Self-concept Of Women Research Articles

Comparing sexual self-concept in women with obesity pre- and post-bariatric surgery

BackgroundObesity leads to increased disease burden, decreased life expectancy, and disrupted sexual life. One of the most effective ways of obesity treatment is bariatric surgery. This study was conducted aiming to determine and compare sexual self-concept in women with obesity pre- and post-bariatric surgery.MethodA longitudinal study comparing sexual self-concept pre and post- surgery was conducted on women with obesity referring to obesity clinics in the city of Tehran in 2020–2021. Data collection was performed using Snell’s Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ), which was completed online. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software and Fisher’s exact test, chi-square, Mann-Whitney, independent t, and logistic and linear regression tests. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsAccording to the findings, the mean (standard deviation) score of sexual self-concept was 240.26 (26.82) in the post-surgery group and 200.26 (32.24) in the pre-surgery group (P = 0.001), and the highest mean (standard deviation) score of sexual self-concept both in the pre-surgery group (13.06 [4.00]) and in the post-surgery group (15.46 [2.16]) was related to the area of sexual depression (P = 0.05). Also, with increasing educational level, the odds of bariatric surgery increased by 33%, and those who had no private bedroom had lower odds of bariatric surgery by 65%. In those who did not have other individuals living in their house and their spouse was not a smoker, the self-concept score was 52.35 and 23.11 units higher.ConclusionIn general, bariatric surgery can improve sexual self-care. Considering the issue of sexual self-concept in bariatric surgery, it is recommended to design appropriate counseling and planning before surgery according to the culture of each country.

Social-Demographic Predictors of Sexual Self-concept in Women on the Verge of Marriage: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: A satisfying and proper sexual relationship that meets the needs of both spouses plays a crucial role in the stability and longevity of the family. Sexual self-concept is one of the factors affecting women's sexual behavior and performance and can be changed throughout life. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the status of sexual self-concept and its socio-demographic predictors of women on the verge of marriage. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 women referring to premarital counseling centers in Tabriz, Iran. The data collection tool was the questionnaire of personal and social characteristics and Snell's Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire. Pearson's correlation test, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariate linear regression test were used in data analysis with SPSS software version 24. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the positive sexual self-concept score was 117 (0.20) from the obtainable score of 0 - 176, and the mean (standard deviation) of the negative sexual self-concept score was 16 (0.7) from the obtainable score of 4 - 38. Additionally, the mean (standard deviation) of the sexual self-concept score was 44 (0.9) from the range of the obtainable score of 0 - 72. The results of multivariate analysis with multivariate linear regression test and control of confounding variables showed that the husband’s age, education, and mother's education were the predictors of positive sexual self-concept. Moreover, age, father's education, and duration of previous acquaintance were reported as predictors of negative sexual self-concept, and age was observed as a predictor of situational sexual self-concept. Conclusions: The study's findings indicated that age, education, parents' education, and the duration of acquaintance with the future spouse could predict sexual self-concept in women approaching marriage without sexual abuse. Given that sexual self-concept evolves well before any sexual activity, policymakers can enhance women's sexual self-concept through interventions, such as psychological counseling with a focus on sexual health. This, in turn, can improve their overall well-being, ultimately supporting stable family foundations and successful childbearing in the future.

The Effectiveness of Strength-Based Intervention on Attitude Toward Marital Infidelity and Sexual Self-Concept in Women with Marital Conflict

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a strength-based intervention on altering attitudes toward marital infidelity and enhancing sexual self-concept among women experiencing marital conflict. Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was employed with 30 women from the Mehravar Counseling Center in Tehran, divided equally into intervention and control groups. The intervention consisted of eight 75-minute sessions based on strength-based principles. Data were collected at three points using the Attitudes Towards Infidelity Scale (ATIS) and the Sexual Self-Concept Inventory (SSCI). Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, utilizing SPSS-27. Findings: The intervention group showed significant improvements in both measured outcomes. Attitudes toward marital infidelity decreased from a pre-test mean of 42.53 (SD = 5.67) to 37.82 (SD = 5.12) at follow-up. Sexual self-concept increased from a pre-test mean of 30.88 (SD = 4.45) to 35.64 (SD = 3.72) at follow-up. The ANOVA results revealed significant time effects and time x group interactions for both variables (p < .001). Conclusion: The strength-based intervention was effective in significantly improving attitudes toward marital infidelity and sexual self-concept among women with marital conflicts. These findings suggest that such interventions can be beneficial in marital counseling settings, offering a promising approach for enhancing marital satisfaction and individual well-being.

