Women's Clubs Research Articles

Literary events of a women's Club: the Lyceum Club of Florence

The International Lyceum Club is a women’s cultural club active in Florence since 1908, where women meet to enrich and enhance their culture and to follow the many events of artistic, literary, musical and scientific interest organized by the Club. This study traces, in particular, some of the major events organized by the Literature section between the years 1912 to 1970. The Literature Section presented to Club members the works and thoughts of writers and poets, novels, poetry collections, children’s books, and staged plays on the Club stage. Evidence of each event is preserved in the archival papers kept in the Lyceum Club’s headquarters.

Black roses: The womanist partnership of Frances Reynolds Keyser and Mary McLeod Bethune

Through recovered biographies and unpublished archival papers, I examine the connection of two Black clubwomen, Frances Reynolds Keyser and Mary McLeod Bethune, who shared a modest ceremony that bonded them for life. I argue that their private relationship was deeper than they could credibly portray through their public image at the time, bound as they were by the strictures of respectability politics. Their cultivation of respectability was an irreplaceable asset in, and indeed a necessity of their work, but it also demanded the presentation of normative heterosexuality. In addition, I conducted a creative investigation of the archives to draw attention to their everyday lives and experiences in Daytona. Many Black women activists’ experiences do not conform to the white male-centric narrative ethos present and the assumption of heterosexuality is a dominant yet wholly inaccurate narrative on Black club women’s legacies and activism. Biographical recoveries can change, complicate, and enhance our understanding of these women’s relationships regarding their well-curated public personas as clubwomen. This study aims to provide an intellectual history of Black women through the club movement by putting biographical data front and center, especially by examining their own words.

Volleyball Smash Ability Level of the Athletes of the Medan Women's Club Volleyball

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of smash ability of the athletes of the Women's Volleyball Club. This research is a descriptive study with the research population at the Bina Putri Volleyball Club with the sampling technique using the total sampling technique, which means the number of samples is 10 people. The instrument used to measure the ability to smash is the Nurhasan smash attack instrument. From the tests carried out, the results of the athlete's smash ability were obtained with an average score of 6.6. The average score obtained shows that the smash ability of the athletes of the Bina Putri Medan Volleyball Club is included in the less category with a value of 2. One of the factors causing the low smash ability of the athletes of the Bina Putri Medan Volleyball Club is the weak explosive power of the athletes' leg muscles. These results indicate that it is necessary to carry out exercises aimed at increasing the explosive power of the leg muscles regularly and continuously in an effort to increase the explosive power of the leg muscles.

The Ladies Book Club

What is worse, the attack, or the revenge for being attacked? Can forcing trauma another create empathy? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the ladies book club has morphed. It has become a project for sexually assaulted women to hunt and assault random men in return. They do this, they say, to teach men to live in fear and understand the fear women experience every day. The story centers around Ben, a man lured into a back alley who is then tased and sodomized with a broomstick by the book club women. However, unlike the other men, Ben researches and learns about his attackers, rather than going to the police, plans his revenge. After weeks of planning he lures one of the book club leaders, Marion to his car. He is planning to attack her, just as she is planning to attack him. A fight breaks out, Marion gets the upper hand, and kills Ben.

Elite women's clubs in the 1930s across three Australian states: a prosopographical study

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the clubs and club memberships of 491 elite women in three eastern Australian states in the 1930s. It is the second part of a descriptive analysis of these women's biographical sketches in Who's Who-type collections, now out of copyright, published in Australia in the 1930s: Victoria (1934), New South Wales (1936) and Queensland (1939).Design/methodology/approachUsing mixed methods within a prosopographical approach, described fully in the first paper on these data, this is mainly a quantitative analysis. After the numbers of club memberships of the women are given and compared on a state-by-state basis, a taxonomy of five main types of clubs was created and the clubs and club memberships listed for each of them. The five types are: (1) social and cultural clubs; (2) sporting clubs; (3) imperial, national and patriotic clubs; (4) professional clubs; and (5) service and educational clubs. The paper then explores the similarities and variations at the state level in the women's club memberships across the five types. It should be noted that the article does not include charities to which the women contributed because they required a separate typology and analysis to be taken up elsewhere.FindingsThe paper frames women's clubs as informal educative networks where women were able to acquire the knowledge and skills in modernity for effective participation in the public sphere. The analysis shows that three-quarters of the 491 women were members of one club or more. Overall, the women listed 340 separate clubs with 1,029 memberships across the five types. The state-by-state analysis giving lists of clubs, and numbers of memberships per club in each type, enumerated variations of women's clubs at the state level. Overall, the analysis suggests that the “club habit” for such women was a substantial historical phenomenon at this time.Originality/valueThis is the first study to encompass women's club memberships across three Australian states. Quantification of women's involvement in clubs has proved difficult, however, by using a prosopographical approach, this study creates a unique quantitative picture of the club data contained in 491 elite women's biographical sketches from the 1930s.

