Withdrawal Intensity Research Articles

Accounting for carbon emissions in social water cycle system in nine provinces along the yellow river and analysis of influencing factors.

Water resources is an essential factor to ensure the sustainable development of the society, but along with the utilization and treatment of water resources, a large amount of carbon emissions will be generated. The study of carbon emissions in social water cycle system is of great significance in promoting the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study calculated the carbon emissions generated in social water cycle system in nine provinces along the Yellow River, used the Tapio decoupling model to analyze the decoupling relationship between water and carbon emissions, and constructed the STIRPAT expanded model to analyze the main influencing factors of carbon emissions. (1) The total carbon emissions of the nine provinces showed an increasing trend over time, with a growth rate of 25.13%. (2) The carbon emission intensity of water use (1.60kg/m3) and drainage (1.45kg/m3) system is higher, the carbon emission intensity of water supply (0.30kg/m3) and water withdrawal (0.56kg/m3) system is lower. (3) The relationship between water resources utilization and carbon emissions along the Yellow River is generally in a state of negative decoupling and coupling. (4) Energy structure and population growth are the main factors affecting carbon emissions in social water cycle system, while water supply quantity and water use system are secondary factors. Water use system is the main body of carbon emissions in social water cycle system, and as the water consumption increases, the carbon emissions will continue to increase. In order to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change, carbon emission factors should be incorporated into water resources management.

National water use of coal-fired power generation: Hybrid life cycle assessment in China

Previous studies of water use for coal-fired power generation may have overlooked inter-sectoral impacts in the supply chain. Indeed, to devise effective water conservation strategies during the ongoing energy transition, it is of utmost importance to analyze the sectoral water use structures and flows in the supply chain and identify the sources of water scarcity. Therefore, based on the power sector-split environmentally extended input‒output (EEIO) model and the life cycle assessment (LCA) idea, we comprehensively analyze the nexus between coal-fired power generation and water use from a sectoral perspective. Our findings reveal a complex and diverse water use structure in coal-fired power generation. The technology of production inherently determines the high intensity of water withdrawal, and the close intersectoral linkages, particularly with agriculture, construction, and some industrial sectors, in the production process result in an intricate web of indirect water withdrawal and blue water footprint (WF). Moreover, the grey WF, primarily sourced from coal mining and indirectly tied to tertiary industries, underscores critical areas for attention in water pollution management. Finally, water use in the coal-fired power sector is projected to remain at elevated levels in the short to medium term under various transition strategies. Following an in-depth exploration of the coal-fired power‒water use nexus, the findings can offer new perspectives and specific entry points for sustainable energy development and water resource management.

Water availability may not restrict the implementation of carbon capture utilization and storage technology: Evidence from China's electric power sector

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), a water resource-intensive technology, has been projected to be restricted by water resources in the future. However, the water-saving effects resulting from technology progress and CO2-Enhanced water recovery (CO2-EWR) process are not been fully considered. Based on the learning curve theory, this study proposes a new water accounting system for CCUS retrofitting of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) from a dynamic perspective considering power generation, carbon capture, and CO2-EWR technology. The results show that the total water withdrawal per unit of CCUS retrofitting with the first-generation capture technology will decrease by 66.89 %, and the total water consumption per unit of that will decrease by 74.70 % from 2021 to 2050. By contrast, the water withdrawal and consumption per unit with the second-generation capture technology will decrease by 74.12 % and 82.51 %, with the overall unit water consumption below 0.5 m3/MWh. Moreover, the water usage caused by CCUS retrofitting will be greatly relieved through the progress of geological sequestration technology (especially the CO2-EWR). In addition, the water usage during the capture process for circulation cooling and air-cooling would present an “inverted U” shaped trend affected by the capture scale and technology progress. Remarkably, the water withdrawal and consumption intensity of CFPPs with air-cooling technology is significantly lower than those of the circulation cooling technology for power generation, while the opposite happens if the capture technology is applied. Even so, CCUS retrofitting for the CFPPs with air-cooling technology can save 60 × 104 m3 of water resource after 2040, which is positive for the CCUS deployment in the arid areas of China.