The pursuit of intimacy: intimate relationship development for women with physical disabilities.

Understanding the barriers and facilitators to intimate relationship development among women with physical disabilities is crucial for promoting positive rehabilitation outcomes. This study investigates these factors using a Consensual Qualitative Research approach. The research team utilized Consensual Qualitative Research. Consensual Qualitative Research is widely used in various social services to address limitations inherent limitations of other qualitative methods. Women with various physical disabilities (n=6) were identified and interviewed using a utilized a semi-structured interview. Their attitudes towards intimacy, outcome expectancy, and self-concept of women with physical disabilities were examined. The impact of physical disabilities, including disability stigma, on these factors was also assessed. Data was coded utilizing multiple researcher consensus as well as an auditor to consensually agree upon domains and core ideas while taking into account validity and trustworthiness, as per the methodology chosen. The study discovered general themes (100% representation) concerning core values and barriers to intimacy, societal barriers to intimate relationships, and hope for future relationships. Typical themes (50-83% representation) included non-romantic intimacy, physical barriers to intimacy, perceived limitations, and negative outcome expectancies. Across the board, the influence of disability limitations, identity, and societal attitudes became evident. The role of rehabilitation professionals in advocating for social skills development and self-confidence enhancement emerged as crucial. The study illuminated barriers to intimacy among women with physical disabilities, such as societal stigma and self-concept associated with disability. The critical role of rehabilitation professionals in normalizing intimacy discussions and equipping individuals with necessary social skills and self-confidence was underscored. This focus could yield enhanced intimate relationship outcomes and improve the quality of life for women with physical disabilities.

Breastfeeding experiences and women's self-concept: Negotiations and dilemmas in the transition to motherhood.

Breastfeeding is much more than a biological event. It is a social construction, full of cultural meanings and framed by social structures. Being, simultaneously, a natural event and a social practice, breastfeeding poses challenges to feminist approaches in the sense it may be acknowledged as an empowering practice for women and/or as a setback in the process of women's social emancipation. Often focused on the product, i.e., the milk and its beneficial properties for the infant's health, the dominant discourse on breastfeeding makes it a trait of good mothering, withdrawing the understanding of the particular (but also structural) contexts in which this practice occurs. Based on results from a focus group with five mothers of a first child, this paper addresses first-person testimonies about breastfeeding and transition to motherhood, aiming to capture eventual self-concept dilemmas, impacts of social judgments, difficulties related to the work-family balance, as well as negotiation processes taking place within couples and early-parents. Despite being subject to tensions and sometimes stressful adaptation processes, motherhood and breastfeeding tend to be ultimately described by women as experiences that enhance welcome changes in personal trajectories, life priorities and identities.

THE IMPACT OF DOMESTIC SEXUAL VIOLENCE ON WOMEN’S SELF CONCEPT : NARRATIVE REVIEW

One of the problems that often arise in domestic life is catching up in the household (KDRT). Most of the victims of domestic violence are women. The consequences of domestic violence that can be experienced by victims include feelings of inferiority, loss of self-confidence, and self-concept. The purposed of this literature review was to find out the impact of domestic sexual violence on women's self-concept. The design used is a narrative review using the Pubmed, Sciencedirect, ProQuest and Sage journals databases. Inclusion criteria were complete free articles for the last 5 years (2017 - 2021) with Case-Control and Cross-sectional research designs, and in English. Changes in self-concept in violent women include low self-esteem, loss of self-confidence, shame, poor self-concept, feelings of helplessness, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, sexual self-focus, sexual self-awareness, and sexual effication. Domestic violence causes many changes to women's self-concept, so that women who experience sexual violence in the household tend to have a negative attitude.

