Wireless Temperature Monitoring Research Articles

Simulation and Construction of Wireless Heartbeat and Body Temperature Monitoring Device Using Microcontroller

Simulation and Construction of Wireless Heartbeat and Body Temperature Monitoring Device Using Microcontroller

Electro-mechano transduction of stacked triboelectric nanogenerator considering wave force: Modeling, validation and applications

Aiming at the low-frequency characteristics of ocean wave energy, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide an efficient collection method. We propose a multi-layer contact-separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator (MS-TENG) based on a frequency-up mechanism to collect water wave energy. First, we study the effects of frequency rising and TENG unit stacking on the output of the MS-TENG. Experiments show that the short-circuit current of the MS-TENG with 12 layers stacked is 152.16 μA when the rotating speed is 60 rpm. Compared with a single TENG unit, the short-circuit current of the MS-TENG is increased by 6.35 times. Second, the hydrodynamic simulation method is used to study the force and energy capture efficiency of floating bodies with different shapes in water waves. The results show that the energy capture efficiency of the cylindrical floating body is 70.14 % higher than that of the spherical floating body under the same volume. Third, we use a cylindrical floating body to package the MS-TENG. In water tank experiments, when the load resistance is 4 MΩ, the peak power density of the packaged MS-TENG is 14.56 W/m3. In addition, with the help of the MS-TENG, we set up a wireless temperature and humidity monitoring system to realize the preliminary marine environmental monitoring.

Integrated micro thermoelectric devices with self-power supply and temperature monitoring: Design and application in power grid early warning

The Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable technology have led to the development of wireless sensors at an unprecedented pace. Within the IoT framework, smart grid systems require real-time temperature monitoring of various switch contacts. Especially in the process of power transformation (China: ultra-high voltage → 10 kV → 380 / 220 V), poor switch contact will lead to overheating, resulting in equipment damage and major safety accidents. Micro-thermoelectric devices (micro-TEDs) exhibit a significantly greater thermoelectromotive force than metal-based thermocouples. By establishing two bivariate first-order equations for hot-end and cold-end temperatures, accurate detection of both temperatures and simultaneous self-power supply can be achieved. In this work, we observe that the Seebeck coefficient of hot extruded n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 and p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thermoelectric couple exhibits slight fluctuations around 435 μV/K, while its resistivity follows an almost linear trend with temperature from room temperature to 120 °C. By utilizing these two bivariate first-order equations, the temperatures at both the hot and cold ends can be determined. Based on this, we have fabricated a micro-TED (size: 14 × 6 × 2.5 mm3, TE leg: 0.8 × 0.8 × 1.6 mm3) with a temperature measurement accuracy of up to ± 0.1 °C and a power density of 10.12 mW/cm2 under a temperature difference of 30 °C. Furthermore, we used thirteen micro-TEDs and one circuit board to build a self-power supply temperature monitor. When this TE sensor device was deployed on the plum blossom connector surface and conducted online assessments for the 10 kV substation over a span of approximately 200 h, it continuously outputs a temperature signal and the power supply maintained normalcy, exhibiting no aberrations. This temperature monitoring system can be extended to other fields that require all-weather wireless temperature monitoring, which provides a new direction for the development of micro-TEDs.

A Power‐Managed Tribovoltaic Nanogenerator and Self‐Powered Wireless Temperature Monitoring System

AbstractThe emerging tribovoltaic nanogenerators (TVNGs) has garnered considerable attention in recent years owing to its higher power density, but it is still limited by unstable output, mismatched impedance, and lower charging speed. Herein, a power‐managed GaN‐based TVNG is first proposed and a self‐powered wireless temperature monitoring system (SWTMS) is developed. The energy backflow from transition capacitor to TVNG is effectively suppressed by applying a high‐voltage‐resistant diode. Benefiting from the combination of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT and the buck converter, an autonomous power management unit (PMU) is designed. The internal impedance of TVNG with PMU decreases by ten times and the charging speed of capacitor increases by 7.18 times compared to those without PMU. Moreover, 100 LEDs and six parallel thermohygrometers can be constantly powered. The wireless temperature monitoring in industrial environments without external power supply is demonstrated through the developed SWTMS. This work proposes an effective power management strategy for TVNG with high output voltage, which exhibits great potential to promote the development of self‐powered sensors and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

