Wk Of Feeding Research Articles

PSII-26 Effects of diquat injection on growth performance and blood and liver redox status in growing pigs

Abstract Oxidative stress, caused by excessive reactive oxygen species generation, impairs health and production performance of pigs. A number of nutrients and feed additives have antioxidative property. Our current research project is to study the antioxidative roles of methionine (a sulfur-containing amino acid) in pigs, and this abstract is to report our setup of an oxidative-stressed model by injection of diquat (dibromide monohydrate), a bipyridyl herbicide, to the pig. Barrows [n = 20, body weight (BW) = 21.5 ± 2.50 kg] were randomly allotted to two treatment groups fed a corn-and-soybean-meal-based diet that met or slightly exceeded the NRC (2012) recommended requirements of nutrients and energy. After 3 wk of feeding (Phase 1), while Group-1 pigs were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mL saline, Group-2 pigs were injected with 10 mg/kg BW diquat in 10 mL saline. After the injection, pigs were continually fed for 7 d more (Phase 2). At the end of Phases 1 and 2, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed (G:F) ratios were respectively determined. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 22, and 29 of the experiment, and liver samples were collected on d 29. Commercial assay kits were used to determine the blood and liver redox status, for which the malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. The data was statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test. During Phase 1, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in initial BW, final BW, ADFI, ADG, and G:F ratio. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in the serum MDA contents, the serum GPX, SOD, and CAT activities, and the serum TAC and GSH contents between the two dietary treatment groups. By the end of Phase 2, however, the AFDI and ADG in Group 2 were less (P < 0.001) than that in Group 1. The serum MDA content in Group 2 was greater (P < 0.05) than in Group 1, the serum GPX activity and liver SOD activity in Group 2 was less (P < 0.05) than in Group 1, and the liver GPX activity in Group 2 tended to be greater (P = 0.10) than in Group 1, although there were no differences (P > 0.10) in serum SOD activity, serum TAC, and serum and liver CAT activities between the two treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed that young growing pigs intraperitoneally injected with diquat can lead to oxidative stress and serve as a model for studying antioxidant nutrients or feed additives in pigs.

Exercise-stimulated Resolvin Biosynthesis in Adipose Tissue is Abrogated by High Fat Diet-induced Adrenergic Deficiency.

Diet-induced white adipose tissue inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic perturbations. Conversely, exercise (Exe) protects against the development of chronic inflammation and insulin resistance independent of changes in weight; however, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. We have recently shown that, through adrenergic stimulation of macrophages, exercise promotes resolution of acute peritoneal inflammation by enhancing the biosynthesis of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). In this study, we sought to determine if exercise stimulates pro-resolving pathways in adipose tissue and whether this response is modified by diet. Specifically, we hypothesized that high fat diet feeding disrupts exercise-stimulated resolution by inhibiting adrenergic signaling, priming the development of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT). To explore the dietary dependence of the pro-resolving effects of Exe, mice were fed either a control or high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks prior to, and throughout, a 4 wk period of daily treadmill running. Glucose handling, body weight and composition, and exercise performance were evaluated at the end of the feeding and exercise interventions. Likewise, catecholamines and their biosynthetic enzymes were measured along with AT SPM biosynthesis and macrophage phenotype and abundance. When compared with sedentary controls (Sed), macrophages isolated from mice exposed to 4 wk of exercise display elevated expression of the SPM biosynthetic enzyme Alox15, while whole AT SPM levels and anti-inflammatory CD301+ M2 macrophages increased. These changes were dependent upon diet as 6 wk of feeding with HFD abrogated the pro-resolving effect of exercise when compared with control diet-fed animals. Interestingly, exercise-induced epinephrine production was inhibited by HFD, which diminished expression of the epinephrine biosynthetic enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in adrenal glands. Taken together, these results suggest that a diet high in fat diminishes the pro-resolving effects of exercise in adipose tissue via decreasing the biosynthesis of catecholamines.

The Effect of Commercial Feeding with Different Brands on Physical Quality Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (Kub) Chicken Meat

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how giving commercial feed of various brands affects the physical quality of meat obtained from Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens on pH values, cooking losses and water holding capacity. The Completely Randomized Design (RAL) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques were used in this study. The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to see if there were any notable changes. This research used 160 Day Old Chicks (DOC) with 4 commercial feed treatments with different brands, namely P1 (WK Feed). P2 (CPH Feed), P3 (PAT Feed) and P4 (CFD Feed) with level of protein contains each brand. The results of this study show that giving commercial feed with different brands can have a significant effect (P

Immune-Modulating Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Foods in Healthy Canines