Deseret Hospital, Women, and the Perils of Modernization

Deseret Hospital, Women, and the Perils of Modernization

Monuments to Midwestern Pioneer Mothers and Native Women

Monuments to Midwestern Pioneer Mothers and Native Women Cynthia C. Prescott (bio) Local sculptor John K. Daniels's 1936 monument for Minneapolis, Minnesota's new Pioneer Park bore striking similarities in style and meaning to other early midwestern pioneer monuments. Click for larger view View full resolution Fig 1. John K. Daniels, Pioneers Monument, Minneapolis, Minnesota, as of March 2013. Photo by author. [End Page 21] Figurative sculptures honored Euro-American settler men's hard work hewing farms out of the wilderness, accompanied by a self-sacrificing "pioneer mother" symbolizing the arrival of White Christian culture on the frontier. A bas relief on the reverse of the monument nodded to French settlement of the region by depicting Native American men—but no women—welcoming French explorers to their homelands. While dozens of monuments erected across the United States by women's clubs in the early twentieth century emphasized women's roles carrying White "civilization" westward, Daniels's placing of his pioneer mother figure in a supporting role was typical of many midwestern monuments. Most midwestern statues glorified White men for conquering the wilderness that Native men yielded, portrayed White settler women as supporting players to their men, and erased Native women's presence from the region altogether. This essay will argue that in contrast to better-known monuments in the Far West, which largely featured "cowboys and Indians" memories of the Old West or solo pioneer mothers embodying Euro-American civilization, most midwestern monuments erected between the 1890s and 1930s emphasized the process of U.S. westward expansion or White homemaking.1 Midwestern pioneer monuments, which outnumbered those in the Far West, celebrated the family values long associated in popular memory with America's supposed rural heartland. Monuments erected in the Midwest early in the twentieth century—like Minneapolis's 1936 Pioneers Monument—tended to emphasize White settler men's hard work establishing new farms and communities. Midwestern pioneer mothers typically appeared as self-sacrificing supporting characters—again like the female figure in Minneapolis's Pioneers—emphasizing pioneer men's good intentions. Contemporaneous monuments erected in former Spanish and Mexican territories (including California, Arizona, and Texas) grappled in various ways with the persistence of Indigenous and Spanish-speaking populations. A few in the Midwest portrayed Native men yielding to White male explorers or settlers prior to the arrival of White women, or hinted at European immigrant influences, but most ignored non-Anglo-American residents. Native women appeared only rarely as symbols of Indigenous acquiescence to White manhood. Recent decades have seen a resurgence in interest in public statuary throughout the United States. Midwestern communities are once again erecting monuments to the region's nineteenth-century residents. But instead of passive, self-sacrificing White mothers standing by their men, [End Page 22] Click for larger view View full resolution Fig 2. Dale Lamphere, Dignity of Earth and Sky, Chamberlain, South Dakota, as of October 2021. "Woman standing near tall Dignity statue on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River off Interstate 90 near Chamberlain, South Dakota." Photo by Glenn Nagel/Alamy Stock Photo. twenty-first-century pioneer monuments portray more active and vibrant female characters. Moreover, some Midwesterners are vocally challenging the racial implications of earlier imagery. Calls for more inclusive monuments have begun to bear fruit. In 2016, Chamberlain, South Dakota, erected Dignity of Earth & Sky, a sculpture of a solo Native American woman. Far from yielding or disappearing in [End Page 23] the face of White settlement, the Native woman stands proudly, actively displaying a star quilt representing Lakota and Dakota culture that adapted and responded to Euro-American influences. While not as imposing as Chamberlain's fifty-foot-tall Dignity, other midwestern communities have also begun to honor both Native and White women as community leaders. Early midwestern pioneer monuments erased the region's Indigenous, Métis, and other non-Anglo populations to an even greater extent than did those installed in the Far West. Most midwestern frontier-themed monuments depict middle-class White family values made possible by masculine persistence and maternal sacrifice. But, like western pioneer monuments, midwestern monuments have grown more diverse and inclusive in recent decades. Monuments to European immigrant groups portray their subjects as...