A microwave resonance thin-film sensor for real-time wireless temperature monitoring in composites manufacturing

Composites are of growing importance to today's industries. Curing or consolidation under certain temperatures is a vital process to manufacture composite parts. Great attention has been paid to monitoring the temperature of composite parts being processed. Wireless monitoring methods are extensively explored for their unique advantages in realizing real-time monitoring of specific temperature distribution of the part. Here, a flexible microwave resonance sensor is first introduced to achieve real-time wireless temperature monitoring of composites. When applied to curing processes with different heating rates, it was found that the sensing relationship of the sensor was varied. Through in-depth analysis, the relationship between peak frequencies and temperature was established with consideration of different heating rates. In several curing processes with different heating rates, the mean error of the thin film sensor using a heating rate-related relationship was about 4.23 °C. which can be reduced by more than 43 % compared with the method using a static relationship.

Self‐Powered Wireless Temperature Monitor System Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Machine Learning

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can power wireless, real‐time sensing system with hybrid electromagnetic or piezoelectric power, or directly drive commercial LED without battery. However, it is a great challenge to directly drive wireless real‐time sensing system due to low energy density based on environment energy. Here, a self‐powered smart wireless temperature monitoring system that uses machine learning to accurately measure the ambient temperature is developed. A position modulation‐based TENG‐driven transmitter enables wireless communication and real‐time temperature monitoring. This machine learning‐based wireless sensor can accurately monitor the ambient temperature, with a recognition accuracy of up to 96.2%. This sensor architecture could potentially be used in low‐cost distributed sensors for environmental monitoring.

Wireless Strain and Temperature Monitoring in Reinforced Concrete Using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors

Wireless Strain and Temperature Monitoring in Reinforced Concrete Using Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors

Self-Powered Wireless Temperature and Vibration Monitoring System by Weak Vibrational Energy for Industrial Internet of Things.

Developing self-powered smart wireless sensor networks by harvesting industrial environmental weak vibration energy remains a challenge and an impending need for enabling the widespread rollout of the industrial internet of things (IIoT). This work reports a self-powered wireless temperature and vibration monitoring system (WTVMS) based on a vibrational triboelectric nanogenerator (V-TENG) and a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) for weak vibration energy collection and information sensing. Therein, the V-TENG can scavenge weak vibration energy down to 80 μm to power the system through a power management module, while the PENG is able to supply the frequency signal to the system by a comparison circuit. In an industrial vibration environment where the vibration frequency and amplitude are 20 Hz and 100 μm, respectively, the WTVMS can upload temperature and frequency information on the equipment to the cloud in combination with the narrowband IoT technology to realize real-time information monitoring. Furthermore, the WTVMS can work continuously for more than 2 months, during which the V-TENG can operate up to 100 million cycles, achieving ultrahigh stability and durability. By integrating weak vibration energy harvesting and active sensing technology, the WTVMS can be used for real-time online monitoring and early fault diagnosis of vibration equipment, which has great application prospects in industrial production, machinery manufacturing, traffic transportation, and intelligent IIoT.

Hybridized Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Aeolian Vibration Generator as a Self-Powered System for Efficient Vibration Energy Harvesting and Vibration Online Monitoring of Transmission Lines.

