Women's Emancipation Movement Research Articles

Muslim Women Emancipation Discourse: Analyzing the Legal Thoughts of Muhammad Quraish Shihab

This article aims to analyze several issues on women in Muhammad Quraish Shihab's fatwās (legal opinions) contained in several of his works in the form of questions and answers. This study departs from the existing studies on Muslim women's emancipation movements, particularly which have become a common trend in the modern Muslim world, including in Indonesia. Shihab's thoughts on Muslim women are worth studying because he attempts to unravel the primary Islamic religious texts that deal with women's issues within their initial context to provide religious instructions for Muslim women today without necessarily renouncing the traditional methods of reasoning. This article argues that Shihab's articulation of Indonesian women's fiqh (jurisprudence) using exegetical logic opens a broader space and provides an alternative for more emancipatory interpretations of religious texts operating within the grand corridor of Islamic religious and intellectual tradition.

Women’s emancipation movement in Old Kingdom Romania. Sequences of a paradigm shift

The present paper highlights some of the contrasts and inconsistencies accompanying women's emancipation process in the Old Kingdom of Romania. In the second half of the 19th-century, Romanian society witnessed a paradigm shift best translated into the increasingly active role of women in society. It wasn't a sudden change in women's status but a gradual adaptation of the collective mind to new cultural contexts (political, social, economic, and technological). Withal, the women's emancipation movement can be understood as part of the modernization puzzle, "the best of all worlds," requiring the full involvement of both sexes. Urban elite representatives, organized in feminist societies, campaigned for women's civil and political rights, overcoming the official discourse centered on the "natural" differences between men and women. Another battle was fought to dismiss the socially constructed gender differences that destined men to public spaces and power roles while women remained cloistered in their homes. In other words, the Romanian society was willing to cultivate the woman only in her capacity as a mother (metaphorically, mother of the nation), wife, and good Christian, and less as a full-fledged citizen. As Romanian society matures and culture increases, the "feminist cause" gains more consistency, advocating for legal and economic equality, followed by political rights. Also, by navigating the list of permissions and prohibitions, women found new ways to overcome the sexual division of roles.

Women’s Simmering Discontent, and Emancipatory Attempts in Margaret Laurence’s The Fire-Dwellers

The Fire-Dwellers (1969) is one of the Manawaka series novels of Margaret Laurence. The novel was written at the time when women’s emancipation movements were gaining momentum, primarily in the United States, but in other parts of the world as well. So, clearly, the narrative is largely affected by women’s simmering discontent with their stagnant lives in Canada too. The novel reflects Canadian women’s desire to free themselves from the common drudgery at home and to be part of a more active populace working outside the home, themselves writing the rules of their lives. The woman protagonist in the novel, Stacey MacAindra, is a common housewife taking care of her husband and their four children. She feels she is happy keeping the societal values intact but suddenly feels frustrated realizing one day that she is the only one in her family whose existence in the family is only for others, while to everyone else in the family their lives are important for themselves, not for others. However, my reading of The Fire-Dwellers is that Margaret Laurence was not in total disregard of family values, or for complete independence of women from the patriarchal system as we see it in women's emancipation movements today.

Liderazgo femenil en el protestantismo chileno

The objective of this article is to explore the ecclesial and political leadership of María Aguirre Aguilar by identifying elements that outline her participation in the Chilean Methodist Church and the women's emancipation movement between 1920 and 1945. María Aguirre's leadership emerges in one of the most significant socio-historical moments of the Methodist church in the incorporation of women into the ecclesiastical hierarchy, which is linked to the convergence of feminist movements and Methodist women's societies. It is hoped that the work will be an input for research on women's leadership in Protestant churches. For the development of the study, bibliographic reviews of the newspapers "El Cristiano" and "El Heraldo Cristiano" were carried out. In addition to unpublished documents provided by the director of the Documentation Center of the Methodist Church of Chile. For the analysis it was necessary to resort to feminist methodologies for the formation of female leaders and typology of female leadership.

