Election Of Women Research Articles

Feminist Movement in Turkey in the 1990s

According to a feminism worldview, women should have economic, social, civil, political, and cultural rights. For this, women need to go a long, controversial and interesting path. On the one hand, they are aware of their place in society, in the state, and on the other hand, they are trying to change the cultural norms that cause oppression. Turkey is the only country in which the majority of the population is Muslim, and at the same time, it is a candidate for EU membership. Turkey has managed to create a progress-oriented state. This is a well-planned and calculated path with predetermined steps, paved with the reforms of the founder of the republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938). The problem of feminism is one of the most lively topics in republican Turkey. The processes taking place in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century prepared a solid ground for further development of the feminist movement. On October 29, 1923, after Turkey was declared a republic, the feminist movement took a new direction. The feminist movement in Turkey went through three periods. The first period includes the processes of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and “Europeanization”, which led to the advancement of the women’s problems to the fore and the active struggle for the rights and place of educated Ottoman women in society. The second period was determined by the civil law on the participation of women in elections, adopted in republican Turkey in 1926. And the third one was the period of the 1990s, when the feminist movement became more widespread and active. Feminist policies have been founded and carried out, the role of women in government structures has increased; feminist organizations were created in Istanbul, Ankara and Antalya, etc. In the 1990s, the movement of Muslim feminists, Islamist women, known as “Islamic feminism”, became active in Turkey. After the creation of the republic in Turkey, religious associations came under the direct subordination and control of the state. There have been prepared various projects to solve women’s problems. Centers for the study of women’s issues have been opened at universities. For the first time, women spoke openly about sexual freedom, etc.

Women's Alternative Media: Agents of Change on the Issue of Women's Roles in Indonesia

ABSTRACTProgress in achieving gender equality and empowering women in Indonesia has been too slow and fragmented. The media can provide a voice and a platform for placing women's role issues on the development agenda. As in the education, health, economic, labor, and political sectors. However, in reality, there is a significant gender gap in mainstream media companies so that women are not represented optimally and steps to improve gender equality are limited. Alternative media is very possible to take a role in explaining issues of gender equality and women's empowerment. Because this type of media can connect various sectors, including trade unions, social movements, organizations and various elements of society. Researchers use the concept of gender and communication development, Standpoint theory, and alternative media. The approach used in this study is literature review research methodology. The results of this study explain that journalists in alternative media consider gender awareness and sensitivity important in themselves to be able to protect and defend women's interests. In fact, alternative media provide wide opportunities for journalists to raise strategic issues of equality and women's empowerment. Keywords: Alternative, Empowerment, Journalists, Media, Women Election

The Status of Elected Women Representatives in Rural Assam, India: Their Performance in Local Self Government

One of the important agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations is gender equality. Despite possessing constitutional privileges like 50 percent seat reservation for women in panchayat elections in Assam, India, their actual performance is still up for debate in many discussions. So, using the TOPSIS approach composite index on the performance of elected women representatives has developed. Then, using the ordinary least square method, their performance was assessed against key variables based on primary data collected from the Hailakandi Development Block of Hailakandi District of Southern Assam, India for identification of factors influencing their performances for policy changes.

Political Violence Against Women: Challenges Faced in General Elections and Politics

This paper aimed to analyze and describe the discrimination faced by women in politics and general elections. The research method used was a literature review of scientific papers, books, newspapers, and other reading materials relevant to the research. The data collected was examined and reviewed. The study used the theories of Anne Philips and Nadezhda Svedova regarding women’s political representation. The results and conclusions of this paper found that women’s political representation is still deficient, caused by several factors such as patriarchal and masculine culture, dynasty politics that prioritize kinship, recruitment systems that are not women-friendly and financial limitations. Keywords: Political Violence, Women’s Representation, Challenges

Factors Determining the Greater Participation of Women in Local Government Presidential Elections in Poland

The issue of women’s representation in the bodies of executive power in Polish local government is generating increasing interest in the context of women’s activity in local politics. The purpose of the publication is to explain the reasons affecting the low representation of women in local presidential elections. The author answers the question of the low representation of women in mayoral elections and examines whether existing stereotypes about the role of women in society are the main barrier affecting the decision to run in these local government elections. Are there also other reasons that hinder running for the city’s executive body? With the research questions posed in this way, the author aims not only to initiate a discussion on women’s participation in local government bodies, but also to determine the reasons for their underrepresentation and to identify effective methods of counteracting this phenomenon once the barriers are identified.

