Wittgenstein's Language Game Research Articles

Extremism Counter-narration of the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah within the Perspective of Ludwig Wittgenstein Language Games Theory

Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) is one of the extreme Islamic groups that has a strong influence in the spread of takfiriism in Indonesia. This group has proven to be strongly affiliated with ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), which is an extreme transnational Islamic group. JAD is one of the extreme groups in Indonesia that has the most followers and is spread throughout Indonesia. This is based on the large number of Indonesian people, especially Muslims who are exposed to JAD ideology. JAD has a different character from its predecessor group which also carried out acts of terrorism. JAD's character is like targeting a near enemy, disbelieving all those who serve the country, carrying out lone wolf actions, involving one family in its jihad, and involving women. Thus, this research leads to a form of counter-narrative/preventive effort as a form of self-defense to dispel such dangerous narratives. The study in this study uses a descriptive analysis model based on library research by taking data sourced from primary data, as well as secondary data. The findings in this study provide a new way of anticipating extreme narratives taught by JAD (Jamaah Ansharut Daulah), namely through the analysis of Ludwig Wittgenstein's language games. Through this analysis it can be found that there is a structure of propaganda language games, inciting, praying, and orders that are delivered religiously and in the form of justifications. Therefore, the analysis of language games provides a way, namely by paying attention to words according to their use in sentences, paying attention to the meaning of sentences according to their use in language, and paying attention to the meaning of language according to their use in life.

Analyze on Why Freedom of Speech Should be Restricted from the Perspective of Language Game

As one of the most important modern western philosophers, Wittgenstein's language game theory laid the foundation for the study of pragmatics, and at the same time made the theory of "language game" widely studied in the field of linguistics. Linguistics is relatively active in the fields of mass media and social information dissemination, and the impact of language games on mass media and information dissemination has also achieved certain results in research. Combined with the current era, the rapid development of Internet technology has also led to the development of mass media and information dissemination effectiveness, opened up an unprecedented and convenient way for citizens to exercise their right to freedom of speech, and gave birth to the field of cyberspace that coexists with real space. The Internet platform allows more people to participate in the activities of expressing and disseminating speech, promoting the improvement of social norms, and solving social problems, but at the same time, online language violence and rumors, and defamation are also problems that cannot be underestimated, threatening national and social security. Based on Wittgenstein's "language game" theory, this article analyzes the spread and influence of language game theory, especially deeply derogatory words, on historical and contemporary social speech, and responds to why freedom of speech should be restricted.

Theory after Practice

Theory after Practice

The London Whale Scandal under new Scrutiny: A Critical Appraisal of the Concept of Retro-causality

This paper aims to extend the purview of the retro-causality concept, by exploring a complex and under-researched financial accounting scandal, namely the London Whale, a group of traders that operated on account of the London subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co in 2012. We specify the conceptual articulation underlying the discourse on the scandal, between the intentions, the actions and the temporality in which the events have taken place. We then elaborate upon philosophers Elizabeth Anscombe and Donald Davidson. We show the limitations of rationalization as a causal deterministic explanation of actions in light of a methodical review of the JPMorgan Chase Task Force Report in 2013. We put forward the idea that the scandal features flows of awareness, reminiscent of Bergson's duration. The articulation between intentions, actions and causes is performed, by mobilizing quantum macroeconomic theory developed by the economist Bernard Schmitt. We show the relevance of retro-causality for central debates in contemporary accounting (e.g. fair value accounting and the efficient market hypothesis). Our empirical study abundantly draws on Ludwig Wittgenstein's language games, and retro-causality insights borrowed from quantum physics. Our results confirm our theoretical intuitions: there is a common thread and guiding reflection throughout the accounting scandal, namely the idea that the future might influence the past, under certain assumptions. Finally, some groundbreaking consequences are derived for the accounting profession regarding the global crisis in 2008.