The Alabaster Ceiling: The Gender Legacy of the Papal States

We investigate the legacy of the former Papal States on modern female condition by comparing Italian municipalities located in a narrow band across the border between the former Papal States and the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany. While in the Papal States gender inequality was particularly severe, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany experienced a relatively stronger female emancipation. We find that one century after the fall of the Papal States, in the municipalities formerly ruled by the Pope, there is lower female labour market participation and employment when compared to their counterparts in Tuscany, while we do not detect any discontinuity for males. We also find that in the former Papal States there is less political support for the legal right to divorce, historically advocated by women emancipation movements.

Gender dan Emansipasi Perempuan dalam Pendidikan Islam

The Islamic education problems that are often criticized by the West are gender issues, Islamic education is considered west to overrule the role of women in Islamic education, whereas in Islamic education since the beginning of Islam Strongly uphold women's standing, especially in terms of inheritance and the similarity of rights and obligations in science. In modern eras of women's emancipation movement in Islam are more likely to follow the western mindset, the activists of Islamic feminism could take a pattern of the Muslim philosopher Greek Helereism, as in classical Islam the Muslim philosopher could put aside the philosophical thought of Greek Helenism that was incompatible with the teachings of Islam, as well as to take the thought of Helenism Greek that matched the spirit of Islam. This article is an explanation of the gender movements and emancipation of women in particular in Islamic education. It is important to reconstruct the fundamentals of Islamic perspectives, because Islam has a universal view and equal rights in education between men and women is the same as other aspects and gender should be the same. Influenced by Islamic spiritual, especially in the rules of education for Muslims

Women's Environmental Literacy As Social Capital In Environmental Management For Environmental Security of Urban Area

This study is about experience of women's role in environmental management to raise environmental security and form of women's emancipation movement. Environmental concerns conducted by residents of urban women who become environmental activists based on environmental literacy. Because of that, women's experience in interacting with both physic and social environment have differences in managing the environment including managing household waste by applying the principles of the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) and their persuasive efforts on their communities. This is the key to achieving sustainable development by anticipating environmental problem and preserving the environment. This study is conducted qualitative research method and its type is descriptive-explanative. The result of this study is environmental literacy of women activist on pro-environment action in their community that has achieved spiritual environmental literacy. Environmental literacy may differ due to internal and external condition of each individual. Pro-environment activities conducted as a form of responsibility of environmental concern such as eco-management, educational, and economic action, by persuading residents to proactively and consistently continue to do environmental management and develop a sense of community in shaping the networks of environmental concern in local context for global effect.

Gaining a Public Voice: Ottoman women's struggle to survive in the print life of early twentieth-century Ottoman society, and the example of Halide Edib (1884–1964)

After delving into the emergence of women in Ottoman print culture and the challenges associated with this process, this paper focuses on women's periodicals which provided a platform for women writers, education for a female audience and a means of communication between both parties. Analysing the social and technical challenges of establishing independently run and long-lived women's journals under the restrictive circumstances of the early twentieth century's gender-segregated Ottoman society, this article not only documents women's struggle for survival in the publishing world but also explains why women's periodicals and their female authors had an ephemeral print life. After acknowledging the role of print culture in the women's emancipation movement, the focus is on Halide Edib as an exceptional example in terms of her survival and transformation from unknown to world-renowned author. Her struggle to enter and become established in the print life of the late Ottoman society illustrates the potential and available positions for women in the publishing sphere and explains the failure of her female contemporaries to achieve success in this area.

Male feminism: men's participation in women's emancipation movements and debates. Case studies from Belgium and France (1967–1984)

This article investigates the political militancy of men for women's rights in Belgium and France from the late 1960s until the early 1980s. First, it discusses various perceptions of male feminism by female feminists: some insisted on the need for female autonomy and others on the necessity of male support to transform gender relations. Second, it distinguishes three different forms of male activism: participation in mixed-sex feminist groups; collaboration with feminist movements as coalition partner; and establishing feminist-inspired ‘men's groups’ to analyse masculine identities. Finally, it explores men's motivations to advocate women's rights (supporting reforms for the emancipation of women without questioning the position of men; analysing structural dimensions of women's oppression within wider political projects; criticism of traditional sexist masculinity models; and heterosexuality, emotions and personal concern for individual women's private lives). This article demonstrates that a small minority of men fought actively for women's emancipation, within and alongside feminist movements, under the conditions laid down by female feminists. However, their motivations were very diverse regarding the relationships among women's rights, social justice and the construction of masculine identities. The ambiguous relationships between female and male feminism, resulting from men's diverse positions towards the women's movement, will also be explained.