Politik Identitas Gender dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Tahun 2020 di Kota Makassar

Identity politics in democracy continues to be a topic of discussion, particularly regarding issues related to gender, religion, language, race, and ethnicity. These factors are often studied in the context of political identity during election periods, such as during the 2020 election in the city of Makassar. , Fatmawati Rusdi is the only female contestant in the Makassar City Election and makes history for women in the government seat for the next five years. The purpose is to describe how gender identity politics became a strategy for winning the 2020 regional elections in Makassar City. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive research method with a literature study and observation approach. The research results explain the gender identity politics in the Makassar City election, where Fatmawati Rusdi became the first female deputy mayor in Makassar City, the only woman to compete in the Makassar City election, Fatmawati Rusdi applied direct communication (door-to-door) with the community instead of image building in the media. Conclusion from this research, the involvement of women in local elections happened almost throughout Indonesia, especially in the city of Makassar, starting with the 2020 local elections where a woman was elected as the Deputy Mayor of Makassar. To win, Fatmawati Rusdi used the right strategy to gain the support of the mothers of the taklim councils in the alleys, one of the female sports communities often cycling, which greatly helped in the approach of campaigning and delivering the programs to be done when in office

Winning Women’s Votes: Dotty Lynch and the Role of Gender in American Political Polling

As the chief pollster for Gary Hart’s 1984 race for the Oval Office, Dorothea “Dotty” Lynch became the first female pollster to head the polling unit for a presidential campaign. Lynch’s work reconstructed how the field of political consulting regarded the role of women in elections by making women’s issues a central focus of a US presidential candidate’s campaign strategy, and by actively recruiting more women to work on presidential campaigns. Her work is also significant for the contribution she made to help explain why the gender gap played a critical role in American politics and elections.

Performance of Women-led Political Parties in Lesotho’s 2022 National Elections

Since the dawn of multi-party democracy in Lesotho in 1993, few political parties have been formed and led by women, and they are not doing well. The main political parties lack the political will and commitment to nominate women as leaders. In the elections of 7 October 2022, none of the main political parties were led by women and none of them won a single constituency. While many women-led parties could not make it into parliament, a few women leaders got into parliament through Proportional Representation (PR). Four women-led political parties contested the election, all of them performing dismally. It is important to explore why women-led political parties did not perform well, as Lesotho has signed and ratified international protocols on women’s empowerment and equality in politics, among others, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolution 1325, the African Union (AU) Maputo Protocol, and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on gender and development. All these urge member states to ensure meaningful participation of women in politics and elections, specifically as leaders. We assess the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 5) on gender equality and women empowerment to measure the progress Lesotho has made and the challenges yet to be addressed. This article explores factors that contributed to this poor performance and analyses the reasons for the poor performance by reviewing relevant documents regarding the performance of women-led political parties in Lesotho’s 2022 national elections.

Voting for women in recent Canadian elections

Voting for women in recent Canadian elections

Analisis Budaya Patriarki dalam Partisipasi Politik Perempuan: Studi Kasus Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Tahun 2005-2020 di Kota Depok

Patriarchal culture creates gender stereotypes, limited access to political networks, and a social stigma for women who want to be involved in political activities. The gender gap is also evident in political representation where women hold a smaller percentage of political positions than men. The city of Depok, as a buffer zone for the capital city, is still thick with this culture, as evidenced by the minimal participation of women in regional elections from year to year. This study will analyze the obstacles to women's political participation in Indonesia caused by patriarchal culture. The case study used is the 2005-2020 Pilkada in Depok City. This research is a qualitative - explanatory research using observation and literature studies to find a deeper understanding of the problems being faced. This study uses three main theories, namely the theory of patriarchy, political participation, and gender stereotypes. From the data that has been analyzed, the main cause of the low political participation of women in the Pilkada in Depok City from 2005-2020 is the strong patriarchal culture. Several factors cause the patriarchal culture to continue to develop in Depok City, namely gender stereotypes, low political education, double burden, and weak political party support for women during elections. This study recommends policy interventions in efforts to increase the level of education for women such as increasing women's representation in political parties, increasing the level of education for women, and empowering women in various sectors such as entrepreneurship, health, and so on to eliminate patriarchal culture and increase women's political participation in Indonesia.

Jordanian Women’s Political Participation in The Nineteenth Parliament Elections (2020): The Beginning of the Political Rise of Jordanian Women?