BackgroundKetogenic foods limit digestible carbohydrates but contain high fat, and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as improving mitochondrial function. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 1 of the ketone bodies, reduces the proinflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasomes, as well as chemokines in cultures. ObjectivesWe assessed the immune-modulating effects of 2 low-carbohydrate (LoCHO) foods varying in protein and fat and compared their effects with a food replete with high-carbohydrate (HiCHO) in healthy canines. MethodsDogs were fed control food [HiCHO; ketogenic ratio (KR: 0.46) followed by LoCHO_PROT (KR: 0.97), then LoCHO_FAT (KR: 1.63) or LoCHO_FAT followed by LoCHO_PROT. Each food was fed for 5 wk, with collections in the 5th wk; 15 wk feeding total. Gene expression for circulating inflammatory cytokines from 10 dogs was assessed using the Canine RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction array, and fold changes were calculated using the ΔΔCt method. ResultsLoCHO_FAT significantly increased circulating β-hydroxybutyrate compared with both HiCHO and LoCHO_PROT. When compared with HiCHO, there was a significant decrease in several proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in LoCHO_PROT and LoCHO_FAT groups, including chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)1, CCL8, CCL13, CCL17, CCL24, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1, Interleukin-10 receptor alpha ((IL)-10RA), IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-5, and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, a subset of inflammatory proteins that decreased in LoCHO_PROT but not in LoCHO_FAT included IL-33, IL-6 receptor, IL-7, IL-8, Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member 11B. In contrast, the decrease in inflammatory markers in LoCHO_FAT, but not in LoCHO_PROT, included complement component 5, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or G-CSF, interferon-γ, IL-3, IL-10RB, IL-17C, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF)13, TNFSF13B, and TNFSF14. Decreased concentrations of selected cytokines indicate that both low-carbohydrate foods exert an anti-inflammatory effect and provide a strong rationale for testing their efficacy in dogs with inflammatory conditions. ConclusionsBoth LoCHO_PROT and LoCHO_FAT foods might be important as part of immune-modulating therapeutic nutritional strategies to reduce inflammation to maintain health in canines. Our study identifies several inflammatory genes that are reduced when fed ketogenic food that were not previously reported.

Antihypertensive Effect of Milk Fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K79 on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether milk fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K79, which exhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, has an effect on lowering the blood pressure of hypertensive rats and to investigate biomarker changes in their blood. Experimental group: normal group (NG, Wistar-Kyoto rats): distilled water, control group [NCG, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)]: distilled water, high treatment group (HTG, SHR): 500 mg/kg/day, medium treatment group (SHR): 335 mg/kg/day, low treatment group (SHR): 170 mg/kg/day, positive control group (PCG, SHR): Enalapril, 10 mg/kg/day. The experimental animals used in this study were divided into groups composed of 8 animals. In terms of weight change, a significant difference was observed between the NG and the SHR group, but there was no significant difference between the SHR group. After 8 wk of feeding, blood pressure was lowered more significantly in the HTG (209.9±13.3 mmHg) than in the NCG (230.8±7.3 mmHg). The treatment group has an effect of lowering blood pressure by significantly suppressing blood pressure-related biomarker protein expression than NG. The results obtained can be used as an antihypertensive material in a variety of food raw materials.

High dietary energy decreased reproductive performance through increasing lipid deposition in Yangzhou geese at late laying stage

Dietary metabolizable energy (ME) level could offer a well production performance through maintaining lipid homeostasis in poultry. In this study, a total of 540 geese (450 females and 90 males) at 64 wk of age with similar body weight (4,600 ± 382) were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 30 females and 6 males (1♂:5♀) in each replicate. After 2 wk adaptation, the 5 groups were designed to provide diet with ME intakes of 9.65, 10.05, 10.70, 11.45, and 11.75 MJ/kg, respectively, according to production requirement. Body weight, egg production, hatchability, blood lipid, and fat deposition were recorded after 6 wk feeding. The expression of lipid synthesis-related genes, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FASN), were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Geese fed with high ME diet of 11.75 MJ/kg caused an increased liver and abdominal fat weight and low hatchability of set eggs. The ovarian weight and oviduct length were higher in geese fed dietary energy of 10.7 MJ/kg as compared to the 9.65 MJ/kg groups, whereas no significant difference was observed in geese fed dietary energy of 10.05 MJ/kg. Dietary energy level did not change the concentration of serum lipids at the late egg laying stage. The LPL expression exhibited linear and quadratic effect in response to dietary ME. The FASN expression showed quadratic effect and a relatively higher expression was exhibited in 10.05 and 11.45 MJ/kg than that of the 9.65 and 10.70 MJ/kg ME groups. According to the productivity, reproductive performance, and fat deposition, dietary ME of 10.13 to 10.28 MJ/kg could be suggested for breeding geese at their late laying stage.