Bernard Shaw's neglected role in English feminism 1880–1914

George Bernard Shaw has been neglected, even sometimes actively rejected by post 1970s feminist and gender historians writing about the women's emancipation movement in late Victorian and Edwardian England. This neglect is documented and contrasted with the views of feminists prior to the Second World War and with those of Shaw scholars. The very significant role Shaw played in the campaigns to combat patriarchy, redefine gender roles, change the marriage laws and achieve female suffrage during this period is then described. It is shown that the arguments he used and the language he employed have many similarities with those used by Germaine Greer. Finally, the reasons for the historical neglect of Shaw are critically considered. It is argued that, while the political views Shaw expressed in later life make his rejection understandable, far from deserving neglect he should be regarded as an inspirational influence.

From Men-Women Equality to Gender Equality: The Zigzag Road of Women's Political Participation in China

Men and women's equality as a focus of Marxist women's theory has become the theoretical basis for the socialist women's emancipation movement since the founding of the New China in 1949. However, the scene of equality in China has changed tremendously since the 1980s. This paper aims at facilitating a specific historical understanding of the issue of women's political participation in China and asks questions such as why the theory of men and women's equality during the 1980s appeared to be questioned? What were the key challenges before this theory and practice? Why was there a theoretical shift during the 1990s? Taking the issue of women's political participation in China as an example, we can see that the road of women's liberation has been a zigzag one and the theories and practice of gender equality have been ambiguous. My argument is that we should look for something beyond numbers and percentages when, for example, analyzing the issues of women's political participation.

СолдатÑкие жены в XVIII – начале XX в.: опыт реконÑтрукции Ñоциального ÑтатуÑа,

The article examines legal and social status of Russian soldier’s wives, their mentality, sociocultural character and their everyday life in the Russian Empire (XVIII – the beginning of the XX centuries) with the help of archives, reminiscences, statistics and ethnographic sources. The author researches soldier’s wives petitions, the attitude of central and local authorities towards them, their means of social adaptation. Are displayed the peculiarities of the soldier’s wives deviant behavior (prostitution, infanticide and others). The author also examines the activity of soldier’s wives organizations (soyuzov soldatok) in 1917, the structure of soldier’s families and the peculiarities of their demographic behavior. In this article are uncovered professional favors of soldier’s wives and their participation in the women emancipation movement in Russia.

Sylvia Paletschek and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, eds. Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 448 pp. Cloth $60.00.

Sylvia Paletschek and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, eds. Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 448 pp. Cloth $60.00. - Volume 45 Issue 2

Sylvia Paletschek and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, editors. <italic>Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective</italic>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2004. Pp. xiv, 428. $60.00

Journal Article Sylvia Paletschek and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, editors. Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2004. Pp. xiv, 428. $60.00 Get access Paletschek Sylvia and Pietrow-Ennker Bianka, editors. Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2004. Pp. xiv, 428. $60.00. Rebecca Rogers Rebecca Rogers Marc Bloch University, Strasbourg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 109, Issue 5, December 2004, Pages 1631–1632, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/109.5.1631 Published: 01 December 2004

Reviews of Books:Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective Sylvia Paletschek, Bianka Pietrow-Ennker

Reviews of Books:Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective Sylvia Paletschek, Bianka Pietrow-Ennker

Women's emancipation movements in the nineteenth century: a European perspective

The nineteenth century, a time of far-reaching cultural, political, and socio-economic transformation in Europe, brought about fundamental changes in the role of women. Women achieved this by fighting for their rights in the legal, economic, and political spheres. In the various parts of Europe, this process went forward at a different pace and followed different patterns. Most historical research up to now has ignored this diversity, preferring to focus on women's emancipation movements in major western European countries such as Britain and France. The present volume provides a broader context to the movement by including countries both large and small from all regions of Europe. Fourteen historians, all of them specialists in women's history, examine the origins and development of women's emancipation movements in their respective areas of expertise. By exploring the cultural and political diversity of nineteenth-century Europe and at the same time pointing out connections to questions explored by conventional scholarship, the essays shed new light on common developments and problems.