Objectives: This study seeks to elucidate the significance of Jordanian women's political engagement in parliamentary elections by assessing their participation rights, examining the process of women's candidacy within the quota system, and evaluating their representation in open electoral competition. Methods: The research used the descriptive analytical method to identify the nature of Jordanian women's participation in the elections of the nineteenth parliament for (2020). This was conducted by analyzing the texts of the Jordanian Constitution and those of the Election Law for the parliament as well as identifying their contents, implications and objectives to find appropriate solutions to ensure the participation of Jordanian women in the parliamentary elections in addition to the study and analysis of statistical tables. Results: The results indicated that the Parliament’s Election Law granted Jordanian women the right to vote for membership in the Parliament while the Jordanian women participated as voters and candidates in the 19th Parliament elections for the year (2020). Yet, the results showed that the Election Law specified a mechanism for Jordanian women's candidacy for the women's quota and determined the extent of Jordanian women's representation through free competition for the electoral district. Conclusions: The study recommended the necessity that the competent authorities in Jordan shall review the Election Law for the Parliament periodically together with the need to amend the Election Law to specify a quota for women in the seats allocated to the Circassians, Chechens and Christians to ensure real equality in rights and duties between men and women

Gender and Islam in Village Head Elections in Kudus Regency in 2022

<p>Gender relations and Islam occupy a distinctive space in the succession of village heads. This research will highlight gender relations with Islam and the involvement of female nationalists and Islamists in village head elections. This field research uses a qualitative research method of narrative data analysis. Data were obtained from unstructured interviews, documents, focus group discussions (FGD), and literature. This research found that there is a relationship between gender and Islam in the village head elections in Kudus Regency in 2022. This relationship can be seen from the involvement of Islamist and nationalist women in village head elections, as voters, candidates, to the success team. The conflict between adat and Islam which does not allow women to be involved in leadership succession, and even involved in the wider public sphere, is not a barrier. Kudus Regency women continue to respect Islam in the formal dimension, while gender equality between men and women is considered a form of justice.</p><p> </p>

Czynniki warunkujące liczbę kandydatek w wyborach bezpośrednich organów wykonawczych gmin w Polsce po 2002 roku

This article presents the determinants of a certain number of women running for municipal executive positions in direct elections from 2006 to 2018 in 2421 municipalities in Poland. The results reveal a persistent pattern of determinants of female candidates’ recruitment. The increased interest of women in these positions is influenced, among other things, by the candidacy of women in previous elections both for municipal councils and, above all, for executive positions. Fewer female candidates are found in municipalities with stronger political incumbents. The levelling of the discovered pattern is disrupted when municipalities are in debt. High debt initially deters women from running and then attracts them. This means that female candidates appear in indebted municipalities in which men are less interested, behave as representatives of minority groups and do not compete in numbers unlike men.

Exploring Suitable Electoral Systems for Promotion of Women’s Representation in Tanzania and Rwanda

This article explores suitable electoral system(s) for the promotion of women’s representation in the Tanzania and Rwanda from a legal standpoint. The scrutiny of international law finds an absence of legal guidance on the favorable electoral system for enhancing the participation of women in elections, except trivially under the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The Declaration calls for states and parties to adopt electoral systems that encourage political parties to nominate women candidates. The first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system as applied in Tanzania operates without candidate gender thresholds, and consequently does not encourage political parties to nominate women candidates. While the proportional representation (PR) electoral system has placed Rwanda as a global leader in women’s representation in parliament, the system is set at 30 percent and does not expressly decree the gender quota or the positioning of women in the political parties’ candidate lists. This article discusses the advantages and challenges associated with the FPTP electoral system as well as the PR electoral system in Tanzania and Rwanda respectively, in light of international law principles, and offers recommendations on needed adjustments.

Political representation of women in legislative assembly elections of Assam

The representation of women in legislative assembly elections of Assam have not improved since independence. Although Assam has a dignified history of women but they are not included in decision making and party politics of the state. Assam had witnessed a decline of percentage of women elected members of legislative assembly (MLA). In 2021 lowest number of women MLA’s are elected in comparison to other consecutive years. Here in this study, an attempt is made to observe political party-wise change in percentage of elected women MLA’s of Assam from 2001 to 2021. Moreover, the study had tried to bring percentage comparison between elected male and female MLA’s of Assam. Further, the study had also observed difference between contested and won women candidates in Assam legislative assembly elections. The result of the study shows that there is need of further improvement in representation of women in Assam politics. The study also shows huge difference between male and female elected MLA’s in legislative assembly elections of Assam. Regional political parties of Assam should give more candidature to women candidates in legislative elections in comparison to national political parties of the country.