"For Women Only!": A Radical Message of the Black Middle Class in Kansas City

"For Women Only!"A Radical Message of the Black Middle Class in Kansas City Elyssa Ford (bio) The Kansas City [Missouri] Call, published from 1919 to the present, has been one of the largest and most successful Black newspapers in the country. This article examines the depiction of Black women in the Call in the 1950s, a decade of significant change in Kansas City. As a midwestern crossroads, Kansas City had seen its Black population grow substantially in the previous decade as rural African Americans arrived seeking new urban opportunities. Some of these new Kansas City residents came from the Missouri countryside or from surrounding midwestern states. Others were part of the Great Migration out of the South and either planned to make Kansas City their permanent home or saw it as simply a temporary stop before moving northward to Chicago or Detroit. Regardless of their origins, the increased Black population of 1950s Kansas City read the Call at a key time in the publication's history. The civil rights movement was ramping up, and the newspaper was changing editors for the first time. Under these circumstances, the paper's depiction of Black women relied significantly on the politics of respectability.1 While the Call sometimes presented women as activists, it more frequently paralleled White newspapers in its presentation of women in more traditional roles. Stories discussed women as college students, often as beauty contest winners; featured female musicians and actresses in the entertainment section; and included women in the society and wedding pages. While these articles did not differ significantly from those in White newspapers, to present Black women as models of success and beauty was inherently radical. The Call also included the weekly feature "For Women Only!," which focused on women as wives and mothers and included recipes and cleaning tips. This corresponded with the prescribed 1950s model of womanhood and mirrored the presentation [End Page 77] of ideal womanhood that also appeared in White newspapers. Yet to present Black women and Black families as middle class challenged popular conceptions of Blackness in the era. By depicting the typical Black woman as the counterpart to a White middle-class woman, the Kansas City Call aligned with an activist agenda of civil rights and social change based on racial uplift and made a gender- and socioeconomic-based argument that was revolutionary. In the 1950s, reformers' depictions of Black women as middle class, respectable wives, mothers, and daughters was nothing new. Booker T. Washington had promoted the idea of racial uplift in the late nineteenth century. For him, a focus by African Americans on thrift, industry, hard work, and education would raise up the race and eventually lead to an expansion of their civil rights.2 Though men were often the focus of these efforts, Black women soon became leaders of the racial uplift movement, and they formed their own organizations to support this race work. Black women founded the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) in 1896, and the organization focused primarily on the uplift of the Black race. After seeing Black men fail to achieve racial equality and because the voices of Black men were more limited by Jim Crow-era violence, Black women believed that it was up to them to improve the stature of all African Americans. As historian Deborah Gray White has explained, "To build the black home was to build the black nation. At the center of it all was the woman." The association believed that Black women were responsible for uplifting the race through "intellectual development and cultural refinement." By the 1940s, club women began to adjust their focus from using the moral purity of Black women to uplift the race to helping uplift the race to improve their rights as women.3 Despite this evolution, the Missouri branch of the NACW still followed the earlier tenets of the national motto, "Lifting as We Climb," by continuing to emphasize intellectual development. In 1954 the Missouri group promoted three main goals: the integration of Missouri public schools, strengthening and improving family life, and building a student aid and scholarship fund.4 Founded in 1919 by Chester A. Franklin, the Kansas City Call had likewise...

