Woman's Reproductive Cycle Research Articles

Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Using Modern Reversible and Permanent Contraceptive for Limiting Family Size in Bangladesh

Birth control, often known as contraception, is the deliberate reduction of the number of live births by the use of techniques that temporarily or permanently prevent conception by disrupting the ovulatory, fertilization, and implantation phases of a woman's reproductive cycle. Countries with rapid population growth are more likely to have a high prevalence rate of contraceptives. For the sake of policy application in Bangladesh, knowledge of the socioeconomic and demographic variables that affect contraceptive prevalence is also valuable. For this purpose the study extracted data set form the Bangladesh national representative survey BDHS 2017-18. The study employed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify the important determinants of using modern contraceptive method. Educated women were more likely to use modern reversible method (OR: .147-1.773) and less likely to use permanent contraception (OR: 0.574-0.831) for limiting family size than illiterate women in Bangladesh. Moreover, women from higher age group were using more likely permanent and traditional contraception than women from lower age group. The other identified determinants of using modern method are husbands’ education, working status of women, age at first marriage, place of residence, division, socioeconomic status, parity, mass media, and religion of women. Findings of this research provide evidence-based guidance for developing a pragmatic strategy to improve modern contraception usage among low socioeconomic status, older age group, and rural women in Bangladesh.

Gestational hypertension as a factor associated with chronic kidney disease: the importance of obstetric history of women undergoing hemodialysis.

Pregnancy-related complications may impact women's reproductive cycle and health through their lives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric history of women undergoing hemodialysis. We performed a cross-sectional study in a specialized health facility with four hemodialysis units. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and personal history, obstetric and perinatal results of women with pregnancies before hemodialysis were evaluated. Prevalence, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed. We included 208 (87.76%) women. Hypertension was the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (128 women). Rates of adverse perinatal outcomes, including prematurity, low birth weight, miscarriage, fetal death, and neonatal death, were 19.3%, 14.5%, 25.5%, 12.1%, and 5.3%, respectively. Hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy occurred in 37.0% of women, with 12.5% reporting preeclampsia and 1.4% reporting eclampsia. Up to 1 year after birth, 45.2% of women reported hypertension. Hemodialysis due to hypertension was associated with a history of hypertension during pregnancy (OR 2.33, CI 1.27 - 4.24), gestational hypertension (2.41, CI 3.30 - 4.45), and hypertension up to one year after birth (OR 1.98, CI 1.11 - 3.51). Logistic regression showed that gestational hypertension was independently associated with CKD due to hypertension (aOR 2.76, CI 1.45 - 5.24). Women undergoing hemodialysis due to hypertension were more likely to have gestational hypertension or hypertension up to one year after birth. To delay end-stage renal disease, it is necessary to identify women at risk of kidney failure according to their reproductive history.

Menstrual food restrictions and taboos: A qualitative study on rural, resettlement and urban indigenous Temiar of Malaysia.

Menstruation is arguably the first stage in a woman's reproductive cycle. Among the Temiar, as in many other traditional societies, menstruation represents a time during which a woman is considered to be vulnerable or polluted and there may be food or behavior avoidances and restrictions. The Temiar is one of the eighteen indigenous sub-ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia. The objective of this study was to examine the food restrictions and taboos imposed on menstruating Temiar women. A total of 38 participants from four different locations took part in five focus group discussions which represents different lifestyle experiences of the Temiar sub-ethnic group. The findings unfolds many practices: foods to be avoided and spirit in the landscape in order to protect the menstruating woman; isolating the menstruating woman in order to protect the community; consequences of not observing the menstruation food taboos and maintenance of the menstrual taboos. The menstruating women in all locations were prohibited from consuming salt, cooking oils, wild or domesticated animals, and Monosodium glutamate to protect themselves from the excessive flow of menstrual blood and future ill-health. They must eat separately from others because they are deemed polluted and dangerous to the community. The study concludes that the taboos directed towards the menstruating women often do have a caring and protective intention. Menstrual restrictions function not only to protect the menstruating women and the community but also to keep intact the symbolic boundary between human and the non-human world from which disease and weakness comes.

HUBUNGAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH (IMT) DENGAN GANGGUAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI PADA SISWI SMA HARAPAN UTAMA BATAM

Menstruation is an important part of a woman's reproductive cycle, but menstrual problems can affect the normal lives of teenagers and adult women. Menstrual disorders that occur are irregular or infrequent menstrual cycles. Menstrual cycle disorders due to imbalance of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinezing Hormone (LH) so that estrogen and progesterone levels are not normal. Several studies addressing the problem of psychosocial risk, infertility.This type of research is an observational analytic study with a cross sectional study conducted at Harapan Utama High School in January. The sampling technique is total sampling with a total sample of 94 students. The results of the study were analyzed by Chi-square. Research Results 94 respondents, there were 10 students (55.6%) who had a high-efficiency BMI and a menstrual cycle of more than 8 students (44.4%) who had a very-good IMT recently had a menstrual cycle. Then as many as 28 students (58.3%) who had a normal BMI increased the normal menstrual cycle and as many as 20 students (41.7%) who had a normal BMI increased the menstrual cycle. In addition, as many as 6 students (21.4%) who had obesity-obesity BMI increased the normal menstrual cycle and as many as 22 students (78.6%) who had obesity-BMI increased obesity. Chi-square test results obtained p = 0.006 (p≤0.05).Based on this study, there is a relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Batam Harapan Utama High School Students in 2020

RIWAYAT PENGGUNAAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI PADA WANITA MENOPAUSE

A woman's reproductive cycle begins at menarche and ends with menopause. Various factors affect a person's age at menopause. The purpose of this study was to find out the fun of using contraception and the age of menopause that occurred in PERIP administrators in Kendal district. research methods with observational analytics with a retrospective approach. The population in the study was 60 people in the management of PERIP with a total sample of 40 people selected by random sampling, primary data collection using instruments using a questionnaire filled directly by respondents, research results obtained 55% of respondents using non hormonal contraceptives especially IUDs and menopause age 70% occurred after age 55 years. The results of the study concluded that most of the non-hormonal contraception methods of menopause were mostly above 55 years. It is recommended for further research to intervene in early menopausal women and test the relationship between variables.

Crosstalk Between Female Gonadal Hormones and Vaginal Microbiota Across Various Phases of Women's Gynecological Lifecycle.

Functional equilibrium between vaginal microbiota and the host is important for maintaining gynecological and reproductive health. Apart from host genetics, infections, changes in diet, life-style and hygiene status are known to affect this delicate state of equilibrium. More importantly, the gonadal hormones strongly influence the overall structure and function of vaginal microbiota. Several studies have attempted to understand (a) the composition of vaginal microbiota in specific stages of women’s reproductive cycle as well as in menopause (b) their association with gonadal hormones, and their potential role in manifestation of specific health conditions (from the perspective of cause/consequence). However, a single study that places, in context, the structural variations of the vaginal microbiome across the entire life-span of women’s reproductive cycle and during various stages of menopause is currently lacking. With the objective to obtain a holistic overview of the community dynamics of vaginal micro-environment ‘across’ various stages of women’s reproductive and post-reproductive life-cycle, we have performed a meta-analysis of approximately 1,000 vaginal microbiome samples representing various stages of the reproductive cycle and menopausal states. Objectives of this analysis included (a) understanding temporal changes in vaginal community taxonomic structure and composition as women pass through various reproductive and menopausal stages (b) exploring correlations between the levels of female sex hormones with vaginal microbiome diversity (c) analyzing changes in the pattern of community diversity in cases of dysbiotic conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, and viewing the analyzed changes in the context of a healthy state. Results reveal interesting temporal trends with respect to vaginal microbial community diversity and its pattern of correlation with host physiology. Results indicate significant differences in alpha-diversity and overall vaginal microbial community members in various reproductive and post-reproductive phases. In addition to reinforcing the known influence/role of gonadal hormones in maintaining gynecological health, results indicate how hormonal level perturbations cause/contribute to imbalances in vaginal microbiota. The nature of resulting dysbiotic state and its influence on vaginal health is also analyzed and discussed. Results also suggest that elevated vaginal microbial diversity in pregnancy does not necessarily indicate a state of bacterial infection. The study puts forward a hormone-level driven microbiome diversity hypothesis for explaining temporal patterns in vaginal microbial diversity during various stages of women’s reproductive cycle and at menopause.