Resistant Starch Decreases Serum Total Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations in Rats

Rats were meal-fed semipurified diets containing a low (0.8 g/MJ) and a high (9.6 g/MJ) amount of resistant starch (RS) or various amounts of RS (0.8 to 9.6 g/MJ) and guar gum (0 to 8.8 g/MJ). In one experiment, rats were fed the low and high RS diets in three dietary regimens (ad libitum consuming, 12 h ad libitum/12 h food deprived, and meal fed). Effects of RS and guar gum on serum postprandial and postabsorptive concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), growth, hydrogen excretion, tissue weights and contents of small intestine and cecum, and pH of cecal contents were investigated. In addition, effects of RS on food intake, de novo hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and neutral sterols, and on lipoprotein lipase activity and weight of epididymal fat pads were investigated. Compared with feeding the low RS diet, the high RS diet reduced the serum TC and TAG concentrations, with these effects observed after 1 and 2 wk of feeding, respectively. The dietary regimen did not influence the effect of RS on the serum TC and TAG concentrations, but it did affect the serum TAG concentration. Resistant starch had no effect on the hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and neutral sterols or on the lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal fat pads. Guar gum also reduced the serum TC concentration, but it had no effect on serum TAG concentration. The tissue weights and contents of small intestine and cecum as well as hydrogen excretion increased with increasing amounts of dietary RS and guar gum, whereas the pH of cecal contents decreased. No effects of RS on food intake and total body weight gain were found, whereas guar gum decreased weight gain. Feeding the high RS diet also led to a lower weight of the epididymal fat pads. We conclude that dietary RS can reduce serum TC and TAG concentrations and fat accretion.

Dietary naringin supplementation on hepatic yolk precursors formation and antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period

In this study, the effects of naringin on hepatic yolk precursors formation and antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during late laying period were evaluated. A total of 480 (54-wk-old) Three-Yellow breeder hens were randomly assigned to 4 groups (6 replicates of 20 hens): nonsupplemented control diet (C), and control diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of naringin (N1, N2, and N3), respectively. Results showed that dietary supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of naringin for 8 wk promoted the cell proliferation and attenuated the excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Compared with C group, increased concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and decreased contents of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected in liver, serum and ovarian tissues (P < 0.05). After 8 wk of feeding with naringin (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%), serum estrogen (E2) level, expression levels of proteins and genes of estrogen receptors (ERs) increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, naringin treatment regulated expression of genes related to yolk precursors formation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary naringin addition increased the antioxidants, decreased the oxidation products, and up-regulated transcription levels of antioxidant genes in liver tissues (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplemented with naringin could improve hepatic yolk precursors formation and hepatic antioxidant capacity of Three-Yellow breeder hens during the late laying period. Doses of 0.2% and 0.4% are more effective than dose of 0.1%.

An Alternative Oat–Containing, Ready-To-Use, Therapeutic Food Does Not Alter Intestinal Permeability or the 16S Ribosomal RNA Fecal Microbiome Configuration Among Children With Severe Malnutrition in Sierra Leone: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Previously, a novel oat ready-to-use therapeutic food (o-RUTF) resulted in improved recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) when compared to a standard RUTF (s-RUTF). The o-RUTF contained 18% oat, while the s-RUTF has no cereal ingredients. We determined the effects of o-RUTF on intestinal permeability, as measured by lactulose permeability, and the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) fecal microbiome configuration of children with SAM. This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Sierra Leonean children aged 6-59 mo with SAM, defined by a midupper arm circumference < 11.5 cm, were randomized to receive o-RUTF or s-RUTF. All children received 7 d of amoxicillin per guidelines. Lactulose permeability testing and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were performed at baseline and after 4 wk of therapy. The change in lactulose permeability was the primary outcome, while the fecal 16S rRNA configuration at 4 wk was a secondary outcome. Of the 129 children enrolled, lactulose permeability testing was completed by 100 at baseline and 82 at week 4. After 4 wk of therapeutic feeding, there were no differences in lactulose permeability between the o-RUTF and s-RUTF groups (P = 0.84), and over half of children had increased lactulose permeability (50% s-RUTF compared with 58% o-RUTF, mean difference = -7.5%; 95% CI: -29.2, 15.2; P = 0.50). After 4 wk of feeding, there were no differences in the 16S rRNA configurations between the o-RUTF and s-RUTF groups (Permanova, 999 permutations; P = 0.648; pseudo-F = 0.581), nor were there differences in α or β diversity. Despite remarkably different compositions of o-RUTF and s-RUTF, no differences were identified in lactulose permeability or the fecal 16S rRNA configuration among children with SAM receiving these foods. These results suggest that the o-RUTF exerts its beneficial effects through mechanisms other than reducing intestinal permeability or altering the fecal 16S configuration. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04334538.