Understanding difficult temperament in adults: A mixed-methods study

Difficult temperament is a set of behavioral characteristics that are associated with mental health and a significant predictor of psychopathology. This study aims to investigate which temperamental characteristics can be considered attributes of difficult temperament in Lithuanian adults. The sample consisted of 429 adults between 18 and 79 years of age. The Adult Temperament Questionnaire was used to assess temperamental characteristics and perceived difficult temperament. Data were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach. The results revealed that the set of attributes perceived as constituting difficult temperament includes characteristics such as negative mood, intensity of emotional reactions, low adaptability, withdrawal, and low regularity. Quantitative data analysis uncovered an unexpected negative relationship between perceived difficult temperament and the rhythmicity characteristic, while a new category of stubbornness emerged in the qualitative data. The findings provide new knowledge about both the cultural specifics of difficult temperament and the content of the temperament construct in general. These results can also aid in the development of further research on difficult temperament, as well as in the planning of mental health interventions and psychological counseling.

Emotion Recognition and Differentiation in Cannabis Abstainers Over Time: Assessing the Role of Mental Health Problems and Cannabis Withdrawal

Introduction: Cannabis is the second most widely-used substance in India, after alcohol. Several researches show how cannabis use can impair emotion recognition capacity, but relatively few researchers have explored this among cannabis abstainers. Aims: The present study’s authors aimed at assessing emotion recognition, emotion differentiation, self-reported anxiety, depression, stress, withdrawal intensity and impact in a sample of men who abstain from cannabis. Methods: Heavy cannabis users (N = 70 males) were assessed via questionnaires regarding their cannabis use frequency, their age at onset of usage, anxiety, depression, and stress levels as well as their performance on computerised tasks of emotion recognition and discrimination within 24 hours of their admission (T0), then after 15 days of abstinence (T1), and finally after 30 days of abstinence (T2). At T1 and T2, they were also assessed for withdrawal intensity and the impact of withdrawal on daily activities. Results: Findings revealed that, with abstinence, successive improvement in emotion recognition and emotion differentiation developed, even after accounting for declines in psychological distress from T0 to T1. However, from T1 to T2, further declines in psychological distress and withdrawal impact mainly accounted for this improvement. Happiness was the best recognised and well-differentiated emotion while the poorest discrimination was observed for anger. Conclusions: This study’s findings corroborate and significantly add to the limited existing literature, demonstrating improved emotion recognition and differentiation due to initial cannabis abstinence, but later this improvement proceeds with a decline in distress and withdrawal impact.

Water and waste management strategies as drivers of the financial performance of food companies

Environmental degradation and resource overuse can affect business operations. Sustainable development is therefore a global economic priority. Food companies must develop strategies to ensure food security and seek business models to provide economic, social, and environmental benefits. This paper presents the combinations of water and waste management practices (water efficiency targets, water consumption ratio, water intensity ratio, waste recycling ratio, and waste intensity ratio) that lead to an overvaluation of food companies in the stock market (Tobin's Q > 1). These combinations of practices were identified using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of a global sample of 61 listed companies from the food production sector. No necessary conditions were found for the outcome of a Tobin's Q >1. In contrast, the sufficiency analysis revealed five sufficient configurations for overvaluation. The presence of significant recycling and waste reuse performance and the absence of a strong intensity of water withdrawal and waste production are key conditions to achieve the presence of the outcome. The findings provide useful insights for managers, who can focus their business strategies on sustainable and efficient water and waste management to support high financial performance. The findings can also help investors in their decision making.