In this work, based on the triboelectric-electromagnetic working principle, a comprehensive strategy appropriately hybridizes a multilayered elastic structure TENG (ME-TENG) and a double-electromagnetic generator (EMG) for efficient aeolian vibration energy harvesting and vibration state monitoring. The ME-TENG with the feature of elasticity is integrated with a movable plate embedded with a magnet as the counterweight, which acts as a spring-like mass system in response to external vibration excitation, making the inseparable integrity of the TENG and EMG. The basic hybridized triboelectric-electromagnetic aeolian vibration generator (HAVG) consisting of ME-TENG and double-EMGs in terms of structural parameters and response characteristics is first optimized and discussed, thereby the efficient vibration energy harvesting and effective vibration state response can be further improved through the mutual complementarity of TENG and EMG. Furthermore, the self-powered capacity of the HAVG in terms of LED arrays and a wireless ambient temperature and humidity monitoring system is verified through the hybrid charging strategy of TENG and EMG modules and the combination of HVAG and energy management circuits, benefiting from the sophisticated-designed structure and excellent output performance of the HAVG. Importantly, a self-powered aeolian vibration monitoring system is established and demonstrated for vibration-state sensing and abnormal vibration alarm. This work demonstrates a novel strategy for energy harvesting and state sensing of overhead transmission line aeolian vibration, which not only reveals TENG-EMG promising potential for energy harvesting for aeolian vibration, but also provides valuable guidance for the construction of a self-powered online-monitoring system for transmission lines.

Self-powered transformer intelligent wireless temperature monitoring system based on an ultra-low acceleration piezoelectric vibration energy harvester

The wireless sensor nodes used for monitoring the condition of grid equipment always be powered by disposable batteries. However, it introduces disadvantages, such as inconvenient replacement, short lifespan, and environmental pollution, significantly impeding the development of smart grids. Here, a high-performance piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (PVEH) is employed to the wireless monitoring system as the new intelligent equipment for grids. The system primarily consists of a double-crystal PVEH; a multi-functional power management circuit (PMC) with maximum energy extraction, battery replenishment, and cold-start; a module for temperature sensing; and a micropower wireless section. The results show that the PVEH reaches an output voltage of 0.7 V under 0.02 g, which has ultra-low activation acceleration compared to other double-crystal PVEH. The PVEH with an integrated PMC can charge a 680-μF capacitor to 3.3 V in 120 s, demonstrating over a 33.3% reduction in the charging time and a 50% enhancement in the charging efficiency. Moreover, the energy harvesting via the system can trigger the sensor once per 25 s, allowing the sensor to continue working and achieving the goal of intelligent monitoring. This study establishes a theoretical and experimental basis for PVEH-based sensor systems in the grid, thereby accelerating the application and commercialization of PVEH.

Temperature Distribution Regularity and Dynamic Evolution of Spontaneous Combustion Coal Gangue Dump: Case Study of Yinying Coal Mine in Shanxi, China

The serious environmental pollution caused by the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue has become a problem which cannot be ignored in the world mining industry. It is urgently necessary to clarify the law of the temperature distribution of spontaneous combustion in gangue dumps and to grasp its future dynamic evolution of spontaneous combustion. In this study, the internal temperature of the second platform of the Yinying coal mine gangue dump was monitored on the basis of the self-developed wireless temperature monitoring system. Its temperature distribution was analysed, and areas of low (<80 °C), medium (80~280 °C), and high temperature (>280 °C) were delimited. The finite element method was also used to simulate its internal temperature development of 1–5 years. The results show that: (1) The high temperature area is mainly distributed on the side close to the slope. In the area 3 m deep, the high temperature started to propagate quickly. At a depth of 4 m, medium and high temperature represented 90% of the platform’s total surface area. At 6 m deep, temperature peaked at 667 °C. (2) The conduction of the internal temperature of the spontaneous combustion of gangue discharge is a non-linear conduction, and the conduction of heat in the horizontal direction is lower than the vertical direction. (3) During the spontaneous combustion of gangue discharge over the next five years, the overall temperature increase is faster at first, then it decreases and eventually stabilises. The high-temperature zones extend 10 m from the slope to the interior in five years, and the high-temperature zones are oval-shaped. This study provides a theoretical reference for the prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of coal gangue dumps.