Rules, understanding and language games in mathematics

The article is devoted to the applicability of Wittgenstein’s following the rule in the context of his philosophy of mathematics to real mathematical practice. It is noted that in «Philosophical Investigations» and «Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics» Wittgenstein resorted to the analysis of rather elementary mathematical concepts, accompanied also by the inherent ambiguity and ambiguity of his presentation. In particular, against this background, his radical conventionalism, the substitution of logical necessity with the «form of life» of the community, as well as the inadequacy of the representation of arithmetic rules by a language game are criticized. It is shown that the reconstruction of the Wittgenstein concept of understanding based on the Fregian division of meaning and referent goes beyond the conceptual framework of Wittgenstein language games.

The Library Language Game: Information Literacy through the Lens of Wittgenstein's Language Games

Labeling information is a precarious and risky enterprise. Catalogers have the task of fitting unique concepts within established and rigid language frameworks while also minimizing personal bias. The way information literacy librarians interact with labeled information also influences how users interact with information. Labeling moves beyond the role of categorizing, it also contributes to meaning making and knowledge building. Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations serves as a philosophical footing to illustrate how the labeling of things, in this case information, shapes the way we give things meaning. Critical librarianship and philosophy of information theory add to the discussion by considering how personal perspective, power, and bias to manipulate the game of naming information that takes place in the information literacy classroom. This paper is an invitation for librarians to reflect upon the relationship between labeling and how all users of information engage with labels and subsequently create meaning and knowledge.

A pedagogical interpretation on Wittgenstein's language game

A pedagogical interpretation on Wittgenstein's language game

JOGOS DE LINGUAGEM E GEOMETRIA EUCLIDIANA PLANA: UMA TERAPIA WITTGENSTEINIANA EM CURSOS DE LICENCIATURA EM MATEMÁTICA

Este trabalho reporta uma investigação, a partir da dúvida de a geometria euclidiana plana ser abordada de modo diferente em livros distintos, utilizados na formação de professores de matemática na Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS. Assim, com base no levantamento de ementas e bibliografias de disciplinas de geometria nos cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática da UFMS, foram analisados os livros Geometria Euclidiana Plana, de João Lucas Barbosa (2006), que vinha sendo utilizado por muitos anos em praticamente em todos os cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática, da referida Universidade e, por questões logísticas, foi substituído por Geometria Euclidiana Plana e Construções Geométricas, de Eliane Quelho Frota Rezende e Maria Lúcia Bontorim de Queiroz (2000), em busca de semelhanças e diferenças entre ambos. Ancorada na perspectiva dos jogos de linguagem de Ludwig Wittgenstein, a referida análise desses dois manuais pautou-se na averiguação de como se constituíam os jogos de linguagem nestes manuais. Para tanto, foi praticada uma Terapia Bibliográfica com a Geometria Euclidiana Plana, seus axiomas, postulados e teoremas, tendo em conta que jogos de linguagem estão sempre assentados em formas de vida. Assim a leitura se inspirou em possíveis usos destes manuais didáticos em salas de aula de formação de professores de Matemática. Foram constatadas várias dessemelhanças, tais como diferentes palavras usadas em um mesmo sentido, usos de uma mesma palavra de formas próprias e encadeamentos lógicos singulares, caracterizando, assim, diferentes jogos de linguagem, diferentes Geometrias Euclidianas Planas.

Functorial Language Games for Question Answering

We present some categorical investigations into Wittgenstein's language-games, with applications to game-theoretic pragmatics and question-answering in natural language processing.

Painful Subjects

Painful Subjects

Towards Functorial Language-Games

In categorical compositional semantics of natural language one studies functors from a category of grammatical derivations (such as a Lambek pregroup) to a semantic category (such as real vector spaces). We compositionally build game-theoretic semantics of sentences by taking the semantic category to be the category whose morphisms are open games. This requires some modifications to the grammar category to compensate for the failure of open games to form a compact closed category. We illustrate the theory using simple examples of Wittgenstein's language-games.