Correlation between Estrogen Levels with Lipid Profile in Menopause Women in West Sumatera

BACKGROUND:Menopause is a condition where women had not experienced menstruation for 12 consecutive cycles. At menopause period, there is alteration in women reproductive cycle where estrogen decreased and lipid status altered.AIM:This study is aimed to understand the association of estrogen level and lipid status in menopause women.METHODS:This study was an observational study with cross-sectional design underwent in Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic Dr M. Djamil Hospital, Padang to examine estrogen level and lipid level in 107 menopause women aged between 40-60 years old. The study was conducted for 6 months. The relationship between estrogen level and lipid profile was done using correlation test and p-value < 0.05 is significant.RESULTS:There was no significant correlation between estrogen and total cholesterol (p = 0.146), LDL (p = 0.496), HDL (p = 0.172) and triglyceride (p = 0.296) in menopause women. There was negative correlation between estrogen with total cholesterol (r = -0.141; p = 0.146), HDL (r = -0.133; p = 0.172) and triglyceride (r = -0.1; p = 0.296) and a little positive correlation with LDL (r = 0.06; p = 0.496). Estrogen levels are not related to total Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride in menopause womenCONCLUSION:Estrogen levels did not correlate with lipid status in menopause women in West Sumatera.

Evaluation of effects of artemether + lumefantrine (artemisinin-based combination therapy) on women's reproductive cycle using Creighton Model Fertilitycare System and NaProTECHNOLOGY

Background: Malaria is prevalent in Nigeria, and artemether + lumefantrine (artemisinin-based combination therapy [ACT]) is drug of choice in treatment of uncomplicated cases. ACT is contraindicated in early pregnancy. They release-free radicals that can compromise female fertility. Infertility and its associated complications such as miscarriages, abnormal gestation, and unstable marriages seem to be on the increase. This study aims at evaluating the effect of ACT on female fertility. The significance of this research is to draw the attention of fertility care givers to this possible cause of infertility and fertility challenges. Subjects and Methods: Creighton Model FertilityCare System and NaProTECHNOLOGY are simply technologies that can be used to assess female fertility. They are used in this study to assess the effect of ACT administered at different stages of menstrual cycles of three selected fertile adult females. The results are interpreted on the background of standard Creighton model chart. Results: This study has shown that ACT has a significant fertility deteriorating effect on the women. It caused ovulation defect and diagnosed as partial rupture syndrome in the very cycle of use and in the first cycle after use. It also significantly reduced cervical mucus production and significantly reduced luteal phase progesterone production with an associated significant increase of luteal phase estrogen production. Conclusion: ACT use as antimalarial may be a possible cause of infertility and fertility challenges in women.

Evaluation of relationship between breast cancer and migraine.

Background:Frequency of migraine changes at different times of a woman's reproductive cycle because of fluctuation of estrogen levels. Breast cancer has also a link with hormonal changes. Given this fact that both migraine and breast cancer are affected by estrogen, the prevalence of migraine may be different in breast cancer patients compared to the normal population.Materials and Methods:In this case–control study, two groups of women with and without breast cancer were compared regarding the prevalence of migraine. Each group consisted of 400 women. The diagnosis of different types of headache was made based on The International Headache Society (IHS) guidelines. Type of headache, type and receptor status of breast cancer, as well as history of taking hormonal medications was recorded. Independent t-test and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis.Results:Relative frequency of migraine headache in the normal woman was 38% compared to 19% in the breast cancer group (P < 0.0001). Tension headache was also significantly more prevalent in the normal group (P < 0.001). The frequency of migraine was significantly lower in estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)− women compared to ER−/PR+ (26 and 43 women, respectively; P = 0.04); however, this difference was not significant for tension headache (P = 0.68).Conclusion:This study confirmed the lower frequency of migraine, as well as tension headache, in breast cancer sufferers. This could be contributed to several non-hormonal factors, such as a history of long term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and hormonal factors, although only migraine showed a strong link with hormone status.

