Women In Political Life Research Articles

FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN GENDER ARGUMENTATIVE POLITICAL DISCOURSE

It is a common knowledge that politics has been primarily associated with men and for a long time, and the role of women in political life has been neglected and ignored. However, together with the appearance of the Women's Movement, which originated in the United States almost two centuries ago, and the global growth of the role of the political communication, women became more powerful and gained the audience's attention not only in this particular field, but others spheres of life as well. Thus, gender issues are now within the scope of close attention of linguists, and there are different approaches to gender studies. This paper is devoted to the establishing of similarities and differences of American argumenatative discourse of both men and women, the way they express their opinions and provide arguments, whether different or not, regarding the pressing issues (economic crisis, terrorism, social equalitry, etc.) during the political compaing of 2008 and 2016. Speeches of representatives of three different parties, namely the Republican Party, The Democratic Party, which are the most influential parties in the USA, and the Green party, which assigned women to the highest position in the country during both compaigns, were chosen for the purpose of the study. In the paper gender issue were examined from the point of view of topics of the speeches, usage of various argumentation tactics, and emotionality of the statements. The results of the study may be used for futher exploration of pacularities of political discourse in general and gender discourse in particular.

A Lowdown on Gender-Lag in the Moroccan Society: The Road Ahead

Women’s social and political rights have invariably been a focal point of discussion and debate in academic and political encounters. Currently, the issue of women’s rights, far from being a third-rail issue, is an extremely contested, top-agenda matter both within and across countries. Focusing on Morocco, women continue to be marginalized in many facets of society despite the efforts that have been made so far. The slow-paced involvement of women in political life remains an issue that tarnishes the kingdom’s proclaimed ambition to be a haven for gender equity. In spite of the legal reforms, namely the ‘Mudawana’ or family code, gender inequality and sexism persist in stark disregard of the internationally acknowledged rights of women. Although it is clearly stated in the Moroccan constitution that “men and women are guaranteed equal rights”, Moroccan women continue to face obstacles and societal discrimination on a daily basis. Thus, an equity-oriented mobilization needs to be undertaken so that women would distance themselves from the absolute implications of traditional societal norms cloistering them to inferior social roles. Within this vein, this paper seeks to sift what follows: (1) how constitutional laws in Morocco are thwarted by deeply-rooted societal norms and practices that underestimate women’s potential, (2) how representation of women in politics can be an authentic indicator of overall development and modernization, and (3) how Moroccan women’s participation in political life can enhance the kingdom’s global image and boost its capacity to play a larger role on the regional and international scenes. Using a content-based approach, this investigation reveals that empowering Moroccan women is a strenuous endeavor that calls for the keen involvement of different social and political actors, namely the Ivy League ones, in order to allot women their stakes as real asset-holders in sustaining multi-layered national development.

ELECTORAL GENDER QUOTAS IN KAZAKHSTAN

The scientific article is devoted to highlighting the issues of equal participation of women in the decision-making process, which is a necessary condition for taking into account the interests of women in modern society, including Kazakhstan. The article analyzes one of the most popular methods of increasing the representation of women in elected bodies - gender quotas. These quotas are aimed at determining the minimum number of women candidates to participate in the elections. As a strategy to increase the share of women in the Parliament of Kazakhstan, gender quotas for party lists were introduced in 2020 and implemented for the first time at the elections of deputies of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021. This article presents the opinions of citizens in the perception of gender quotas and in explaining the reasons for the underrepresentation of women in political life. The study shows that a significant gender gap arises not only in perceptions related to the legitimacy and effectiveness of quotas in relation to positive discrimination, but also in explanations that hinder women's success in elections, and in which strategies can work better in overcoming inequality. These differences are important because they give an idea of the dynamics that explain why gender quotas do not lead to a noticeable increase in the representation of women in parliament.

Limits of Women's Political Participation in Algeria and Tunisia: Obstacles and Challenges

This study examines the approach to political empowerment of women in Algeria and Tunisia by studying the variable of decision-making and political participation, as the Arab region has the lowest participation of women in political life globally, and despite the improvement in the status of Arab women in general, there are many critical gaps, and challenges faced by empowering women in positions of decision-making and power. The aim of this study is to analyze the obstacles to women’s political participation in Tunisia and Algeria, which stand as a barrier to enabling Arab women’s participation in politics and decision-making. More on cultural, social, political, economic, and legal factors. The study concluded that the promotion of civil liberties, a high indicator of development, the electoral process and pluralism are elements that will increase the political participation of Arab women.