Transparency as transparagency—New “meaning” for new contexts

A literature review was undertaken to find how transparency is connected to different models of governance. This paper addresses transparency in a wider sense than usual and claims its recognition from the systemic point of view. With this goal in mind, Wittgenstein's language games were used to show that transparency means what practice shows it is to regain its meaning in the never‐ending circle. On this basis, a new notion of transparency is proposed: transparagency, which connects knowing, understanding, acting, and evaluating under a new umbrella term. On the basis of Google Trends, the paper exposes a link between transparency and freedom of expression that is contrary to common understanding—Transparency is ensured more when people talk about it less.

Antirealism/realism of Wittgenstein's language-game idea

Wittgenstein’s language-game idea allews/us te find out both, antirealistic and realistic tendencies, what is required te abanden classification an realistic and antirealistic (constructivistic, instrumentalistic) approaches in semantics and methodology of science/that originated in discussions on the philosophy of mathematics. Using some relevant commentators of Wittgenstein’s works (Dummett, Baker, Hintikka, Kiripke. C. Wright etc.) a broader notion of realism will be obtained using the following questions: A. human reality: natural history or forms of life (behaviour, practice, training, customs and institutions — language-games and correct use), B. new objectivity: community, agreement (criterion - following rules), C. the new nuance in the nation of truth: justification, verification (proof as an method of verification). The results of the analysis will be the impontant for a new criterion of realism such as: the general notion of reality, objectivity as intersubjectivity and the nuances in the notion of truth.With the new criterion we have the following map of realism: 1. F-rege-Tarski-Carnap truth-conditional realism, 2. Frege-Wittgenstein justification/verificatdonist realism, 3. Frege-Wittgenstein-Hintikka verificationist/falsificationist realism.The possibility of Frege-Wittgenstein-Dummett neoveificationist realism is open to further research.

Reflection on the Interconnectedness of Sen's Theory of Justice, Rawlsian Justice of Fairness, Wittgenstein's Language-Games Approach, 'Akbar and the Necessity of Reason' Multicultural Approach to Multicultural Education Theory

The term social justice is oftentimes mentioned and reverberates in ethnic studies, education, natural sciences, and in the social sciences disciplines paradigmatic debates on what is justice and fairness to society in general. But what does it mean to have social justice for all? What is social justice? In this light, I seek to highlight the importance of the study and understanding of the theory of justice and the philosophical approaches that are appropriate to adopt and implement in educational leadership, and teaching the least privileged culturally different students in the United states. In doing so, 1) I define and explain the three types of theory of justice (Sen, 2009); 2) explain the Rawlsian approach of justice of fairness; 3) clarify Akbar and the Necessity of Reason multicultural approach; 4) explain the 'Language-games' approach of Ludwig Wittgenstein (1921); 5) define and explain Multicultural Education Theory connecting to practice; and 6) interpret in my conclusion the interconnectedness of Sen's three theory of justice, Rawlsian Approach of Justice of Fairness, Sen's Akbar and the Necessity of Reason multicultural approach, Ludwig Wittgenstein's language-games approach to Multicultural Education theory connecting to practice (McCann, 2015).

A frame‐reflective discourse analysis of serious games

AbstractThe authors explore how framing theory and the method of frame‐reflective discourse analysis provide foundations for the emerging discipline of serious games (SGs) research. Starting withWittgenstein's language game andBerger andLuckmann's social constructivist view on science, the authors demonstrate why a definitional or taxonomic approach toSGs is problematic and unfruitful. UsingGoffman's frame analysis as an alternative, they construct four frames, with sample illustrations, demonstrating the different ways in which the utility of games for society, business and politics is considered. These areSGs as: (1) tool (therapy, drug), (2) innovation (economic utility), (3) persuasion (idea, belief) and (4) self‐organization (complexity). The frames are based upon different values and perceive different impacts of games in society, business and politics. The authors discuss the implications of their approach.