Misogyny, Cultural Nihilism, and Oppositional Politics: Contemporary Chinese Experimental Fiction (review)

194 China Review International: Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 1998© 1998 by University ofHawai'i Press of Chinese nationalism, so Western concepts and power diplomacy could not prevent the KMT's failure on the mainland. The revolutionary reforms of the Chinese Nationalists did not take place until Chiang moved the seat ofhis government to Taiwan. It took two generations of Chiang's regime, or four decades, for the KMT to modernize their party and society. A large collection of Chiang's papers, long known as the mysterious "Dash'i Archives," have recently been released by die KMT government on Taiwan. These documents, which were not available during the preparation of this book, will be useful for any further discussion on the subject. Xiao-bing Li University of Central Oklahoma Xiao-bing Li is an assistantprofessor ofhistory specializing in Sino-American relations during the Cold War. Lu Tonglin. Misogyny, Cultural Nihilism, and Oppositional Politics: Contemporary Chinese Experimental Fiction. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. xi, 235 pp. Hardcover $39.50, isbn 0-8047-2463-6. Paperback $14.95, isbn 0-8047-2464-4. In this book Lu Tonglin unveils a literary project in which the hitherto seemingly subversive tendencies of twentieth-century writing no longer seem able to deploy the dissenting "minority discourse" that was once the mainstay of their "communist fathers." Instead, the majority have elected an "oppositional discourse against this already oppositional ideology," which, writes Lu, may lead to "a dangerous identification witii a conservative position previously occupied by the Confucian grandfathers." In the few phrases just quoted, the reader will have noticed that Lu Tonglin foregrounds, righdy, the dominant patriarchal nature of the lineage of modern Chinese writing. Indeed, these phrases encapsulate the tone ofwhat is an astute and scholarly book that addresses the serious and pervasive concerns about the representation ofwomen and femininity, and the increasing dominance of masculinism and misogyny in the Chinese writerly practice. She makes this compelling claim: "The misogynistic discourse common among contemporary Chinese experimental fiction writers results in part from a subversive intent against the failed women's emancipation movement promoted by May Fourth radicals and the Communist party" (p. 155). Reviews 195 She brings to her discussion a close knowledge ofmodern mainland history informed by personal experience and tempered by scholarly reflection. The texts in question are thus finely historicized and contextualized, and her readings and comments take us beyond the habitual clichés of China-watching area studies and modernized sinology. Indeed, Lu's work is that ofa scholar consistently reflecting on the relatedness ofthe historical reality to contemporary literary production. That recognition ofthe importance ofhistory and her reading of the twentieth century sets her apart from many ofher contemporaries. Similarly, her use of theory is judicious. Given Lu's attention to maintaining within her contextual frame the historical and social realities, it is not surprising that her book should be informed by Luce Irigaray, a French feminist and psychoanalytical theorist who is also, importantly, an activist who, despite her marginalized status within her own academic community, is determined to see feminism at work in society and not confined to bookshelves. In the six chapters of this book, Lu Tonglin provides impressive and well-argued , passionate readings ofa number ofimportant contemporary writers including the two writers whose books have provided such rich pickings for Fifth Generation cinematic exploitation, the novelists Mo Yan {Red Sorghum) and Su Tong {Raise High the Red Lantern). There is also a detailed and fascinating reading of woman writer Can Xue's work, which Lu reads as subversive ofthe patriarchal order. Thus, Lu provides provocative and unorthodox readings of some ofthe better- and lesser-known texts ofpost-Mao experimental fiction. In chapter 4, Lu has some poignant remarks to make on the work of Zhaxi Dawa, who is known for his stories representing the ideological and identity confusion ofpresent-day Tibet. However, his concern over one oppression fails to extend to a more enlightened discursive treatment ofwomen. Indeed, as Lu Tonglin notes, in a Chinese and global context in which "political, cultural and ideological values have become nonsensical," Zhaxi Dawa clings to sexual difference as a provider of meaning, "reducing women to objects and signs that support...