The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Happiness: Research on Hockey Players

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness. The universe of the research consists of 7 women's clubs, 8 men's clubs and a total of 180 athletes, 84 women and 96 men, from 15 clubs, participating in the women's-men's open field 1st league competitions of the Turkish Hockey Federation 2020-2021 season. Ethics committee approval was obtained for the research. CFA was performed for the research scales. In addition to descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyzes were applied within the context of the relational model. According to the results of the correlation analysis, a significant, positive and moderate correlation was found between existential thinking, personal meaning production, awareness and conscious state expansion, which are the sub-dimensions of spiritual intelligence, and happiness. According to the results of the multiple regression analysis, it can be said that awareness and conscious state expansion, which are sub-dimensions of spiritual intelligence, have a significant positive contribution in explaining the effect of spiritual intelligence on happiness, and that the happiness of the athletes will increase with the increase in their awareness and conscious state expansion depending on their spiritual intelligence.

The Political Uses of Food Protests: Analyzing the 1910 Meat Boycott

In 1910, a meat boycott spread through the United States. Tens of thousands of people pledged not to eat meat for thirty days to demand lower prices and protest the practices of the Meat Trust. The movement, though its outcomes were limited, was supported by consumer organizations, labor unions, lawmakers, suffragists, and women's clubs. It thus intersected with struggles that were at the heart of the Progressive Era's reform movements. This article will explore how various organizations (labor unions, the Socialist Party, suffragists, the National Consumers League) used, or did not use, this event to further their own goals. It will argue that food protests constitute a site from which to analyze particular transformations of the protest landscape of the time, such as the rise of consumer politics; it will also show that as transversal spaces of mobilization, food protests should be studied through the significance of their object. Food, as a meeting point between the individual body and society, can epitomize the blurring of the lines between private and public that characterized Progressive reform movements.

Juvenile Justice and Women's Clubs: Ogden as a Case Study

Juvenile Justice and Women's Clubs: Ogden as a Case Study

In This Issue

American history has witnessed many points of transition and transformation. Among the most remarkable moments of change in the nation's modern past is that time known as the Progressive Era: those years from the late nineteenth century until the 1910s when Americans faced their brawling, industrializing nation with a clutch of laws and reforms meant to safeguard children, workers, or women; when professionalization came to a host of occupations and group activities flourished; when women became increasingly present in the public sphere. And in this issue of Utah Historical Quarterly—with its emphasis on twentieth-century professional associations, child-centered advocacy, and labor rights—we see the saplings of the Progressive Era bearing fruit.Susan Rugh opens the issue with an analysis of three Utah men who tapped into the growing prosperity of postwar America by founding lodging chains. As she explains, the creation of these little empires was not simply a matter of building motels along the West's new highways, but rather a story of how the investment of capital and labor—especially family labor—combined with the development of business groups to lay the framework “for an extensive western hospitality network.” The organizations the Utah moteliers nurtured “were a crucial step in the metamorphosis of the lodging industry from small, family-owned motels to the later dominance of the nationwide motel chains like Holiday Inn.”Our second article steps back to the charged and difficult years of the Great Depression. In it, Linda Zabriskie examines the role of Senator Elbert Thomas on the La Follette Civil Liberties Committee, which investigated the illegal use of spies, weapons, and more to discourage laborers from unionizing. Thomas's experiences years earlier, as a major in the Utah National Guard, prepared him for his role as the committee's co-chair, and his kindly, cerebral performance in the hearings elevated his national stature. In this year of 2022, when Americans from Amazon employees to Starbucks baristas have begun to unionize, the work of Thomas and the La Follette committee is entirely relevant.Next, Sarah Langsdon pieces together a history at once heartbreaking and hopeful, with her telling of how a murder case involving a young boy galvanized women's clubs in Ogden to fight for a better juvenile justice system. Difficult family dynamics underlay fourteen-year-old Ray Clough's murder of his father in 1920; those same dynamics meant the teen had no place to stay but the local jail, with adult criminals, while he awaited trial. Well-heeled women who had already taken on the role of “child savers” responded by advocating for Clough and crusading for the establishment of an appropriate juvenile detention center. The effort took decades but succeeded in the end.Like the women who advocated for Ray Clough, Claire Haines navigated a public world that was not entirely accepting of women. Like the men who established motel chains in the mountain West, Haines knew the importance of business clubs and associations. In 1923, Hannah Claire Haines became the first female certified public accountant in Utah. As David Hales and Alison McNeal relate, her path was one of professional success, marked by more than a little gender-based discrimination. Haines's career stretched from the 1910s to the 1970s, and despite her difficulties, she gathered a tidy personal fortune and dedicated it to furthering the cause of education—especially for women.Christine Cooper-Rompato closes this issue with her account of a woman who bridged the private and public worlds of the late nineteenth century with remarkable skill: Kate Barron Buck, musician, mother, fabric artist, and dentist, seemingly all at once.