An Energy-Restricted Diet Including Yogurt, Fruit, and Vegetables Alleviates High-Fat Diet–Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota

The importance of the composition of an energy-restricted diet in the treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is unknown. In this study we aimed to investigate the benefits of a novel dietary treatment (50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables [CR-YD]) in mice with MetS. Forty 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10/group) that were fed for 14 wk ad libitum with a normal diet (ND; 10%:70%:20% energy from fat: carbohydrate: protein) or for 12 wk with a high-fat diet (HFD; 60:20:20) or the HFD followed by 2 wk of feeding with a 50% calorie-restricted HFD (CR-HFD) or YD (CR-YD, 21.2%:65.4%:13.4% energy). Body weight, fat deposition, hepatic steatosis, serum concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, and glucose homeostasis were assessed. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to validate the roles of gut microbiota in MetS. The HFD group had 50% greater body weight and 475% greater fat deposition than the ND group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HFD group, the CR-HFD and CR-YD groups had 22% and 31% lower body weight and 49% and 75% less fat deposition, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with the CR-HFD group, the CR-YD group had 11% lower body weight, 96% less fat deposition, 500% less hepatic steatosis, 75% lower glucose, and 450% more hepatic Akkermansia bacteria (P < 0.05). The CR-YD group also had 50% lower histopathology scores and 1.35-fold higher levels of Claudin4 than the CR-HFD group (P < 0.05). The HFD + CR-YD fecal group had 10.6% lower body weight, 119% lower steatosis, and 17.9% lower glucose (P < 0.05) than the HFD + CR-HFD fecal group. Compared with CR alone, the CR-YD diet has a better therapeutic effect in mice with HFD-induced MetS.

Postprandial Responses of Energy Substrates in Dogs Fed High Fat‐ vs High Protein‐Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Foods Relative to a High Carbohydrate Food

ObjectiveReduction of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) can increase circulating ketone availability and may aid disease management including inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, diabetes and cognitive decline. Companion animal dogs are prone to all of these maladies. Postprandial to a mixed macronutrient meal, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) decrease. In contrast, both glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increase. Triglycerides (TG) comprise circulating fat energy after a fat‐containing meal although medium chain TG (MCT) are preferentially catabolized to ketones. The postprandial responses of dogs to habitual feeding of high fat versus high protein low CHO foods, relative to high CHO foods, is not known. Therefore, we compared fasting (0 hr) and 2‐0 hr delta values for BHB, NEFA, TG, glucose, BUN as markers of available energy for these foods in dogs.MethodsDogs housed in pairs, with daily group exercise in outdoor grassy runs. Dogs returned to the colony healthy after the study; no invasive procedures. Blood collections under approved protocols at 0 hours (immediately before a meal) and at 2 hours postprandial. Macronutrients (P/F/C; % energy) for the 3 foods: HiCHO (25/37/38); LoCHOprot (50/44/6); LoCHOfat (28/68/4). The LoCHOfat food further contained 22% of dietary fat energy as MCT. Prospective randomized crossover trial (2 groups, n = 18). HiCHO was the wash‐in food followed by LoCHOprot or LoCHOfat in randomized order (5 wk feeding each food). Foods analyzed according to AOAC methods. Energy substrates BHB, NEFA, TG, glucose and BUN measured by Cobas or enzymatic reaction. Individual diet differences by dependent samples t‐test, linear mixed modeling for overall diet effect. Significance at α = 0.05.ResultsAnalyzed ketogenic ratios of the foods: HiCHO (0.46), LoCHOprot (1.1), and LoCHOfat (1.7). At fasting, LoCHOprot and LoCHOfat elevated circulating BHB above HiCHO food with LoCHOfat BHB higher than LoCHOprot. Between 0‐2 hours postprandial, BHB decreased for HiCHO (‐23%) and increased more for LoCHOfat (+100%) than LoCHOprot (+33%). Fasting NEFA were higher in LoCHOprot than LoCHOfat, and not different otherwise. From 0‐2 hours postprandial all foods showed decreased NEFA: HiCHO (‐43%), LoCHOprot (‐57%), LoCHOfat (‐12%). Fasting glucose was not different between groups. From 0‐2 hours postprandial LoCHOprot (‐4%) and LoCHOfat (‐8%) showed decreased glucose while HiCHO was unchanged. Fasting TG levels were different between all foods with the LoCHOprot (‐45%) and LoCHOfat (‐37%) lower than HiCHO. From 0‐2 hours postprandial all dogs showed increased TG with all values different between groups: HiCHO (+135%), LoCHOprot (+356%), LoCHOfat (+591%). Fasting BUN was higher with LoCHOprot than either HiCHO (‐27%) or LoCHOfat (‐26%). From 0‐2 hours postprandial all dogs showed increased BUN with all changes different: HiCHO (+17%), LoCHOprot (+42%), LoCHOfat (+23%).ConclusionsThe LoCHOfat food increased postprandial availability of BHB, NEFA and TG energy while decreasing glucose energy. LoCHOprot primarily enhanced available energy from protein as shown by increased amino acid catabolism to BUN, with additional contributions from BHB, NEFA and TG. The HiCHO food presented only glucose and TG as energy postprandial. Together these data show that a moderate protein, high fat, low CHO food with added MCT can selectively apportion postprandial energy toward ketone and fats while decreasing availability of glucose.