Reply: Case Studies Enough for a General Model?

Louise Tilly's contribution to our understanding of the long-run develop ment of women's political and social rights is to be welcomed. It is almost two decades since the publication of the first substantive analysis of the development of women's emancipation movements, and many of the later surveys of recent literature are often more descriptive than analytical.1 At the same time, the process by which women have achieved citizenship, particularly within a European context, has been characterized by signifi cant national differences and temporal discontinuities. Finland was the first country to enfranchise women in 1907, although they had been allowed to participate in local elections in Norway from 1902 onward. But women only gained the vote in Switzerland in 1972 and in Liechtenstein they had to wait until 1986 to achieve this objective. The gap between the initial development of women's lobby groups and the final achievement of politi cal enfranchisement was considerable in some cases: The first feminist congress was held in France in 1878, but women were only given the vote there in 1944 at the time of Liberation.2 Despite significant achievements in the postwar period in citizenship entitlements and antidiscrimination legislation, sex-based differences in earnings, labor force participation, and both vertical and horizontal segregation are still evident, to varying de grees, in individual European states. Although the position of women in most European countries has been influenced generally by similar socio economic trends, whether in relation to overall fertility, divorce and illegiti mate birth rates, or the increase in female labor force participation, their treatment in national welfare regimes remains markedly different. Mater nity rights, the extent of public provision of child-care facilities, and the overall material standing of women over their life course continue to vary significantly in a manner that is not simply a function of differential nation al economic performance.3 By focusing on four countries?Britain, France, Germany, and the United States?Tilly is able to move beyond the basic descriptive para digms that have often been employed by earlier authors in analyzing the process by which female suffrage and citizenship entitlements were achieved. Few commentators would dispute the main conclusion that the timing of political enfranchisement was not primarily a function of the strength and efficacy of the women's movement, but more a reflection of historical and ideological factors, political and conjunctural conditions, and the impact of legal and institutional constraints at the level of the nation

Semen-Conservation Theory vs. Semen-Investment Theory, Antisexualism, and the Return of Freud's Seduction Theory

The semen-investment theory of the Sambia people of New Guinea is the antithesis of semen-conservation theory which his extremely ancient origins in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine and in the Biblical story of Onan. In 18th century medicine, semen wastage became a cornerstone of degeneracy theory. The signs of degeneracy were those of syphilis and gonorrhea combined. They were correctly attributed to the social vice of indiscriminate promiscuity, and incorrectly to the solitary vice of masturbation. The 19th century crescendo of antisexualism influenced phase one of the women's emancipation movement and dictated the renunciation of women's sexuality. In phase two of the movement in the 20th century, antisexualism dictated the repudiation of men's sexuality as exploitation of females. By 1895, Freud had formulated his seduction theory. In 1897, he supplanted it with psychoanalytic fantasy theory. The actuality of seduction, i.e., sexual child abuse, became discounted until the 1960s. In the 1970s seduction theory was revived and recycled as victimology theory, which, carried to extremes, replete with false accusations of satanism, has fed into a new surge of antisexualism, with adverse consequences for the advance of sexological science.

“One Strangling Golden Hair”: Dante Gabriel Rossetti'sLady Lilith

Rossetti's portraits of women are often defined as products of neurotic obsession. However, the history of his painting Lady Lilith suggests that it expresses the fears and desires of Rossetti's audience as well as his own feelings. This legendary figure - Adam's first wife, a baby-stealer - embodies the conflicts experienced by Victorians confronted with the Women's Emancipation Movement and controversy over family planning in the 1860's. Inspired by models ranging from Titian to Goethe, Rossetti created an early femme fatale who, as “New Woman,” first imprisons her lover in a stranglehold of flowing hair, and finally destroys him and his hope of progeny.