Wireless temperature monitoring by using magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications on magnetic hyperthermia treatment

Magnetic hyperthermia with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been introduced to selective treatment of tumor and the MNPs also has demonstrated diagnosis. For non-invasive treatment, a therapeutic platform with temperature monitoring that can avoid overheating in normal tissues is of vital importance. In this study, we have developed a wireless temperature monitoring system by utilizing the combination of magnetic harmonic signals of the MNPs for magnetic hyperthermia treatment in laboratory experiments. We achieved an accurate measurement with an error of 0.18 °C. For practical use on breast/oral cancer, a detectable distance of at least 10 mm is required. To demonstrate the feasibility toward future biomedical applications, we investigated the dependency on the amount of Resovist® and the error is less than 0.5 °C in a 10 mm distance. Our system can measure the correct temperature regardless of Resovist amount. The results indicate that our system can apply for monitoring temperature on magnetic hyperthermia treatment.

Integrated Wireless RFID Temperature Sensor for Biological Aortic Valve Prostheses

Body core temperature is one of the most reliable biometric indicators for monitoring the health status of a person. The gold standard in clinical settings is a highly invasive procedure involving the insertion of a catheter into the pulmonary artery, which receives blood directly from the core of the body. However, if a patient needs to host an Implanted Medical Device (IMD), a precise body core temperature measurement can be obtained without causing them additional discomfort, by adding communication and sensing capability to the IMD itself. This paper proposes a possible augmentation of a passive metal-free aortic valve prosthesis with a wrapped C-dipole provided by an RFID-based temperature sensor for batteryless and wireless temperature monitoring from the inside. A robust transcardiac link can be achieved with at least 24 dBm interrogation power by using a small on-skin reader antenna, which is also robust against moderate mutual misalignment among the two devices. The temperature sensing capability of a true sensorized valve, evaluated by means of a heated liquid phantom, demonstrated the possibility of sensing typical physiological temperature gradients with an average accuracy of less than 0.25∘C w.r.t. a reference thermocouple.

Human body temperature monitoring wireless system

To solve the problems of medical diagnostics, human body temperature measurement has become widespread. In many cases, to make a correct diagnosis, it is required to obtain results of continuous monitoring during a certain period instead of a single temperature measurement. This paper discusses a wireless body temperature monitoring system using a high-precision semiconductor sensor and the RN 4870 Bluetooth module.

A Multi‐Layer Stacked Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on a Rotation‐to‐Translation Mechanism for Fluid Energy Harvesting and Environmental Protection

AbstractEnergy shortage and environmental degradation are two important challenges facing humanity. Here, a multi‐layer stacked triboelectric nanogenerator (MLS‐TENG) based on a rotation‐to‐translation mechanism is reported for fluid energy harvesting and environmental protection. The mechanism transforms fluid‐induced rotation into a reciprocal translation of the MLS‐TENG, enabling the conversion of fluid energy into electrical energy. In addition, benefiting from a multi‐layer stacked structural design, the open‐circuit voltage is increased from 860 to 2410 V and an efficient energy harvesting rate of 2 mJ min−1 is obtained in an actual river. Furthermore, with the assistance of the MLS‐TENG, a self‐powered wireless temperature and humidity monitoring system and a metal anticorrosion system are successfully established. Ambient monitoring data can be transmitted continuously at an interval of 49.7 s, and the corrosion rate of steel is significantly slowed down. This study provides guidance for efficient harvesting of ambient fluid energy, with promising applications in environmental monitoring and protection.

Wireless Temperature, Relative Humidity and Occupancy Monitoring System for Investigating Overheating in Buildings.

With the climate change we are experiencing today, the number and intensity of heatwaves are increasing dramatically, significantly impacting our buildings' overheating. The majority of the prefabricated concrete panel buildings in Hungary are considered outdated from an energy point of view. These buildings may be at greater risk from extreme weather events. To examine this, long-term monitoring measurements are needed. Therefore, we developed a unique, reliable, and cost-effective wireless monitoring system, which can track in real time the indoor air quality data (temperature, relative humidity, CO2) of the investigated apartment building, as well as users' habits, such as resident presence, window opening, and blind movement. The data were used to analyse and quantify the summer overheating of the dwelling and user habits. The measurements showed that the average temperature in all rooms was above 26 °C, and there were several occasions when the temperature exceeded 30 °C. Overheating in apartment buildings in summer is a significant problem that needs to be addressed. Further investigation of ventilation habits will help develop favourable ventilation strategies, and using these measurements in dynamic simulations will also help improve the models' validity for further studies.