Abstract 15735: Acquired Long-QT Syndrome Due to Excessive Loperamide Use

Background: Loperamide is an over-the-counter opioid used primarily to treat diarrhea. Toxicity is known to predispose patients to life-threatening QT-interval prolongation and ventricular dysrhythmias. Case: A 42 year-old man with a past medical history of palpitations, tobacco use disorder, chronic back pain, and opioid use disorder presented to the hospital for syncope. In the preceding days, he experienced three episodes of palpitations followed by dizziness that would cause him to lose consciousness and fall, lasting five seconds each. He noted a longstanding opioid use history for chronic back pain, initially treated with oxycodone at a maximum dose of 600mg daily with transition to heroin for a total of three months. The patient then self-managed his opioid dependence with loperamide five years prior to admission, initially using doses of 200 mg daily, followed by three years of taking 768mg of loperamide daily. In attempts to avoid known electrophysiologic complications, he co-administered vitamin C (12,000-14,000 mg daily), magnesium citrate (1200mg/day), D3 (4000u daily), fish oil, centrum multivitamin 2 pills daily, and zinc. In the Emergency Department, the patient was given was given intravenous calcium, amiodarone, and magnesium for recurrent pulseless ventricular tachycardia, ultimately defibrillated and converted to junctional bradycardia. He was admitted to the cardiac care unit. Left heart catheterization demonstrated nonobstructive coronary artery disease; transthoracic echocardiogram was only notable for ejection fraction of 45%. He was treated with transvenous pacemaker (TVP) placement with pacing at 100bpm. Because of increasing intensity of opioid withdrawal, TVP was removed and isoproterenol infusion was started, while initiating transition to suboxone for maintenance treatment. Conclusion: This is the highest reported dose of loperamide intoxication as a method to self-manage opioid dependence. Despite low addictive potential, loperamide may be used at higher doses for opioid dependence or its euphoric effects. Treatment of loperamide toxicity should be aimed at reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity and managing withdrawal symptoms during detoxification, given its variable half-life.

A data set of distributed global population and water withdrawal from 1960 to 2020

Population and water withdrawal data sets are currently faced with difficulties in collecting, processing and verifying multi-source time series, and the spatial distribution characteristics of long series are also relatively lacking. Time series is the basic guarantee for the accuracy of data sets, and the production of long series spatial distribution is a realistic requirement to expand the application scope of data sets. Through the time-consuming and laborious basic processing work, this research focuses on the population and water intake time series, and interpolates and extends them to specific land uses to ensure the accuracy of the time series and the demand of spatially distributed data sets. This research provides a set of population density and water intensity products from 1960 to 2020 distributed to the administrative units or the corresponding regions. The data set fills the gaps in the multi-year data set for the accuracy of population density and the intensity of water withdrawal.

Regional and temporal variability in water use intensity for thermoelectric power plants in the contiguous United States

Water is crucial for power generation and understanding how much water is needed in the process becomes the key when ensuring water and energy security. Water use intensity has been estimated in the United States based on reported water use and electricity generation data. However, the water use intensity has been often estimated using a single year of records without comprehensive consideration of regional and seasonal variations. This study is thus focused on quantifying the water withdrawal intensity (WWI) and water consumption intensity (WCI), considering the power plant characteristics as well as regional and seasonal variations. The spatiotemporal variations are evaluated using the public records provided by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of 234 thermoelectric facilities in the contiguous United States (CONUS) for the period 2010 to 2019. The median and range of WWI and WCI for CONUS are estimated for 26 cooling-engine combinations, which is valuable for assessing water security and energy security. The results demonstrate that WCI for power plants using cooling systems with cooling ponds is more variable regionally. The seasonal impact is more significant for recirculating cooling with natural draft systems. The median WCI for CONUS is 1.22 L/kWh. The results also confirm that facility, regional and seasonal factors are important and should be considered when estimating the water use by thermoelectric power plants.

Opening the black box of water-energy-food nexus system in China: Prospects for sustainable consumption and security

Water-energy-food (WEF) nexus system enables to examine the implications for sustainability. Inevitably, shocks from socioeconomic subsystems would impact the stability and reliability of the WEF nexus system. This paper aims to identify the reasons for changes in water withdrawal, energy consumption, and crop consumption, and uncover differentiated effects from both the national and provincial perspectives, and finally offer the main strategies in China that balance socioeconomic development and resource-saving from the consumption perspective. Empirical results in China from 2011 to 2017 show that (1) the reduction of per capita energy consumption leads to a decrease in water withdrawal, while increased population and water withdrawal intensity in energy sectors have adverse effects on diminishing water withdrawal. (2) The decrease in energy consumption mainly results from improved energy use efficiency for the whole period. (3) Reduction in national crop consumption is mainly caused by the decline in energy consumption per person over the years, which implies a positive effect of food-energy nexus effect on the decrease in crop consumption. (4) Spatially-temporarily contribution rates of drivers offer implications to the implementation of resource-saving and sustainability in the future. Directions and magnitudes of driving forces are different from the sub-nation perspective, hence, finally takes Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region as an example, we analyze clearly the relative planning and reports and propose several pathways to accelerate the sustainable development in the BTH region.

E-Cigarette Cessation: Content Analysis of a Quit Vaping Community on Reddit.