Dentistry and Embroidery in 1890s Utah: The Work of Kate D. Barron Buck

Dentistry and Embroidery in 1890s Utah: The Work of Kate D. Barron Buck

Hannah Claire Haines, 1891–1974: Not the Average “Militant Female”

Hannah Claire Haines, 1891–1974: Not the Average “Militant Female”

Celeste Parrish and Educational Reform in the Progressive-Era South by Rebecca S. Montgomery

Reviewed by: Celeste Parrish and Educational Reform in the Progressive-Era South by Rebecca S. Montgomery Sarah Case Celeste Parrish and Educational Reform in the Progressive-Era South. By Rebecca S. Montgomery. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. xii, 237. Paper, $30.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-7693-1; cloth, $47.50, ISBN 978-0-8071-6978-0.) In this well-researched book, Rebecca S. Montgomery employs the life of educator and reformer Celeste Parrish as a lens through which to analyze changes in gender relations, education, and politics in Virginia and Georgia between the Civil War and World War I. Montgomery makes a compelling case for Parrish's significance and her contribution to the education of southern women, as well as to expanding opportunities for women educators. Born in 1852 in southern Virginia into a family of tobacco growers and small-scale slaveholders, Parrish was orphaned by 1863 and began teaching a few years later. As Montgomery shows, the demographic and economic changes of Reconstruction pushed many white women of Parrish's background into paid employment, especially as teachers, and yet they found their own education inadequate to prepare them for this work. A new opportunity came in 1869 with the Republican-backed Virginia state constitution that included a provision for a universal public education system, a reform that Montgomery notes linked the expansion of education for Black women and men to that of white women. For Parrish and other single white women, it offered a chance to attend a public normal school and new possibilities for employment. Despite the opening of the normal school and her securement of a position at Randolph-Macon Woman's College, Parrish continued to face discrimination in education and professionally. Shut out of university-level education in her home state and with the need to remain employed in order to support an extended family, Parrish used summer breaks and semester leave to attend the University of Michigan and then Cornell University (from which she graduated in 1896). Despite the difficulties, Parrish found the academic rigor of these institutions thrilling and was especially drawn to the field of psychology. She then attended the University of Chicago for graduate work, studying with John Dewey and meeting the Progressive women associated with Hull House. Her years in Chicago solidified her commitment to the Social Gospel, the new social science, and Progressive reform. In 1901, increasingly resentful about the lower pay given to female faculty and other discriminatory practices, Parrish left Randolph-Macon Woman's College to take a position teaching psychology and pedagogy at the coeducational Georgia State Normal School in Athens. Although a popular mentor and an effective supervisor of an affiliated model school, Parrish continually clashed with male leadership, often over Parrish's support for Black education. The conflict entwined support for Black education and support for white women's professional opportunities. Montgomery astutely notes that although the hostile [End Page 579] racial climate of the early 1900s made even moderate support for interracial cooperation controversial, at heart the dispute was over Parrish's authority as a woman and her unwillingness to defer to male colleagues or otherwise conform to gender norms. Because of ongoing hostility from the leadership of the school for her assertion of authority, Parrish created an alternative network in women's clubs in Georgia, which proved essential in her later career. After she was dismissed from her teaching position in 1911, Governor Hoke Smith appointed her to a position overseeing rural schools. She stayed in that position until her death in 1918. Although attentive to the context of racial politics in Georgia, the book could more fully develop race as a theme; in particular, it might have engaged in a more nuanced analysis of Parrish's racial beliefs and her racialized gendered identity. On the whole clearly written and thoughtfully argued, the book makes a compelling case for the importance of Parrish and contributes to the history of southern education and especially white women's centrality to the expansion of post–Civil War education. Sarah Case University of California, Santa Barbara Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