Characterization of Wrist Motions and Bionic Energy Harvesting for Wrist Wearables

Wrist-worn smart wearable devices, such as smartwatches and wristbands, are showing a high growth trajectory for decades in the wearable technology market. However, most wrist-worn generators are confined into watch bodies, which undermines the functionality of the wearables. In this study, we first characterize the dynamic properties of wrist motions and propose four rules for the design of wrist-worn energy harvesters. Based on the design rules, we then present a bionic piezoelectric energy harvester, composed of an inner band, an outer band with a piezoelectric array, and a watch body. The two-layer band structure mimics two branches of a Y-shaped hyoid bone of the woodpecker’s head. A finite element model is built to study the mechanical and electrical responses of the design. The model is validated by an experiment and is utilized to find the optimal thickness and positions of piezoelectric elements. Based on the optimizations, we fabricate a prototype with a piezoelectric array as the energy harvesting unit. With an ac–dc rectifier, the prototype is tested to characterize the electrical responses in four wrist motions. The result shows that the average power output of a bionic harvester is 2.10 mW in shaking arm motion, higher than previously reported wrist-worn generators. Finally, we demonstrate that the prototype enables to sustainably power a screen of a smartwatch, a wireless temperature monitoring system, and a commercial electronic thermohygrometer, respectively.

Solar energy harvesting and wireless charging based temperature monitoring system for food storage

Applying the renewable energy, such as the solar energy, would be a promising way to realize the self-powered and sustainable wireless sensing for temperature monitoring in food storage. This paper developed and proposed a solar energy harvesting and wireless charging based temperature monitoring system for food storage. The system includes the solar energy harvesting, wireless charging and wireless temperature sensing. The wireless charging performance between the wireless charging transmitter and wireless sensor node, the energy consumption performance of wireless sensor node, the wireless temperature monitoring performance and the deployment and improvement performance of the solar energy harvesting and wireless charging based temperature monitoring system were analyzed and evaluated. The proposed and developed system could effectively wirelessly monitor the temperature in real time by solar energy harvesting and wireless charging to ensure the food quality and safety in storage. The proposed system also has a potential application example for many kinds of food monitoring by renewable energy harvesting or wireless charging to improve the sustainability, quality and safety of food in storage or supply chain.

High Throughput In–Situ Temperature Sensor Array with High Sensitivity and Excellent Linearity for Wireless Body Temperature Monitoring

High sensitivity, excellent linearity, and wireless monitoring are strongly desired for the practical application of flexible temperature sensors in real‐time wearable health care. Especially the multichannel body temperature monitoring system has high requirements on the performance of the sensor because it needs to monitor a large amount of data at the same time. Herein, a flexible temperature sensor based on a porous graphene/polydimethylsiloxane sensing layer is developed. The prepared sensor exhibits high sensitivity of 5.203% °C−1 for temperature sensing between 30 and 70 °C, and excellent linearity (R2 = 0.996) in the temperature range from 30 to 70 °C. Based on its excellent performance, the proposed high‐performance temperature sensors can be applied in practical applications such as body temperature monitoring and human breath monitoring under different states including slow breath, normal breath, and fast breath. Moreover, a high‐throughput wireless body temperature monitoring system including wireless sensor modules, a cloud server, and a portable electronic device is constructed, which can achieve a remote and multichannel body temperature monitoring efficiently.

Design and Implementation of WSN-based Warehouse Temperature Sensor Monitoring System

China is a large agricultural country. As an important part of the national economic foundation, the scientific storage of grain is particularly important in the process of grain production. This system uses STC89C52, nRF24L01, DHT11, etc. to form a WSN-based wireless temperature and humidity sensor monitoring system. The system monitors the humidity and temperature in the granary in real time. If the set point is exceeded, it will give an alarm. The timeliness and accuracy of environmental monitoring data on granary management will be improved, and human resources will be saved.