Effects of whole corn high-grain diet feeding on ruminal bacterial community and epithelial gene expression related to VFA absorption and metabolism in fattening lambs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of whole corn high-grain diet feeding on growth performance, ruminal bacterial community, and epithelial morphology and gene expression related to VFA absorption and metabolism in fattening lambs. Fourteen male (castrated) lambs were randomly assigned to either a group fed a ground corn high-grain diet (50.4% grain; HGC, n = 7) or a group fed a whole corn high-grain diet (50.4% grain; HWC, n = 7). After 7wk of feeding, HWC group increased the average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.036) and decreased the feed: gain value (P = 0.010) significantly. HWC group had a greater crude protein apparent digestibility (P = 0.028) in the third week and dry matter and neutral detergent fiber apparent digestibility (P < 0.05) in the seventh week. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed that HWC feeding increased the relative abundance of genera Anaerovibrio, Schwartzia and Unclassified Veillonellaceae in the rumen content and Howardella, Schwartzia and Unclassified Veillonellaceae in the rumen epithelia (P<0.05), while decreased the proportion of Lachnospira and Unclassified Synergistaceae in the rumen content and Anaerovorax, Papillibacter, Ruminococcus, Fibrobacter, Unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Unclassified Bacteroidales and Unclassified Prevotellaceae in the rumen epithelia (P < 0.05). HWC group increased the rumen papilla length (P = 0.001) and surface area (P = 0.002). Furthermore, HWC diet feeding up-regulated the relative mRNA expression of putative anion transporter isoform 1 (PAT1) (P = 0.032) in the rumen epithelia. In summary, compared with ground corn high-grain diet feeding, whole corn high-grain diet feeding improved animal performance, changed ruminal bacterial composition and diversity, and increased VFA absorption of epithelial papilla in fattening lambs. These findings provided theoretical guidance for the actual application of whole corn high-grain diet in ruminants.

Green tea powder inclusion promoted hatchability through increased yolk antioxidant activity

Dietary supplementation of green tea powder (GTP) changes egg quality of hens, however, whether these changes affect incubation is still unknown. This study was to compare the proteomic difference of incubated eggs from hens with GTP supplemented or not. Huainan partridge chickens (1,080) at 35 wk of age were allocated into 2 groups, one group fed basal diet (CG) and one group fed basal diet plus 1% GTP (EG). After 4 wk feeding, artificially fertilized eggs were collected for yolk cholesterol determination and incubation. During incubation, 6 embryos from each group were randomly selected in each day for yolk protein extraction and quantification. Yolk cholesterol content was significantly lower, while the hatchability was significantly higher in EG than that of the CG group (P < 0.05). Yolk protein concentration at embryonic days (ED) of 0, 2, 6, and 13 showed significant changes and were selected for proteomic analysis by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fifty-one differentially expressed (DE) protein spots were identified among different incubation stages between CG and EG group which were mainly classified into vitellogenin, immunoglobulin, and ovoinhibitor, and occupied 45.1, 23.5, and 15.7%, respectively, to the total DE proteins. Ovotransferrin, participated in extracellular sequestering of iron ion process, was significantly lower in EG group than that of the CG group (P < 0.05). Ig light chain precursor (Immunoglobulin) exhibited higher expression at ED6 in EG group as compared with that of the CG group, and was participated in immune response related processes. Ovoinhibitor, mainly involved in protease binding activity, showed lower abundance at ED13 in EG group as compared with that of the CG group. Vitellogenin-3, showed lower expression in EG group as compared with that of the CG group, was mainly participated in lipid transportation and localization according to GO enrichment. Chickens fed diet with GTP provided eggs more antioxidant ability that increased hatchability, indicated that GTP could be considered as additive in breeding layer.

Temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during demyelination induced by cuprizone.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we report the temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model. CPZ did not significantly induce the damage of axons and neurons after 2 wk of feeding. However, after 4-6 wk of CPZ feeding, axons and neurons were markedly reduced in the cortex, posterior thalamic nuclear group, and hippocampus. Simultaneously, the expression of TPH+ tryptophan neurons and VGLUT1+ glutamate neurons was obviously decreased, and the expression of TH+ dopaminergic neurons was slightly decreased in the tail part of the substantia nigra striatum, whereas the number of ChAT+ cholinergic neurons was not significantly different in the brain. In the second week of feeding, CPZ caused a higher level of glutamate secretion and upregulated the expression of EAAT2 on astrocytes, which should contribute to rapid and sufficient glutamate uptake and removal. This finding reveals that astrocyte-driven glutamate reuptake protected the CNS from excitotoxicity by rapid reuptake of glutamate in 4-6 wk of CPZ feeding. At this stage, although NG2+ oligodendroglia progenitor cells (OPCs) were enhanced in the demyelination foci, the myelin sheath was still absent. In conclusion, we comprehensively observed the temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons. Our results will assist with understanding how demyelination affects neurons during CPZ-induced demyelination and provide novel information for neuroprotection in myelin regeneration and demyelinating diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results further indicate temporal and spatial evolution of various functional neurons during the demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced mouse model, which mainly occur 4-6 wk after CPZ feeding. At the same time, the axonal compartment is damaged and, consequently, neuronal death occurs, while glutamate neurons are lost obviously. The astrocyte-mediated glutamate reuptake could protect the neurons from the excitatory effects of glutamate.

Increased Dietary Inclusion Levels of Lysine Are More Effective than Arginine in Supporting the Functional Status of the Gut in Growing Turkeys.

Simple SummaryThe concentrations of essential amino acids (EAA) in turkey diets are established in line with the recommendations of either the British United Turkeys (BUT) or the National Research Council (NRC), which, however, differ with regard to the dietary levels and ratios of important EAA, including lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg) and methionine (Met). For instance, the dietary Arg:Lys ratio in turkey diets recommended by the BUT is approximately 2–5% higher than that recommended by the NRC. Similarly, the lowest and the highest values of the Met:Lys ratio recommended by the BUT exceed those recommended by the NRC by around six and three percentage points, respectively. The above differences may appear to be relatively small, but they raise concerns in the turkey production sector due to their potential impact on both feed cost and bird physiology. Since the turkey sector has grown rapidly in the past decade, a further understanding of the EAA needs of birds is essential to achieving high growth rates and maintaining a profitable and sustainable production.Arginine (Arg) and lysine (Lys) may be important for the overall health of turkeys. The aim of this study was to determine whether low (consistent with the guidelines) and high (10% higher than recommended) levels of dietary Arg and Lys can modulate performance and the functional status of the gut. Female turkeys were allocated to four dietary treatments (two levels of Lys (low or high) and two levels of Arg (low or high)) for a 16 wk feeding period. The treatments did not affect turkey performance determined separately for four feeding phases and for the entire 16 wk experiment (p > 0.05). They had no significant influence on carcass yield, meat characteristics or the associated traits either (p > 0.05). High-Lys diets contributed to a decrease in cecal pH, a significant increase in the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and a decrease in the concentrations of putrefactive SCFA and ammonia in the cecum. High dietary levels of both amino acids significantly enhanced the activity of cecal microbiota evaluated based on extracellular enzyme activity. These findings indicate that the higher dietary level of Lys was more effective in modulating the physiological status of the gut in turkeys than Arg.

A Moderate‐Protein and Controlled‐Phosphorus Ketogenic Food Improves Lipid Metabolism in Dogs while Preventing Elevations in Circulating Urea and Phosphorus