Reexamination of Hirst's Social Practice :The Limit and Significance in light of Wittgenstein's Language Game

Reexamination of Hirst's Social Practice :The Limit and Significance in light of Wittgenstein's Language Game

Gramatyka „wierzyć” religijnego w kontekście gier językowych

Wittgenstein’s philosophy of religion is not very well known in polish philosophical literature. His conception of language-games is sometimes vague. The article presents the problem of faith and religion in the context of Wittgenstein's language-games. The trouble with it is lack of precise definition of language-game. Still, under certain conditions, we can discuss faith and religion from the perspective of language-games. It becomes possible to indicate a specific religious language which could be treated as a language-game. Three components characteristic for language-games - some set of words (vocabulary), grammar, and form of life (which is inseparably related to language-game) - could be separated also for religious language. In the face of studies, faith appears as inseparably related to activity. That means that the believer is pushed to specified activities, and we can't talk about faith without these activities. Faith is a "picture" which affects the lives of believers and forms them.

Thinking in Images in Legal Theory

This paper explores the role of images in (legal) philosophical thought. It does so in two steps. The first step consists in considering discussions of the role of images in philosophical methodology, focusing especially on contemporary work by M. Le Doeuff and M. La Caze, but drawing also on the ancient practice of philosophy (as exemplified in Plato's dialogues). Philosophers often neglect how often they use, and just how much they rely on, images: think only of Plato's cave, Hegel's owl, Locke's tabula rasa, Wittgenstein's language games, and Quine's web of belief. Such images immediately bring to mind certain ideas and arguments, but also philosophical temperaments. Having considered the role of images in philosophical methodology, the second step consists in developing an account of Zenon Bankowski's imaginary, i.e. the stock of images that appear in his work, and examining the roles that those various images play. These range from images of ATM machines that do not respond to the particular person (but only ever the person represented in that person’s card), and hence raise (by analogy) questions of the ethics of legal judgement, to images of ‘bridging institutions’ that infuse the legal system with ‘lay acid’, thereby renewing the law, preventing it from becoming too isolated from the life of the community.

ウイトゲンシュタインの言語ゲーム論とその教育学的意義:教育論としての言語ゲーム論における「理解」と「知識」

ウイトゲンシュタインの言語ゲーム論とその教育学的意義:教育論としての言語ゲーム論における「理解」と「知識」

Luhmann’s Systems Theory/Postmodernism/Literature

Niklas Luhmann's systems thinking goes beyond Parsonian functionalism and evolves in the late 1970s and early 1980s into his systems theory with its boundaries between system and environment. His adoption of autopoiesis from biology increases the chance of a paradigm shift from modernity to postmodernity. As his autopoietic (social) systems are communication of difference, his Systems Theory operates as a framework that embraces both the modern or Parsonian functionalism as well as deconstructive (postmodern) elements. Although his social systems are communication of information, utterance and understanding, some critics have criticized the fact that communication is the fundamental concept of the system because communication cannot be a permanent and conceptual constituent in the system. Despite their criticisms, his social system offers a framework in which the communicative act is performed. This holistic system of Luhmann's includes postmodern elements in Wittgenstein's language games and Lyotard's differend. On the surface, paradoxical constituents of Luhmann's system seem to mar the holistic concept of the system. On the other hand, these paradoxical constituents offer some possibilities of overcoming the great divide between the modern epistemology and the postmodern one. As the modern epistemologists argue against the deconstructionists on a logocentric subject for any understanding, the scholars of both camps cannot reach any agreement. Granting such keen confrontations, Luhmann's Systems Theory offers an option to include both holistic and fragmentary constituents. In this context, Luhmann constructs a frame or system of embracing differences. It is appropriate to say that Luhmann's Systems Theory offers a way to understand human and social phenomena in the age of postmodernity and beyond.