The Right of Women to Equality in the Palestinian Basic Law

This study revolves around the right of women to equality in the Palestinian Basic Law, and stems from the importance of the study in evaluating the basic rights contained in the Palestinian Basic Law and their compatibility with international conventions. This study focuses on answering the following question, which is to what extent the right to equality for women in the law corresponds Basic with international conventions and national legislation? Consequently, the study aims to shed light on the basic rights of women in the Palestinian Basic Law, and to evaluate those rights, with the importance of adhering to their application in internal legislation, with reference to the reference of the Constitutional Court when considering the constitutionality of legal texts in the applicable legislation related to women, and the researchers followed the descriptive approach. And one of the most important findings of this study is that the Palestinian constitutional legislator equated women and men in rights and duties, which is represented by the regular legislation that came in harmony with this trend. The most important recommendation reached by the study is the necessity of providing an appropriate climate to support the values and principles of equality and affirming the principle of full citizenship to achieve the actual participation of women in political life away from all discrimination.

A VAGUE ISSUE OF EXISTENCE: THE CASE OF TURKEY ON WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE AND BE ELECTED (1930-1960)

The issue of women’s right to vote and be elected has historical developments which differ from society to society. These differences can be attributed to many reasons. This right, which was given at different periods in some socities and at the same time in others, was put into force within the framework of particular restrictions or costs. While the progress about this issue was rather indistinct in some socities it was visible enough in others. The struggle of women to exist in political life was sometimes carried out through their own voices and writings and sometimes covertly without a particular voice and identity. The fact that women have the right to vote and be elected expresses the existence and visibility of women in political life. Considering this issue within the framework of freedom of women and human rights means understanding the nature of the process. In the historical process it can be seen that this issue has ben prioritized in socities that experienced the colonial process. Moreover, the fact that in such societies the right to vote and be elected was given at the same time instead of gradually, is also noteworthy. This study focuses on the relation between this situation and the experience of colonization and process of nation-stateization. Thereafter, it is seen that the activity of women regarding the right to vote and be elected increased during the colonial and post-colonial period. In fact, the fact the associability of the right to vote and be elected, which was granted to women in many countries at the same time, with decolonialism is another argument of the study in question.

Women and the Politics of Incivility and Discrimination: Introduction

Women and the Politics of Incivility and Discrimination: Introduction

THE PROBLEM OF REPRESENTATION OF TURKISH WOMEN IN POLITICS (1980S TO THE PRESENT)

In Turkish modernization, important steps were taken under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk so that women could reach the level of contemporary civilized peoples. For this purpose, women who have lagged behind the society in education, training and social life, especially gender equality, have been granted political rights before some European countries. Turkish women, who obtained the right to vote and be elected in 1934, were included in the political life, and they went to the polls for the first time in the elections held in 1935. For many years, the place of women in political life has decreased due to many reasons such as the fact that political parties do not allow quotas for female deputies, democracy cannot be fully ensured within political parties, sexism, politics are seen as men’s work, women’s education problem, while the women’s movements have increased in the period from the 1980s to the present. Its power has increased due to reasons such as quota implementation based on changes in electoral systems. Although the number of women in politics has not reached a sufficient level even today, as the sexist approach in society and the obstacles placed in front of women are overcome, the effectiveness and success of Turkish women in political life will increase. Although it is difficult for women to take part in the male-dominated structure in politics, it is seen that women are not willing enough and they struggle less. It is possible to say that women have made important strides in the political arena in the Turkish society led by a female prime minister, Professor Tansu Çiller.

The Motives and Obstacles in Iranian Women’s Participation in Political Life of the Country

The article deals with the overview of the main obstacles in the Iranian women’s participation in the country’s political life originating from the national, cultural, social and economic aspects of Iranian society. Much attention is paid to the factors that motivate both Iranian women and men to participate in politics, as well as the problems that Iranian women face while struggling for their place in the parliament. The peculiarities of the political parties’ activities, the financial aspect of the candidates allowing them to take part in election campaigns, distrust of women in Iranian society (in terms of their public role), the lack of electoral quotas for women are defined as the main factors of their non-participation in the elections. However, Iranian women’s motivation, on the one hand, and the country’s political system, on the other hand, play a significant role, because they are key internal and external factors to be taken into account. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978, the situation with women’s rights in the country improved supported by the Government’s constitutional establishment of equal rights of men and women in political life of Iran. However, other spheres remained unchanged due to strong religious influence. Only in the 1990s the rights of Iranian women to participate in the country’s politics were addressed by domestic and foreign scholars, though their studies do not provide an in-depth analysis of the problems of Iranian women concerned about the participation in political life of the present-day Iran and their solution.