Political representation of women in legislative assembly elections of Assam

Political representation of women in legislative assembly elections of Assam

Spillover effects of quota or parity laws: The case of Ecuador women mayors

AbstractThis article considers whether quota or parity laws designed to improve the representation of women in plurinominal elections have a spillover effect to uninominal elections. It tests empirically the effects of quota and parity legislations implemented in Ecuador for plurinominal elections on the proportion of women elected as mayors. Based on an unpublished database, our results show that, after the implementation of such legislation, the probability of a woman being elected as mayor almost doubles (ceteris paribus). We also find evidence that a possible causal chain effect of the documented spillover effects is the increasing importance of female role models, motivated by institutional changes shaped by the new legislation.

SEKEDAR MELENGKAPI ATAU MEMENUHI SYARAT DEMOKRASI? MEMBACA TINGKAT PARTISIPASI PEREMPUAN DALAM PEMILU 2019 DI KOTA BEKASI

This article discusses about the level of women's participation in the 2019 general elections in Bekasi City. The participation of women in general elections can be seen from the participation of women as voters, an election organizers, and election participants. Based on the final voter list, there are 50.24% women voters in Bekasi, which is more than men voters. However, this large number is not correlated with women representation in legislative institutions or election organizers.The affirmative action that was fought for since the 2004 election regarding the quota of 30% for women in the parliament until the 2019 election has never been reached. The number of women's votes acquired in the 2019 elections in Bekasi City was 16% or 8 elected candidates of 50 total elected candidates. The legislative candidates with the top serial number still occupy votes. On the other hand, women candidates who have first serial number are only 24%. The representation of women in the election management as regulated in the Law on Election Organizer uses the word "pay attention to" for at least 30% (thirty percent) of women representation. The word "pay attention" implies the sense that there is no obligation or necessity for the composition of women as much as 30 percent both in the General Election Commission and in the Election Supervisory Agency. So that the number of women in election organizer is still very low, starting from the national level to the lowest level.

Polish, and Slovak, Women in the European Parliament: an Analysis of the Results of the Election Held in May 2019

Abstract The objective of our paper is to analyse the political activity of Polish, and Slovak, women in EP elections; we aim to determine, among other things: whether gender quotas are a decisive factor for women’s electoral success, or do other factors result in an increase/decrease in the number of female candidates and the number of women MEPs? What are the particular characteristics of women representing Poland, and Slovakia, in the EP? What was their path to the EP? Which (conservative, liberal) parties are more willing to put women forward in EP elections? Poland introduced the so-called gender quotas into the electoral system, while Slovakia does not have such legal solutions in place. However, when comparing Slovakia to the situation in Poland, it can be stated that although there is a system of election quotas in Poland, its practical implementation may be purely theoretical. In percentage terms, the number of Slovak women elected to the European Parliament (except 2019) was significantly higher than in Poland, even though there is no quota system in the Slovak Republic. The success of Polish, and Slovak, women in the elections to the EP of the 9th term is the result of many factors, which include so-called electoral engineering (quotas, gender balance, first and second places on lists), electoral strategy of a party, but above all, political and social activity of the women themselves. We consider the last factor to be determinant in this respect.

The Contingent Effects of Sexism in Primary Elections

Although the landscape for female candidates in U.S. politics has improved, research continues to find that many voters possess sexist attitudes. We rely on a standard political communication framework to help reconcile sexism in the electorate with increasingly favorable outcomes for women in primary elections. Based on two national survey experiments, we first demonstrate that in the absence of gendered campaign rhetoric, sexism is a weak predictor of support for female candidates on both sides of the political aisle. We then show, however, that when a male candidate attempts to activate sexism among voters by attacking a female opponent, gender attitudes become more salient—but not to the woman’s disadvantage. In a Democratic primary, gendered attacks backfire and lead to a significant boost in support for the female candidate. On the Republican side, a male candidate does not face the same backlash, but the attacks do very little to depress his female opponent’s support. While the persistence of hostile attitudes toward women has slowed the march toward gender equality in society, our experimental results suggest that sexism exerts only contingent effects in primary elections and not systematically to female candidates’ detriment.