Fostering the “Art of Forceful Speech”: Music in the Century Club of California, 1888–1920

AbstractThe Century Club of California (CCC), founded in 1888, was San Francisco's most prestigious women's club in the early twentieth century. The club's aim was to promote intellectual growth and amplify female voices to help women enter the public domain with confidence. Weekly presentations featured renowned public figures and women who had achieved success in traditionally male fields. Rather than raising money for benevolent organizations, the CCC aimed to effect foundational social changes by informing women of the latest developments in all fields, thus empowering them to engage in political and social activism. Music played a critical role in furthering this ambitious goal; it had its own programming committee, which operated on an equal basis with those devoted to art, science, education, and current events. This article, based on the club's extensive collection of unpublished materials, looks at the CCC's first three decades, when the club promoted “the art of forceful speech” through modeling of successful women, providing opportunities for members to project their musical voices, elucidating new musical research, and supporting organizations such as the all-female Saturday Morning Orchestra. The CCC's activities underscore the significant role female musicians played in advancing the New Woman movement of the time.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUMP PERFORMANCE, SPEED AND COD SPEED IN ELITE FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

The purpose of this study was to present the physical performance of elite female soccer players and to analyze the relationship between jump performance, speed and COD ability. Sixteen elite female soccer players (age: 20.05±2.85; height: 166.47±4.83cm; body weight: 60.52±8.30kg, BMI 21.88±2.86) from a women's club who played the highest rank of the competition took part in this study. The jump, speed and COD abilities of each player were determined using: (1) the Squat jump (SJ), (2) Countermovement Jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), (2) running speed at 30-m with passing time at 10m and 20m, (3) the pro agility test (pro), (4) zig-zag test (zig-zag), (5) 9-6-3-6-3 sprint (9-6-3-6-9). The results of Pearson’s correlation indicated moderate significant relationships between the 10m running speed and pro agility test (r=0.59; p<0.01), as well as the zig-zag test (r=0.55; p<0.01), and also between the 30m and all COD tests (pro agility r=0.66; p<0.01, zig-zag r=0.59; p<0.01 and 9-6-3-6-9 r=0.58; p<0.05). A small correlation (r=0.49; p<0.03) was noticed between the 10m running test and 9-6-3-6-9 agility test, and also between the CMJA (r=0.45; p<0.05) and the 9-6-3-6-9 agility test. The findings of the present study indicated a significant correlation between speed and all of the COD tests, additionally between the CMJA and 9-6-3-6-9 COD test. Therefore, elite female soccer players with higher maximum acceleration rates and speed tend to perform better in change of direction tests. On the other hand, jump performance does not significantly correlate with COD ability.

Margaret Murray Washington: The Life and Times of a Career Clubwoman by Sheena Harris