Breaking the glass ceiling: the role of the UN and the EU in promoting women in politics

Politics has traditionally been reserved for men, meaning it has been very difficult‎ for women to enter at the highest level. The progress in gender equality‎ in politics has been uneven so far and significant differences exist among‎ states and regions. The male dominance in state politics has translated into the‎ international realm in international entities and multilateral political platforms‎ as well. Although these entities gradually introduced the principles of gender‎ equality and promoted an increased participation of women in political life in‎ their constituent states through key documents, they face the same problem –‎ how to ensure at least a formal and descriptive representation of women at the‎ highest level and how to translate stated or symbolic gender equality from key‎ documents into practice (symbolic to substantive representation). The aim of‎ this paper is to give an overview of the historical development of the international‎ framework for the equal participation of women in politics. Particularly,‎ this paper analyses how two international entities – the UN and the EU – contribute‎ to overcoming the gender-gap in politics, and whether their activities‎ have influenced an increased participation of women in politics (descriptive‎ representation).‎

Discrimination of Women in Political Life: On the Unconstitutionality of Countervailing Measures in the Thuringian Electoral Act

Discrimination of Women in Political Life: On the Unconstitutionality of Countervailing Measures in the Thuringian Electoral Act

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ УЯВЛЕНЬ ПРО РОЛЬ ЖІНОК У СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНОМУ ЖИТТІ:

У статті розглядаються теоретичні погляди філософів античності відносно ролі жінок у політиці та суспільній діяльності, принцип андрогінності у гностицизмі, єретичний рух та окультизм – епоха повного пригнічення «жіночого», раннє Відродження як епоха перших теорій рівності статей. Погляди філософів нового часу щодо участі жінок в політиці та управлінні державою. Гендерна асиметрія як чинник формування традиційної західної культури. Просвітницькі та соціалістичні ідеї про рівноправ’я жінок та чоловіків. ХХ століття – століття гендерної самосвідомості.

Cold Interests, Hot Conflicts: How a Professional Association Responded to a Change in Political Regimes.

In South America, the 1970s began with ardent sociopolitical crises leading to a wave of repressive military regimes. In Chile, most professional bodies suffered profound structural and functional modifications resulting from internal political polarization as well as state intervention. Nurses saw the same fate befall them, which created both a historical blackout and abrupt changes in power dynamics. Given the prominence of this process in the reconfiguration of modern nursing's identity, this article traces the association's political process during the short-lived 1970s Marxist-inspired government and the response of nurses collectively to the rapid shift into a repressive regime leading to a profound internal crisis and an identity break-up within nursing. By using archival sources and oral testimonies1 of 1970s and 1980s nurses, we reconstruct a historical account of a key period in the history of the country that for the nurses meant a progression of discord and division along with a self-imposed silence on the past. In so doing, the article adds to a growing literature on the participation of women in political life.

Women as Chieftains in Modern Kham History

Abstract Drawing on oral and written Chinese and Tibetan accounts, this paper aims to provide a preliminary discussion of the role of Khampa women in political life by examining the lives of three notable women chieftains in the first half of the twentieth century. The case studies demonstrate that there were different paths or avenues for women to rise to power, since due to traditional biases against female political leaders, limitations and obstacles hindered their ability to access and exercise power. These accounts show that at the key juncture when a family was faced with crisis in the turbulent late Qing and Republican periods, it was often the female ruler who exercised power and authority and saved the family. Their assumption of power was possible because, in situations involving the absence of male heirs, both traditional customary law in Kham and the laws of the late Qing and Republican periods allowed women to inherit titles and positions. These women were caught up in power struggles between multiple forces, notably male leaders within their lineages, competing males from other lineages, sub-state agents like provincial warlords, the Chinese state and sometimes the Tibetan government. These examples demonstrate how the fragmentary, decentralised nature of interstitial polities opened up additional spaces for local leadership and particularly for female leadership.

La paridad en la participación política de las mujeres en México, bajo la tutela del derecho constitucional y convencional

The convention to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW), has indicated that discrimination is understood as “any distinction, exclusion or restriction based on sex (…) in the political, economic, social, cultural and civil or in any other sphere “; politics has been one of the substantive areas in which the situation of inequality between women and men is expressed, its devices and structures have restricted the right of women to access and participate in the same way as men in political spaces and of decision making. In the constitutional reform of 2014 in electoral political matters, a decisive step was taken to eliminate the legendary discrimination of women that has existed, in the political-electoral sphere, especially in the active participation of women in political life of the country, their right to be voted in positions of popular election, on equal terms with men, with a gender parity. In the present work, it is not only intended to carry out a study of this relevant constitutional reform in political-electoral matters, through which, among other issues, gender parity was addressed; but also, a study of the right to be voted from the gender parity approach will be carried out in light of the criteria of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch.