Genes responsible for vaginal extracellular matrix metabolism are modulated by women's reproductive cycle and menopause

To analyze the expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) biogenesis and remodeling in vaginal tissue of women with clinically normal pelvic floor support (defined as controls) according to the phase of menstrual cycle and postmenopausal women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). This study examined the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and the Lysyl oxidase (LOX) family genes in the anterior vaginal wall of Caucasian women by real-time RT-PCR. Initially, mRNA expression was assessed in premenopausal controls in the secretory (group 1, n = 10) vs. proliferative (group 2, n = 8) phase of menstrual cycle. In addition, we compared premenopausal controls in the proliferative phase (group 2) vs. postmenopausal controls (group 3, n = 5). Finally, we analyzed postmenopausal controls (group 3) vs. postmenopausal women with advanced POP (group 4, n = 13). According to the phase of menstrual cycle, MMP1 was significantly reduced (p = 0.003), whereas the expression of TIMP1 and LOXL4 was significantly up-regulated during proliferative phase (both p < 0.01) when compared to the secretory phase in premenopausal control women. Regarding menopausal status/ageing, all MMPs were down-regulated, while TIMP3, TIMP4 and LOXL2 were significantly up-regulated in postmenopausal control women when compared to premenopausal controls (p = 0.005, p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, correspondingly). TIMP4 and LOXL2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in postmenopausal POP patients compared to asymptomatic postmenopausal controls (p < 0.01 for both). Our results indicate that ovarian cycle and age-related changes influence the expression of genes encoding proteins responsible for ECM metabolism in human vagina. Moreover, POP is associated with alteration in vaginal ECM components after menopause.

Bone Changes and Fracture Related to Menstrual Cycles and Ovulation

Women's menstrual cycles and bone remodeling are linked in part by their co-dependency on the stress- and resource-associated variables that govern both of their cyclical natures. Therefore, it is not surprising that evolution has resulted in the same signaling molecules and pathways that regulate normal ovarian function to be involved in bone remodeling and turnover. This review will first provide an overview of the normal menstrual cycle, its modification by age and ovulatory disturbances, and how it parallels bone remodeling. Epidemiological and clinical evidence will be presented that link bone remodeling, strength, and fractures with women's history of reproductive and menstrual cycle characteristics. This combined evidence will then be presented alongside a synthesis of current concepts derived from basic science investigations focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of ovarian factors on bone physiology. Osteoporosis is a significant source of morbidity for older women. The data presented in this review suggest that a woman's reproductive cycle and ovulatory characteristics foreshadow the future health of her bones. More importantly, identifying the key mechanisms underlying reproductive and bone health would not only provide essential preventative strategies, but may also uncover attractive targets for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Migraine in Postmenopausal Women and the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer

The frequency of migraine headache changes at various times of a woman's reproductive cycle. Menarche, menses, pregnancy, and perimenopause may carry a different migraine risk conceivably because of fluctuating estrogen levels, and in general, migraine frequency is associated with falling estrogen levels. Given the strong relationship between endogenous estrogen levels and breast cancer risk, migraine sufferers may experience a reduced risk of breast cancer. We combined data from two population-based case-control studies to examine the relationship between migraine and risk of postmenopausal invasive breast cancer among 1,199 ductal carcinoma cases, 739 lobular carcinoma cases, and 1,474 controls 55 to 79 years of age. Polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Women who reported a clinical diagnosis of migraine had reduced risks of ductal carcinoma (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.82) and lobular carcinoma (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.90). These associations were primarily limited to hormone receptor-positive tumors as migraine was associated with a 0.65-fold (95% CI, 0.51-0.83) reduced risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) ductal carcinoma. The reductions in risk observed were seen among migraine sufferers who did and did not use prescription medications for their migraines. These data suggest that a history of migraine is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, particularly among ER+/PR+ ductal and lobular carcinomas. Because this is the first study to address an association between migraine history and breast cancer risk, additional studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Depressed mood through women's reproductive cycle: correlation to mood at menopause

Objectives Depressive symptoms are frequent through the different stages of a woman's reproductive cycle. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible correlation of depressive mood before menstruation, during pregnancy, after delivery and around the menopause.Methods The sample consisted of 110 women (mean age 52 years, standard deviation 4 years) who rated their mood at present and retrospectively at different stages of the reproductive cycle. Mood was rated using a visual analogue scale.Results A significant statistical association was found between the present mood and mood at the premenstrual period, but not with mood at pregnancy or after delivery. These findings were independent of age, menopausal status or use of hormone replacement therapy.Conclusions The statistical association between depressed mood around menopause and before menstruation supports the assumption that there is a common etiology, which could be attributed to hormonal or psychological factors, or both.