Objective Ketogenic foods (KF) limit digestible carbohydrate (carb) and offer benefits to disease management including cancer, diabetes, renal failure and cognition. While companion dogs are susceptible, their metabolic response to ketogenic foods that vary in protein/fat ratio is not known. We sought to compare metabolic effects of two KF varying in protein/fat, and further compare their effects to a standard adult food (CON). The first KF (KFA) was commercially available and the second (KFB) was developed for this experiment as a moderate protein, controlled phosphorus (Pi) food to make it amenable to at-risk populations. Methods Dogs housed in pairs, with daily group exercise in outdoor grassy runs. All dogs returned to the colony healthy after the study; no invasive procedures. Fasted blood collections under approved protocols. Macronutrients (P/F/C; % energy): CON (21/32/48); KFA (52/42/5); KFB (26/68/5). Food ash, Pi (dry mass, DMB): CON (ash 4.9%, Pi 0.68%), KFA (ash 8.6%; Pi 1.2%), KFB (ash 4.9%, Pi 0.58%). Prospective randomized crossover trial (n = 16). CON the wash-in food followed by KFA then KFB in randomized order (5 wk feeding each). Foods by AOAC methods. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) by enzymatic reaction. Clinical measurements by Cobas. Fatty acid (FA) elongase (ELO) and desaturase (ACD) substrate/product ratios by GC-FID from serum FA. Linear mixed modeling for diet effects. Least-squared means with pooled variance presented. Significance at a = 0.05. Results Ketogenic ratios (KR) of the foods: CON (KR 0.46), KFA (KR 0.97), KFB (KR 1.63). Clinical blood values remained in normal ranges. Despite only 5% carb as energy, the KFA food was not ketogenic; KFA (KFA 101.2 ± 0.09 uM) did not elevate serum BHB above that of the CON food containing 48% starch as energy (CON 93.6 ± 0.09 uM). In contrast, the KFB food was ketogenic; increasing BHB (KFB 143.8 ± 0.09 uM) relative to both KFA and CON. Serum glucose was not different. The KFA elevated insulin and glucagon relative to CON; the KFB food not different from KFA or CON. The KFA increased blood urea and Pi above KFB and CON; KFB food was not different from CON. Liver enzymes ALP and AST were lowest when dogs were fed KFB. Both KFA and KFB decreased serum triglycerides (TG) by 30% compared to the CON food, but increased total cholesterol. The KFB decreased the product/substrate ratios of d-9 (16:1/16:0, 18:1/18:0) and d-5 ACD (20:4n6/20:3n6) but increased that of d-6 ACD (18:3n6/18:2n6, 20:3n6/18:2n6). KFB also increased apparent these ratios for ELOs elov5 (20:3n6/18:3n6) and elov6 (18:0/16:0). Conclusions: A low-carb, moderate protein, controlled Pi ketogenic food increased circulating ketone BHB 40% above that of a low-carb food that contained 80% more protein. Moderating protein and reducing Pi in the KFB prevented elevations in blood urea and Pi that occurred with KFA. Thus, high levels of protein and ash may limit a food's ketogenic potential and it's use in renal patients. The TG-lowering effect of ketogenic foods observed in humans was mirrored in this canine study; we further found that KFB altered fatty acid metabolism. These results will further enable the personalization of nutritional recommendations for ketogenic foods to benefit a broad spectrum of health states.

PSXI-28 Commercial grain-free diet improved taurine status, but increased bile acid excretion when fed to Labrador Retrievers

Abstract In 2018 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a statement that grain-free diets may be related to the increased incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. This statement was made despite all implicated diets meeting nutrient requirements published by the Association of American Feed Controls Official (AAFCO) and enforced by State Officials. Many of these dogs presented with low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations, and as such, we hypothesized that feeding these diets would result in reduced taurine status over a 26 wk feeding period. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding a grain-free diet to large breed dogs on taurine status and overall health. Eight Labrador Retrievers (4 males, 4 females; Four Rivers Kennel, MO) were individually housed and fed a commercial complete and balanced grain-free diet (Acana Pork and Squash formula; APS; moisture 8.40%, crude protein 37.81%, crude fat 18.78%, ash 8.06%, and total dietary fiber 11.40%) for 26 weeks. Fasted blood samples were collected at week 0 and 26 for analyses of plasma and whole blood taurine. Urine was collected by free catch and analyzed for taurine and creatinine. Fresh fecal samples were collected and analyzed for bile acids. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures in SAS (v. 9.4). Dogs were healthy throughout the duration of the trial. Urinary taurine to creatinine ratio did not change throughout the feeding period (wk 0 = 0.25 vs. wk 26 = 0.28). Fecal bile acid excretion increased after 26 weeks of feeding APS to dogs. Despite the higher fecal excretion of bile acids, plasma and whole blood taurine increased over the 26 wk feeding period. In conclusion, feeding APS for 26 wk results in increased taurine status in large breed dogs, despite higher excretion of fecal bile acids.

Impact of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Feeding on Tart Cherry (Rosales: Rosaceae) Quality and Yield in Utah.

Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys Stål) is an invasive and economically important agricultural and ornamental insect pest now established in 46 U.S. states. It was first detected in Utah in 2012 and began causing agricultural damage in 2017. Tart cherry (Prunus cerasus Linnaeus) is a major processed agricultural commodity in Utah; yet, its susceptibility to brown marmorated stink bug is unstudied. Limb cages with six brown marmorated stink bug adults, nymphs, or no brown marmorated stink bug were established in a randomized complete block design in a tart cherry orchard to determine feeding impact on different fruit developmental stages. After 1 wk of feeding, half of the fruits in each cage were removed to assess feeding intensity, and the remainder left through maturity to assess marketability and quality. Feeding by adults and nymphs between petal fall and fruit pit hardening, even at feeding pressures as low as 1.7-4.0 feeding sites per fruit, caused 100% abscission of fruits, significantly reducing marketability when compared with the control treatment. For fruits that escaped abscission and matured, few quality differences were detected among treatments, indicating that brown marmorated stink bug feeding caused minimal detectable quality loss to this processed tree fruit crop. We conclude that tart cherries are at risk of abscission with short-term brown marmorated stink bug feeding between petal fall and pit hardening when overwintered adults or F1 nymphs are present in orchards, and suggest that longer-term feeding may be necessary to cause quality and yield reductions after pit hardening.

Growth performance, organ weight, fecal scores, plasma, and ceca digesta microbial metabolites in growing pigs fed spent biomass of Pichia kudriavzevii.

Growth performance, liver and spleen weight, plasma, and ceca digesta metabolites and incidences of diarrhea were investigated in growing pigs fed spent biomass of Pichia kudriavzevii. Ninety six barrows (~25 kg, 4 pigs/pen) were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets (n = 6) for 7 weeks. The diets were control, corn-, and soybean meal-based diet or control plus 2.5%, 3.75%, or 5.0% P. kudriavzevii. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and iso nitrogenous. Feed intake and body weight (BW) were recorded weekly for calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Fecal scores were taken 3 d/wk to assess incidence and severity of diarrhea. One pig/pen close to pen average was bled for plasma metabolites on days 7 and 49 and subsequently euthanized for spleen and liver weight, ileal and cecum digesta samples for concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The concentration of crude protein, crude fat, and non-fiber carbohydrates in P. kudriavzevii biomass was 36.4%, 9.6%, and 50.8% DM, respectively. Inclusion of P. kudriavzevii tended (P = 0.06) to linearly reduce ADG from days 8 through 49 resulting in a trend (P = 0.06) for linear reduction in the final BW. The final BW was 79.0, 79.2, 76.8, and 75.5 kg for the 0%, 2.5%, 3.75%, and 5.0% P. kudriavzevii, respectively. Diets had no effect (P > 0.10) on ADFI, G:F, spleen, and liver weight throughout the entire experiment. On day 7, there was cubic (P = 0.03) decrease and quadratic (P = 0.02) increase in plasma concentration of creatinine and urea N, respectively. However, there were no (P > 0.10) diet effects on plasma metabolites on day 49. There was a tendency (P = 0.08) for linear increase in cecum digesta concentration of acetic acid. There were no diet effects (P > 0.10) on fecal score in the first 4 wk of feeding. In conclusion, feeding P. kudriavzevii yeast tended to depress growth and stimulate cecum fermentation at higher dose and had no detrimental effects on organ weights or plasma metabolites in growing pigs.

Expression of lysine-mediated neuropeptide hormones controlling satiety and appetite in broiler chickens

Lysine is the second most limiting amino acid after methionine and is considered the most limiting amino acid for growth in poultry. Lysine requirement for broiler chickens has changed over the years. Leptin and adiponectin represent 2 adipokines that mediate metabolism by eliciting satiety effects whereas ghrelin peptide hormone influences appetite. We hypothesize that this affects growth performance of chicks. This study evaluates the effect of varying dietary lysine homeostasis on performance of broiler chickens through satiety- and appetite-mediating hormones. In 3 replications, 270 one-day-old chicks were reared for 8 wk feeding on diets comprising 0.85, 1.14, and 1.42% lysine during the starter period and 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25% lysine during the grower period. These concentrations of lysine represent 75% (low lysine), 100% (control), and 125% (high lysine) of National Research Council recommendation for broiler chickens. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. At 8 wk of age, liver, pancreas, brain, and hypothalamus tissues were collected from 18 birds randomly selected from each treatment, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until use. Total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized for quantitative real-time PCR assays. Low lysine concentration caused slow growth and high mortality. There was significant upregulation of ghrelin in the hypothalamus and pancreas, and leptin and adiponectin in the hypothalamus and liver, and downregulation of ghrelin in the intestines. At low lysine concentrations, adiponectin was not expressed in both pancreas and intestines. High lysine concentration exhibited increased growth, upregulation of ghrelin in the liver, and downregulation of ghrelin in the intestines, and both adiponectin and leptin in the liver. The expression of ghrelin was negatively correlated with the expression of adiponectin and leptin (P < 0.05) in the liver, hypothalamus, and pancreas. Expression of leptin was positively correlated with adiponectin in the hypothalamus and liver (P < 0.05), exhibiting satiety effects when the concentrations of lysine were low.