Backgrounde-Cigarette use, also known as vaping, has increased dramatically over the past few years, especially among younger demographics. However, researchers have found that a large number of e-cigarette users want to quit. Little is known about the unique aspects of vaping cessation, which is critical to informing the development of relevant resources and interventions for e-cigarette users who want to quit. Social media forums such as Reddit provide opportunities to understand the experiences of behavior change such as quitting vaping from the perspective of end users.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine a quit vaping subreddit to understand how e-cigarette users are experiencing and approaching vaping cessation. Specifically, we examine methods used to approach quitting, reasons for quitting, and barriers and facilitators to quitting.MethodsA total of 1228 posts were collected. The posts were inductively coded to generate categories and subcategories using conventional content analysis. Data were analyzed using the NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software.ResultsMost users reported a preference for approaching quitting through gradual reduction, particularly through the use of their own devices by tapering the nicotine content. Their reasons for quitting were primarily related to experiencing negative physical consequences associated with vaping, especially in relation to their lungs (eg, tight chest), and tired of feeling stuck to the vape because of nicotine addiction. Top barriers to quitting were related to withdrawal symptoms and intensity of addiction. The top facilitators to quitting were related to using distraction techniques (eg, hobby, gaming, and mindfulness exercises), as well as having a positive mindset.ConclusionsThe findings of this study reveal unique aspects that encompass the process of quitting vaping. These findings have significant implications for both policy and intervention development.

Optimization of Groundwater Exploitation in an Irrigation Area in the Arid Upper Peacock River, NW China: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture and Ecology

Groundwater is the main irrigation water source in the Upper Peacock River. As fast enlargement of irrigation areas continues in recent years, the groundwater level declines continuously and has posed a threat to the sustainability of local agriculture and ecology. A numerical model was established with the code MODFLOW–2000 in order to predict the declining trend of groundwater level and formulate measures to counter the overexploitation, in which the river–aquifer interaction was elaborated and characterized by field survey. The results show that under current intensity of groundwater withdrawal, the levels of both unconfined and confined waters would decline continuously in 7 years from 2015. To stop the groundwater level from declining on the regional scale, the withdrawal rate should be compressed by 45% with respect to that in 2015. Moreover, taking consideration of the constraint of maintaining the ecological water level in the vicinity of the Euphrates Poplar forest in the study area, the withdrawal rate should be compressed 70% for seven towns around the forest.

Features of providing addiction medical care during the pandemic COVID-19

Patients with substance use disorders represent a vulnerable population who are at risk of getting coronavirus due to several factors related to their clinical, psychological, and psycho-social characteristics. The goal of this study was to examine the features of a medical condition in patients with alcohol use disorder who are admitted to the addiction hospital and to describe the specific issues of the addiction care RF region during a pandemic.Material and methods. The online survey has been distributed to 55 addiction psychiatrists from the third-level medical organizations of 4th federal districts (including Northwestern, South, Volga, and North Caucasian) from June 09 to June 20, 2020. The survey consists of 17 items (13 questions were focused on the features of progress and clinical signs of alcohol dependence in hospitalized, in-patient individuals during April-May, 2020; 4 questions were focused on the organizational issues of addiction care in the RF regions during the COVID-19 pandemic).Results. Based on the expert`s assessment, the number of admissions at inpatient and outpatient clinical settings was reduced during the pandemic. In addition, the intensity of alcohol withdrawal among patients who were hospitalized during April-May, 2020 were significantly more severe compared to patients who were hospitalized during February-March, 2020 (Pearson’s chi-squared test). Moreover, alcohol withdrawal was more severe and was associated with alcohol withdrawal delirium (4,7%) or seizures (4,7%) in 9,4% of cases among patients with COVID positive status, which exceeds the data of epidemiological studies. The intensity of alcohol withdrawal delirium among patients with COVID positive status was more severe compared to those who had COVID negative status. During April-June, 2020, the few addiction clinics were temporally closed due to quarantine but a majority of clinics were not (n = 14 (25,5%) vs. n = 41 (74,5%)).Conclusion. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the state of patients hospitalized for treatment of alcohol dependence may be considered more severe, compared to the period February-April 2020.