The relationship between sexual self-concept and contraception sexual behavior in 15 to 49 years old women covered by community health centers.

One of the most important goals of sexual intercourse is to arouse the psychological effects of intercourse and to increase sexual self-concept, which changes following sexual behaviors such as the use of contraception methods. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between sexual self-concept and contraception sexual behavior in 15-49-year-old women covered by community health centers. The present descriptive correlational study was performed on 297 married women referring to Isfahan community health centers in 2020 who were selected as cluster that randomly classified. The tools included demographic information and the Snell's Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire, the data of which were analyzed via SPSS version 22 software by Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation. Among a total of 297 women, 5.4% of the samples used hormonal methods and 94.6% used non-hormonal methods, which was the most common intermittent method. The results also showed that the mean score of negative sexual self-concept in women using the hormonal level method was significantly higher (P = 0.012). Positive and positive sexual self-concept score was significantly higher in women using non-hormonal methods (P = 0.048 and P = 0.002). Therefore, there was a significant relationship between sexual self-concept and contraception method. Due to the relationship between contraception and sexual self-concept, it is recommended to pay attention to the aspects of sexual self-concept and contraception during reproductive health counselling sessions so that if there is a disorder, useful advice can be provided or referred, if necessary.

Sexual Self-Concept in Women with Disorders/Differences of Sex Development

Many women born with disorders or differences of sex development (DSD) report sexual problems, in particular women who have undergone extensive genital reconstruction. Examining cognitions and emotions that hinder or promote sexuality may facilitate understanding these sexual problems and may contribute to the development of specific interventions. In this study, sexual self-concept, body image, and sexual functioning were investigated in relation to genital surgery. To conduct the study, the women’s Sexual Self-Concept Scale was translated to Dutch. Evaluation of psychometric properties was conducted in a sample of healthy Belgian and Dutch women participating in an anonymous web-based survey (N = 589, Mdn age, 23 years). The resulting three-factor structure corresponded largely to that of the original version. Compared to control women, women born with a DSD who were included in the Dutch DSD study (N = 99, Mdn age, 26 years) described themselves as being less interested in sex and less sexually active. These women also harbored more negative emotions and cognitions regarding their sexuality and were less satisfied with their external genitalia. In women with a DSD, sexual self-concept was associated with compromised outcomes on sexual functioning and distress. Women who were in a steady relationship, and/or had been sexually active in the past 4 weeks had a more positive sexual self-concept, took a more active role in their sexual relationship, experienced more sexual desire and arousal and less sexual distress than women who were not involved in a partner relationship. Findings in this study indicate that cognitions and emotions related to sexual self-concept play a role in sexual functioning of women with a DSD. A cognitive behavioral counseling approach with focus on coping and exploration of their own sexual needs could prove useful in this group.

The relationship between sexual function and irrational beliefs and self-concept in married women in Tehran

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual function and irrational beliefs and self-concept in women. Method: The present study is a correlational descriptive method. The statistical population of this study includes married women aged 20-40 years living in Tehran (regions 1 and 3) who were studied in the spring of 1400. In this study, the sample size was estimated by Tabachink and Fidel formulas of 116 people, which was reduced to about 140 people, and in order to be optimized for generalization to the community, we were able to use 216 people who were selected by sampling method and selected voluntarily. The Rosen et al.'s (2000) Women's Sexual Performance Questionnaire, Jones (1969) Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire, and Beck and Steer (1978) Self-Esteem Questionnaire were used to collect data. The present study was analyzed using regression test. SPSS software version 25 was also used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that among the components of sexual function, psychological stimulation, humidity and satisfaction in a negative way and sexual pain in a positive and significant way predicts irrational beliefs in women (P<0.01). The results also showed that among the components of sexual function, sexual desire (p<0.05, β= 0.191) and satisfaction (p<0.05, β= 0.117) were positive and sexual pain (p<0.05, β= 0.404) negatively and significantly predicts self-concept in women. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, psychological stimulation predicts negative moisture and satisfaction and sexual pain positively and significantly predicts irrational beliefs in women. It also predicts sexual desire and satisfaction in a positive way and sexual pain in a negative and meaningful way in women.