Forced to vote, but not for women. The effect of compulsory voting on voting for women

Compulsory voting is an underexposed factor of the electoral system that possibly influences women’s descriptive representation. Studlar and McAllister (Eur J Polit Res 41(2):233–253, 2002) found a negative effect, but no theoretical explanations were given. We develop two possible explanations: voters who only vote because they have to are less politically sophisticated, and therefore vote less sophisticatedly, and/or they have different attitudes about women in political life. From our study, we are able to detect a gendered effect of compulsory voting in Belgium’s flexible-list PR system, but only the vote sophistication explanation is confirmed. Voters who would no longer vote without compulsory voting significantly vote more for top candidates (mostly men) and give significantly less preference votes for candidates lower down the list. This points us to the complexity of the ballot structure as an important new dimension that could help explain gendered voting effects of compulsory voting systems. Finally, since different effects for formal and descriptive representation appear, we posit that compulsory voting constitutes a dilemma for women activists.

The role of women in the political life of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

As a human activity, politics has long been intended for men only, with women and other minority groups not being allowed to participate in either the social or the political life of the community. Starting in the 1970s, the role of woman within our social and political life strengthened in several countries, but only with legal and incentive measures. The role of women in Bosnian -Herzegovinian society, public life, does not meet the quotas introduced in 1997, which require a 40% women involvement in politics. The research covers the period from 2016 since the last election to date. The aim of the research was to determine the level of representation of women in the political life of BiH at the Federation of BiH, cantonal and local level, respectively. The key hypothesis of this paper is as follows: Is the low level of representation within political bodies of the Federation of BiH, cantonal and local level, respected? Research has shown that women in the BiH Federation are not sufficiently represented in political life. In terms of percentage, no part of the survey pertaining to prime locations, ministerial posts, mayor's seats, and mayors meets the prescribed quota of women's representation in politics being 40%. The Bosnian - Herzegovinian society, if it wants to go in the direction of progress and development, and democratic society, must increase the participation of women in social and political life. Only those societies and states that exclude all forms of discrimination and increase human rights, especially women's rights, as equal members of the community can call themselves democratic and developed societies.

The role of Muslim women in political life based on the examples of selected Muslim countries

The topic of those publication is the role of Muslim women in political and social life. Presents the first women in Islam, which played an important role in politics. Presents some Muslim countries and the presence of women in the governments of these countries. It describes the degree of their involvement in politics. Discusses the factors that affect the growth of the role of women in the political arena and those that limit their participation in political and social life. You’ll find the answer to the question whether the high rate of GDP has an impact on women’s involvement in social and political life.

Gender and the experiences of local elected members – a focus on Wales

ABSTRACTThis article explores issue of gender in relation to the experiences of local elected members. Member experiences are important as this may be one of the factors which lie behind the under-representation of women in political life at all levels. This article is focused on Wales where women make up 26% of local councillors, hold only 20% of cabinet positions and occupy one Leader position. This article reports on the views of male and female councillors from a number of Welsh authorities who, when interviewed, identified very different experiences of elected office. Central to their experiences are their routes into office, personal circumstances and societal influences. The existence of a dominant male political culture is evident and this may have an impact on the participation of women in local political life.

Poles’ attitudes towards the idea of introduction of additional mechanisms increasing participation of Polish women in political life

In a discussion about a place of women in contemporary political life, the role of various actions and mechanisms aiming at increasing female involvement is extremely significant, since today women represent slightly more than half of the world population, and their participation in formal political structures remains insignificant. Without any doubt, since 1989, one may observe increasing women’s role in Polish political life. One of the proofs for it is a higher number of women registered as candidates before parliamentary elections, as well as higher percentage of women in Polish Sejm. In spite of this, Polish women are still less active in the political life than men, which results from the existence of several barriers hindering their participation and involvement in politics. The main aim of this article is to analyse the opinion of Poles on the activities of women in political life and introduction of additional mechanisms having the potential to increase women’s participation in political bodies. The research was based on empirical data collected in November and December 2013 within the project “Political preferences: Attitude – Identification – Behavior”.