Evaluating Cryospheric Water Withdrawal and Virtual Water Flows in Tarim River Basin of China: An Input–Output Analysis

In Tarim River Basin (TRB), the retreat of glacier and snow cover reduction due to climate warming threatens the regional economy of downstream basins that critically depends on meltwater. However, the quantitative evaluation of its impact on multiple sectors of the socioeconomic system is incomplete. Based on compiled regional input–output table of the year 2012, this study developed a method to analyze the relationships between economic activities and related meltwater withdrawal, as well as sectoral transfer. The results show that the direct meltwater withdrawal intensity (DMWI) of agriculture was much higher than other sectors, reaching 2348.02 m3/10,000 CNY. Except for A01 (agriculture) and A02 (mining and washing of coal), the embodied meltwater withdrawal (EMW) driven by the final demand of other sectors was greater than direct meltwater withdrawal, and all sectors required inflows of virtual water (72.45 × 108 m3, accounting for 29% of total supply from cryospheric water resources) for their production processes in 2012. For sectors with high DMWI, improving water-use efficiency is an effective way to reduce water withdrawal. To some extent, the unbalanced supply of cryospheric water resources due to geographical segregation can be regulated by virtual water flows from water-saving to water-intensive sectors. Such decisions can affect the balance between socioeconomic development and environment conservation for long-term sustainability.

The spatial effects of city-level water-energy nexus: A case study of Hebei Province, China

As the basis of urban social-economic development, water and energy resources are indivisible and interrelated in the production and consumption activities of cities. The frequent intercity trade of energy-related goods aggravates water withdrawal in neighboring cities and causes the spatial transfer of resources. The spatial correlation of water withdrawal and energy consumption is rarely considered in the city-level water-energy nexus. As one of China's most serious water shortage regions, Hebei Province is the third-largest energy consumer in China and is a major supplier of mineral resources, industrial raw materials, water resources, electricity, and agricultural products to Beijing and Tianjin. The spatial Durbin model with the two-way fixed effects is applied to explore spatial effects of water-energy nexus in cities of Heibei province. Seven influencing factors, including energy consumption, energy structure, population, GDP, water withdrawal intensity, urbanization, and agriculture structure were considered. Results showed that all factors had positive impacts on water withdrawal except energy structure. Water withdrawal intensity made the most considerable contribution to water withdrawal, followed by urbanization, energy consumption, GDP, industrial structure, and population. The urbanization level of neighboring cities exerted the most significant positive spatial spillover impact on local water withdrawal, whereas the energy consumption showed a negative impact. The exploration of city-level spatial correlation regarding water withdrawal and energy consumption provides a reference for regional cooperation to improve resource utilization efficiency, establishing sustainable energy and water systems, and promoting sustainable development.

Calcium Carbonate Attenuates Withdrawal and Reduces Craving: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Alcohol-Dependent Patients

Introduction: Preclinical studies have shown that calcium seems to be the active component of the anti-craving drug acamprosate (Ca²⁺ bis-acetyl-homotaurinate). Clinical effects in humans have also indicated an association between increased calcium plasma concentration due to acamprosate treatment and better outcome relating to time to relapse and cumulative abstinence. In contrast, low calcium concentration in alcohol-dependent patients was related with craving for alcohol. The main goal of the trial was to investigate whether an oral calcium administration is able to affect craving, withdrawal, and relapse risk in alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: We conducted a single-blind, randomized, monocentric, controlled clinical two-arm trial in alcohol-dependent patients (Clinical Trials Registration: DRKS00011293). A total of 55 alcohol-dependent subjects received calcium carbonate (800 mg + 5 μg vitamin D) versus sodium bicarbonate (1,000 mg) daily during the 14 days of inpatient alcohol-withdrawal treatment. Results: Based on an intention-to-treat protocol, withdrawal intensity (assessed with CIWA-Ar) in the calcium carbonate group attenuated faster than in the sodium bicarbonate subgroup. Alcohol craving (assessed with OCDS) in the calcium carbonate subgroup was also significantly reduced versus the sodium bicarbonate subgroup. Conclusion: Our data support earlier findings and show that treatment with calcium carbonate during alcohol withdrawal reduces symptoms of alcohol withdrawal as well as alcohol craving in a controlled clinical pilot study. Mode of actions will need to be determined to allow the further development of pharmacological interventions beyond Ca²⁺ bis-acetyl-homotaurinate.

Successful use of tapering strips for hyperbolic reduction of antidepressant dose: a cohort study.