Iranian Women's Self-concept after Hysterectomy: A Qualitative Study.

Background:The loss of female organs leads to profound changes in one's perception of oneself. There is limited information about the impact of hysterectomy on women's self-concept and culture. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to deepen our understanding of the self-concept of Iranian women after hysterectomy.Materials and Methods:This qualitative study was conducted using directed content analysis approach. The participants included 30 women with a history of hysterectomy who were selected through purposive sampling method. Data were collected from August 2018 to November 2019 using in-depth and semi-structured interviews based on the self-concept mode of the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) in Mashhad, Iran. Data analysis was performed using the deductive approach of Elo and Kyngäs in MAXQDA software.Results:As a result of the analysis of the interviews, the main category of “incoherent cognition of self-concept” emerged, which included the two generic categories of “heterogeneous feelings toward and imaginations of the body” and “changed self-perception”, and five subcategories.Conclusions:Women's self-concept changed after hysterectomy in both its physical and psychological aspects. Therefore, counseling before and after hysterectomy is recommended to improve women's self-concept after hysterectomy.

Self concept Perempuan Pengemudi Transportasi Ojek Online di Kabupaten Kuningan

The purpose of this research is to describe the reasons for women to be drivers of online motorcycle taxi transportation and to find out the characteristics and self-concept of women driving online motorcycle taxis in Kuningan Regency. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The data collection techniques used were through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation study. The data analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative descriptive analysis technique. Meanwhile, the data validity test was checked using the source triangulation technique. The results of this study indicate that female Grab drivers have a positive self-concept. The positive self-concept itself is characterized by several things, such as being able to solve problems, feel equal to others, receiving praise without shame, realizing that everyone has various feelings, and being able to improve themselves. The results of this study also show that the main reason for informants being a Grab driver is not very responsive when people look down on their work.

The Relationship Between Sexual Self-concept and Mental Body Image in Women With Breast Cancer

Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. In addition, it is the most mentally powerful cancer in women due to affecting the most important female sexual part. Patients with breast cancer experience problems in their marital relationship because of their disrupted mental image and sexual relations. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between sexual self-concept and mental body image in women with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 120 women with breast cancer. Using a convenience sampling technique, patients were selected from among those hospitalized in the selected hospitals of Tehran in 2018. Data were collected using demographic details, the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ), and the Fisher’s Body Focus questionnaire. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed in SPSS-21. Results: According to the descriptive and analytical statistics, women with breast cancer obtained the highest scores in avoiding risky sex and sexual problem prevention while the lowest scores in terms of sexual preoccupation. Based on the results, there was no disruption in the body image of any of the examined women. Eventually, a significant correlation was observed between sexual self-concept and body image (P<0.001, r=0.4). Conclusions: In general, body image has a positive relationship with sexual self-concept in women with breast cancer and is considered an important predictor of sexual health and behaviors of this group. Accordingly, psychological interventions, along with midwifery and sexual consultations offered by trained personnel can help empower these patients.

The self-concept of women with HIV and AIDS in Makassar

Women infected with HIV and AIDS are mostly victims of their husbands’ deviant behaviour. In that case, women with HIV and AIDS often suffer from psychological consequences that directly impact on their self-conception about their identities. This study employs phenomenological research method and selects its eight informants by snowball sampling technique. The informants consist of 6 women with HIV and AIDS, 1 counselling doctor, and 1 associate. The data were analysed with content analysis. The research findings suggest that most informants believe that they only gain knowledge about HIV and AIDS after they learn that they are infected by it through intervention programs. Prior to the intervention programs, they were not aware of the risks that the virus entails. The findings also report that the informants experience emotional turbulence after learning their condition even though it does not last long due to their realisation to their significant roles in the family as a mother and a wife. In addition to that, all informants sincerely hope for their recuperation, wish that their children do not carry the same virus in their bodies, and want to conceal the truth about their condition from the society. They are concerned of being rejected and discriminated by the society upon learning about the HIV and AIDS that they carry. All in all, psychological approach and counselling are significantly necessitated to help these women to maintain their positive self-conception.