Reviewed by: Margaret Murray Washington: The Life and Times of a Career Clubwoman by Sheena Harris Leigh Soares Margaret Murray Washington: The Life and Times of a Career Clubwoman. By Sheena Harris. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2021. Pp. xiv, 210. $55.00, ISBN 978-1-62190-619-3.) Building on literature that has shed new light on the lives and leadership of Black women traditionally overshadowed by the renowned "race men" of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Sheena Harris has written the first scholarly biography of Margaret Murray Washington. Born enslaved in Macon, Mississippi, Washington is known most for her marriage to Booker T. Washington as he arrived at the height of his power, but here readers see how she became a prominent educator and race leader in her own right. She developed a robust curriculum for Black girls at Tuskegee Institute, promoted Black history education in Black schools across the South, and organized Black women to lead racial uplift movements in their own communities. With this biography of Margaret Washington, Harris "not only restores her to the history of HBCU administrators and club women, but also illuminates the interconnections among movements that stood against racial and gender oppression" (p. 10). [End Page 403] Drawing on a wide range of personal correspondence, public writings, and institutional records, Harris traces the life and career of Washington from her birth in 1861 to her death in 1925. The first three chapters recount Washington's childhood, her education at Fisk University, her marriage to Booker, and her pedagogical commitments as Lady Principal of Tuskegee Institute. Harris emphasizes how Washington's early experiences in the rural, impoverished South helped shape the vision of Black education she brought with her to Tuskegee—one that emphasized respectability, the professionalization of domestic labor, and the uplift of the home. Washington's commitment to industrial education, Harris explains, "was not an accommodationist view, as many critics of her husband asserted, but rather a survivalist strategy" (p. 55). The last three chapters follow Washington's club work on three scales: local (the Tuskegee Women's Club), national (including the National Association of Colored Women and the Southern Federation of Women's Clubs), and international (the International Council of Women of the Darker Races of the World). Washington certainly benefited from her husband's fame and influence, but she carved out a respected leadership role for herself through increasingly ambitious organizing, all in service of advancing the study of Black life, uplifting Black women and children, and fighting the spread of white supremacy. Although Harris clearly admires Washington, she does not pull punches when examining the leader's emergent elitism. "While [Washington] espoused views of cohesive [cross-class] collaborations, she herself remained exclusively separate," and most of the Black women Washington sought to uplift were excluded from membership in the numerous organizations she led (p. 144). One of the benefits of biography is the way individual experiences can provide insight into the people behind movements. In several effective passages, Harris explores the physical and emotional toll on Washington as she struggled to find a balance among her work commitments, her responsibilities as a wife and mother, and her personal well-being, highlighting the unique challenges Black women faced as they pursued public leadership. Although the narrative is at times ambivalent about the relationship between her work and the so-called Tuskegee Machine, it is clearer about Washington's connection to a wide network of Black race women rooted in the South. Harris shows Washington collaborating with other understudied reformers in the region, including Josephine Bruce, Lugenia Burns Hope, and Cornelia Bowen. Readers interested in Black women's history and educational history will appreciate this recovery of the life and career of Margaret Murray Washington. Leigh Soares Mississippi State University Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

Saving the Shaker Lakes: How an Alliance between Two Wealthy Suburbs and Cleveland’s Black Mayor Stopped the Clark Freeway

In the 1960s, the suburbs of Cleveland Heights and Shaker Heights protested the routing of an Interstate highway through their historic park. Known as the Clark Freeway, I-290 was meant to connect downtown Cleveland with the newer suburbs located beyond the city’s outer beltway. Fearing irreparable damage to their communities, a group of garden club women and a committee of citizen activists brought pressure on county, state, and federal officials to delay route selection. However, only after Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes joined the fight, did Governor James Rhodes summon the political will to cancel the highway.

Differences in female representation in leading management and organization journals: Establishing a benchmark

In the most prestigious journals of many disciplines, female researchers are underrepresented. To better understand this phenomenon, we compare the proportions of female authors in all leading management and organization studies (MOS) journals, explore underlying gendered publication patterns, and analyze factors explaining differences between journals. We examine the gendered distribution of authorship in these journals using a complete, original time series. The comprehensive data set includes all articles published in fourteen leading journals in the MOS field, comprising 77,472 cases (authors) and 43,673 articles. The findings show that women have been underrepresented in all leading MOS journals until now. However, our findings reveal significant differences between journals, with some journals lagging far behind their peers. We ask why some journals score much higher than others and show that gendered authorship constellations and research topic specialization consistently explain female representation differences between journals. More specifically, we find a dominance of ‘men's clubs’ when it comes to authorship constellations and thriving ‘male islands’ when it comes to research topics. In contrast, ‘women's clubs’ are far less prevalent and no ‘female island’ exists. Interestingly, female authorship and ‘shared islands’ play a particularly powerful role in narrowing the gender gap in leading journals. Our results provide a benchmark for female representation across leading journals and allow for the formulation of concrete research policy goals and directions for change.