of sweet sounding talk, but insubstantial; lacking the solid base of economic analysis necessary to address human needs. These fears proved groundless. The Congress was an extraordinarily exhilarating event. It brought together over a thousand women from 90 different countries who for four days engaged in hard headed analysis of the linkages between environmental degradation and the global economic crisis.

Global Assembly of Women and the Environment, held During 4–8 November 1991 in Miami, Lorida, USA, Followed by World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, held in Miami, Florida, USA during 8–12 November 1991

Global Assembly of Women and the Environment, held During 4–8 November 1991 in Miami, Lorida, USA, Followed by World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, held in Miami, Florida, USA during 8–12 November 1991

Important Prospect: World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, to be held in Miami, Florida, from 8–12 November 1991

Important Prospect: World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, to be held in Miami, Florida, from 8–12 November 1991

Women Workers And The Struggle For Cultural Transformations

(1988). Women Workers And The Struggle For Cultural Transformations. Agenda: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 49-61.

Amatory Persuasion in Antiquity: Studies in Theory and Practice

One of the most important foreign visitors to the United States during the last half of the nineteenth century was Baroness Alexandra Gripenberg. In 1888 she was a delegate to the international women's congress in Washington, D.C. This volume is about her travels and experiences in the new world.

Launching UDF women's congress

Launching UDF women's congress