Background:Tapering strips facilitate antidepressant discontinuation, allowing for personalised titration of discontinuation to the intensity of withdrawal. A tapering strip consists of antidepressant or other medication, packaged in a 28-day roll of daily pouches, each with the same or slightly lower dose than the one before. Previous studies demonstrated 70% real-world effectiveness of tapering strips. Here, we present a third, questionnaire-based retrospective cohort study in a large sample.Methods:Patients whose doctor had prescribed tapering strips between October 2015 and December 2018 were sent a questionnaire for participation after completion of tapering between December 2015 and January 2020. Of 1240 individuals who returned a questionnaire (response rate: 59%), 987 (80%) used an antidepressant, of whom 824 (83%) had wished to discontinue their antidepressant.Results:The sample was demographically representative of antidepressant users in the Netherlands. Less than 40% of participants had heard of tapering strips through their clinicians – Internet was the most frequent source. Of the 824 individuals, 341 (41%) had used strips for tapering venlafaxine, 206 (25%) for paroxetine and 277 (34%) for other antidepressants. Median duration of antidepressant use was 5–10 years, and most (71%) had tried to come off without tapering strips at least once. Most patients (72%) were able to discontinue their antidepressant, using a median of two strips to taper over a median period of 56 days. Females and individuals with (1) more severe experience of withdrawal during the use of tapering strips, (2) more years of use of antidepressant medication and (3) more previous attempts at discontinuation were less likely to be able to discontinue their antidepressant medication with tapering strips.Conclusion:The results of this study validate, for the third time, the observation that tapering strips can address the problem of antidepressant withdrawal symptoms in individuals attempting to discontinue antidepressants.

Freshwater footprint of fossil fuel production and thermal electricity generation and water stresses across the National Electricity Market (NEM) region of Australia

Fossil fuel powered energy generation is highly water intensive and competes with other end users for water. An assessment of the water footprint of energy systems is thus an important consideration for planning decisions that balance demand with reliable supply of both energy and water, cost-effective technologies, and the imperatives of climate change. A comprehensive study is lacking in the Australian context where fossil fuels currently dominate energy supply and freshwater can be a scarce resource, though water-energy footprint studies are available elsewhere. Therefore, for the first time, this study has attempted to track the freshwater footprint of fossil fuel production and subsequent electricity generation in the National Electricity Market (NEM) region of Australia. Water withdrawal and consumption intensity factors, mostly Australian values, were used to calculate the water withdrawal and consumption volumes at spatial scales of thermoelectric power plants, catchments and states within the NEM. The vulnerability of energy production in the region to water stress on a catchment level was also analysed, though limited by available data. The results showed that coal accounted for more than 85% of the total freshwater withdrawal and consumption associated with fossil fuel energy production. Thermoelectric power generation dominated water withdrawal volumes, while water consumption was dominated by primary fuel production. A considerable amount of consumed water (256 GL/year) was found to be exported as virtual water, mainly associated with coal. It was also revealed that at least six of the twenty seven catchments in the NEM region were experiencing medium to high water stress, with competition between multiple water users for available freshwater, particularly during dry periods. This study provides insights on commonly overlooked aspects of ‘water for energy’ in Australia that provides a basis for ongoing assessments and planning.

МОНИТОРИНГ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ОСВОЕНИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ В ПРЕДЕЛАХ ЗОН САНИТАРНОЙ ОХРАНЫ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОДОЗАБОРОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПЕРВОЙ ЛИНИИ ТОМСКОГО ПОДЗЕМНОГО ВОДОЗАБОРА)