Особенности Я-концепции женщин, занимающихся коммерческим сексом

The article presents the results of studying the specifics of self-concept in women, practicing commercial sex. 61 women aged 18-37 were examined, with 32 of them working in "intimacy parlors" (M±SD=25,94±5,30) and 29 socially adapted women (M±SD=27,69±4,69). It was checked whether there are differences in personality organization between the women engaged in prostitution and the socially adapted ones. It is revealed that the women engaged in sex-services don't feel themselves belonging to their professional community or their particular social standing. They associate their interests, resources and leisure time with the time they spend at work, and are also distinguished by deficient responsibility and inconstancy; from those around them such women expect stereotypical attitude towards themselves. In psychologically meaningful and stressful situations they tend to lower their mental and emotional strain or avoid it through deviant behavior. Prostitutes are distinguished by strong tendencies towards depression, suppressed aggression and self-aggression. Significant correlation has been established between prostitutes' self-attitude and their psychological make-up (sovereignty of their psychological personal space, aggressiveness, coping behavior).

Hubungan Program Pengobatan Kanker terhadap Konsep Diri Wanita dengan Carsinoma Mammae

The purpose of this study was to study the relationship of treatment programs to self-concept in women with mammary carcinoma in the Polyclinic Surgery Clinic of RSUD Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi. The design of this study uses descriptive analytic methods. The results of this study were obtained by more than half of respondents who undertook treatment programs at the poly surgical clinic of RSUD Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi is 19 people (63.3%) and more than half obtained a low self-concept in women with carsinoma mammaes as many as 16 respondents (53, 3%) in the poly surgical clinic of Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi Hospital. The statistical test results obtained p value = 0.046, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the treatment program for women with mammary mobilinoma in the surgical clinic of RSUD Dr. Achmad Mochtar Bukittinggi with an OR value = 0.130.
 
 Keywords: Mammae Cancer, Self Concept, Cancer Treatment Program

The Effect of Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) on the Self Concept of Breast Cancer Patients with Mastectomy

Mastectomy is a breast cancer surgical therapy that can lead to permanent changes in a woman’s appearance. This change can cause negative changes in a woman’s self-concept. If the disruption of self-concept continues, it will cause emotional weakness. Individuals will be depressed and feel anxious continuously, emotional frustration is getting worse, making individuals create self-destruction. For this reason, therapy is needed that can overcome this negative self-concept problem from Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) Spiritual Therapy. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of SEFT therapy on self-concept in women with breast cancer with a mastectomy. This study used a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest design approach with inclusion criteria willing to be a research subject, aware, no hearing loss or cognitive impairment of self-concept, never had SEFT therapy, interacted with family and community at least 1 week after mastectomy . This therapy was carried out for 3 days in 33 subjects. Data were analyzed by Chi square statistical test with 95% CI with a significance of p <0.05. The results of this study were before given SEFT treatment from 33 respondents, there were 4 respondents (12.1%) who had a positive self-concept, and the majority of 29 respondents (87.9%) had negative self-concept. After SEFT treatment there was an increase in self-concept of respondents with positive self-concept as many as 10 people (30.3%) and still had negative self-concept as many as 23 people (69.7%). The results of the analysis showed that there were differences in self-concept before and after SEFT with a value of p = 0.05. Nurses are encouraged to exercise this ability and use this therapy as a therapy to prevent self-concept disorders in breast cancer patients with mastectomy.

The Impact of Gender Stereotypes on the Self-Concept of Female Students in STEM Subjects with an Under-Representation of Females.