Актуальность работы. Зоны санитарной охраны подземных водозаборов устанавливаются с целью защиты подземных вод эксплуатационных водоносных горизонтов от различных видов загрязнения на расчётный амортизационный срок его эксплуатации. По истечении этого периода или при существенном изменении интенсивности водоотбора производится переоценка запасов и, в случае необходимости, корректировка границ зоны санитарной охраны. На основании проектной документации зоны санитарной охраны источников подземного питьевого водоснабжения вносятся в Единый государственный реестр недвижимости, причем определяемые расчетные границы согласовываются с центром государственного санитарно-эпидемиологического надзора. Несмотря на то, что водозабор является стратегически важным объектом, необходимость учета в реестре границ появилась только в связи с вступлением в силу в 2007 г. Федерального закона № 221-ФЗ. В настоящее время в отношении всех видов зон с особыми условиями использования территории установлен срок внесения необходимых сведений в Единый государственный реестр недвижимости – до 1 января 2022 г. Таким образом, с момента расчета границ зон санитарной охраны до их установления и внесения сведений проходит длительный период времени, в течение которого зачастую может измениться антропогенная нагрузка (увеличивается площадь населенных пунктов, появляются новые объекты инженерной инфраструктуры) на участках с ограниченным режимом землепользования. В связи с этим возникает необходимость организации мониторинга хозяйственной деятельности в пределах зон санитарной охраны подземных водозаборов. На таких территориях необходимо оценивать и прогнозировать изменения компонентов природной среды под воздействием антропогенной нагрузки для получения достоверной информации о состоянии земель и способах обеспечения рационального землепользования. Цель: раскрыть возможности мониторинга динамики хозяйственного освоения территории в пределах зон санитарной охраны первой очереди Томского подземного водозабора. Методы: картометрические исследования на основе геоинформационных технологий, статистический и корреляционно-регрессионный анализы, геоинформационный анализ, метод ландшафтного анализа. Результаты. Приводятся результаты исследований динамики и характера изменений антропогенной нагрузки в пределах зоны санитарной охраны центральной части первой очереди Томского подземного водозабора. Основу фактического материала составляют данные Федеральной службы государственной регистрации, кадастра и картографии по Томской области, банки пространственных данных internet-ресурса Esri maps, положенные в основу картометрического анализа лесопокрытых территорий и границ селитебных территорий. Выявлены тенденции к изменению площади различных видов ландшафтов и границ населенных пунктов в пределах района исследования. Ландшафты данной территории подвергаются изменениям при развитии землепользования и водопользования. Селитебная нагрузка в 2018 г. относительно невелика, ее увеличение происходит, преимущественно, за счет индивидуального жилищного и дачного строительства, а не многоэтажной застройки. Выполнена оценка современной численности населения и дан прогноз её изменения на ближайшую перспективу. Выявлен прирост селитебных территорий по отдельным населенным пунктам. Выводы. Установлено, что в пределах третьего пояса зоны санитарной охраны первой линии Томского подземного водозабора и на прилегающей территории за исследуемый период существенно возросла антропогенная нагрузка на природную среду за счет увеличения площади населенных пунктов. Рост произошел за счет освоения участков для индивидуального жилищного строительства, что может повлечь загрязнение водоносных горизонтов из-за неправильно оборудованных индивидуальных систем водоотведения. Показано, что вблизи существующей границы ЗСО активно ведется многоэтажная застройка, что может в целом оказать негативное влияние на состояние отдельных элементов ландшафта, в том числе и на подземные воды. Таким образом, на примере Томского подземного водозабора сделан главный вывод о том, что необходима организация и проведение мониторинга хозяйственного освоения территории в пределах зон санитарной охраны подземных водозаборов. Требуется отрегулировать процедурные вопросы внесения сведений в Единый государственный реестр недвижимости в кратчайшие сроки после выполнения работ по оценке и переоценке запасов подземных вод для установления границ зон санитарной охраны и вступления в юридическую силу ограничений хозяйственной деятельности на данной территории.

Socioeconomic drivers of water withdrawals driven by provincial energy demand in China

Energy and water resources are essential to human beings, and energy and water systems are closely interconnected. Existing studies have quantified the energy-water nexus in China, but the socioeconomic factors that influence the provincial energy-water nexus have not been assessed. This study quantified the water withdrawals driven by the provincial final demand of energy products, and explored the driving factors of the provincial energy-water nexus in China from 2007 to 2012. The results show that actions to reduce the water withdrawals should focus on the changes in energy demand structure and per capita energy demand in economically developed and populous provinces (e.g., Beijing, Guangdong, and Jiangsu). For water-scarce and energy resource-abundant provinces (e.g., Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Anhui), the changes in water withdrawal intensity and production structure will have more impacts on water withdrawal reductions. Furthermore, the reduction of water withdrawals in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, and Anhui is highly linked to the energy demand in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Jiangsu. Population growth has small effects on the energy-water nexus in China. Considering inter-provincial trade in energy-water-related policies can contribute to sustainable energy and water resource management in China.