It's possible to assume that women who study STEM topics with a low proportion of females have successfully overcome barriers in school and the family, making them less prone to stereotypic views, and influences. The present study focuses on these kinds of factors and analyzes to which degree family factors, school-related factors, and individual stereotypes may influence a woman's academic self-concept. The following study presents a latent regression model which is based on a survey of 296 women from different German universities, all of whom are part of STEM programs of study that have <30% females. It was investigated to which degree individual stereotypes, support in school, and family support contribute to the self-concept in STEM. Gender stereotypes were negatively related to students' STEM-specific self-concept in the selected sample. This study also reveals negative family-related influences that lower a woman's self-concept. Positive predictors on the other hand included school aspects that are found in the students' favorite subjects at school. The results of the study provide important aspects for STEM education. Even though the students participating in the study presumably had good grades in STEM, stereotypes still corrupted their self-concept. One of the reasons for this might lie in stereotypes that attribute girls' achievements to diligence instead of talent. The results also point out that direct support, particularly by parents, can have a negative impact on female students' self-concept. Activities that are meant to support pupils directly may actually backfire and transport stereotypes instead. This stresses the need for indirect support during socialization, e.g., by providing opportunities for children to have positive experiences or by giving them the chance to meet role models that are enthusiastic about their STEM professions. These kinds of measures have the potential to spur students' interest in STEM subjects—something that in the present study proved to be especially beneficial for women's positive self-concept when studying STEM topics.

Intersection between a Social Gender and Disability: A Self-concept of Women with Disabilities in the Post-feminist Context

**Abstract** The goal of this article is to analyse the intersection between a social gender and disability, and identify differences between both the perceived and attached identities of women with disabilities. Two qualitative research studies on women with disabilities in Lithuania reveal ambiguity in the relationship of women with disabilities, towards factors that form their identities. Disability here is realised on a deeper level: it structures respondents’ self-perception and self-reflection. The research also points to the fact that this part of an individual’s identity is straightforwardly perceived in their society and more profoundly ruminated by the women themselves. The ‘invisibility’ of the womanhood here suggests that this part of an identity is perceived as a ‘natural’, unquestionable aspect, which is beyond criticism. Such an attitude absorbs rather than transforms normative provisions and hinders the development of practices directed at subordination of gendering structures. From the perspective of a normative subject, disability and womanhood have equal weights, since both these aspects of identity represent deviation from the ‘norm’, as well as other differences and subordination. However, both these aspects have different meanings in the self-perception of women with disabilities. The social model of disability acknowledges various obstacles in the environment, which hinder personal independence or create disability. Gender on the other hand, is often naturalized, and a systemic gender-based discrimination remains unmentioned. Hence, discriminatory structures related to disability are targeted, but gender subordination remains unchallenged. **Keywords:** gender, disability, post-feminism, identity

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Self-Concept in Women with Breast Cancer

DOI: 10.20286/ajlsr-040286 Cancer is considered as a life threatening disease and meanwhile breast cancer is the most common, the most lethal and in terms of psycho-emotional the most influential cancer among women. In these patients, treatment side effects cause the increase of disorders such as self-concept in them that show the necessity of psychological interventions. So this research was done with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy on self-concept in women with breast cancer. This research method was a quasi-experimental design of pretest - posttest with control group. For this purpose, by using available sampling method, a total of 20 patients with breast cancer into two groups of experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) were selected and assigned. In order to gather the data of this research, the questionnaire of Self-Content of Rogers was used. The experimental group was trained for 12 sessions and each session lasting 45 minutes. The results of covariance analysis on the pre-test and post-test scores showed that cognitive behavior therapy was effective on self-concept and basic self-concept, patients with breast cancer. It can be concluded that cognitive-behavior therapy by focuses on increasing self-concept of cancer patients, increasing self-concept and will also improve the health of the patients.

Situational cuing of materialism triggers self-objectification among women (but not men): The moderating role of self-concept clarity

The present research examined the influence of materialism on self-objectification among women. The results provided converging support to the prediction that experimentally priming materialistic belief would increase women's (but not men's) self-objectification tendency (Studies 1, 2 and 3). Moreover, Study 3 revealed that women's self-concept clarity moderated the effect of materialism on self-objectification tendency, such that only women with low self-concept clarity reported higher self-objectification tendencies following a materialism reminder. These findings contribute to the literature by highlighting the role played by societal ideology in women's development of self-objectification and also identifying a protective factor against such an effect. Implications for research on objectification, materialism as well as women's well-being were discussed.