Wireless Techniques Research Articles

Multi-resonance-cavity hydrophone for underwater acoustic data transmission

Transmitting data from the seabed platform to relay buoys using wireless transmission techniques is becoming the main approach for seabed platform data retrieval, and data transmission via underwater acoustic waves offers certain advantages compared to that via underwater optical or electromagnetic waves. Hydrophones play a crucial role in underwater acoustic transmission, and low-cost, miniaturized, high-sensitive hydrophones based on resonance cavity meet the demands of seabed platform data retrieval scenarios. This paper proposes a multi-resonance-cavity hydrophone for underwater acoustic data transmission. The acoustic resonance characteristics of the cavity is studied through theoretical analysis and simulations. An eight-layer spherical cavity hydrophone is designed and fabricated, and the acoustic sensing characteristics and performances of the hydrophone are simulated and tested. Finally, underwater acoustic data receiving tests using the proposed hydrophone are conducted in a lake, demonstrating the hydrophone’s ability to accurately receive acoustic data at the baud rate of 145.45 bps with no error.

Low-Complexity Wireless Technique Classification With Multifeature Fusion Broad Learning Network

Low-Complexity Wireless Technique Classification With Multifeature Fusion Broad Learning Network

Design of Provably Secure and Lightweight Authentication Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle systems

Drones also called Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become more prominent in several applications such as package delivery, real-time object detection, tracking, traffic monitoring, security surveillance systems, and many others. As a key member of IoT, the group of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technologies is referred to as Automatic Identification and Data Capturing (AIDC). In particular, RFID technology is becoming a contactless and wireless technique used to automatically identify and track the tagged objects via radio frequency signals. It also has drawn a lot of attention among researchers, scientists, industries, and practitioners due to its broad range of real-world applications in various fields. However, RFID systems face two key concerns related to security and privacy, where an adversary performs eavesdropping, tampering, modification, and even interception of the secret information of the RFID tags, which may cause forgery and privacy problems. In contrast to security and privacy, RFID tags have very limited computational power capability. To deal with these issues, this paper puts forward an RFID-based Lightweight and Provably Secure Authentication Protocol (LPSAP) for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems. The proposed protocol uses secure Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs), Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC), secure one-way hash, bitwise XOR, and concatenation operations. We use Ouafi and Phan’s formal security model for analyzing security and privacy features such as traceability and mutual authentication. The rigorous informal analysis is carried out which ensures that our proposed protocol achieves various security and privacy features as well as resists various known security attacks. The performance analysis demonstrates that our proposed protocol outperforms other existing protocols. In addition, Scyther and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool simulation results demonstrates that there is no security attack possible within bounds. Therefore, our proposed LPSAP protocol achieves an acceptable high level of security with the least computational, communication, and storage costs on passive RFID tags.

A survey of integrating wireless technology into active noise control

Active Noise Control (ANC) is a widely adopted technology for reducing environmental noise across various scenarios. This paper focuses on enhancing noise reduction performance, particularly through the refinement of signal quality fed into ANC systems. We discuss the main wireless technique integrated into the ANC system equipped with some innovative algorithms in diverse environments. Instead of using microphone arrays, which increase the computation complexity of the ANC system, to isolate multiple noise sources to improve noise reduction performance, the application of the wireless technique avoids extra computation demand. Wireless transmissions of reference, error, and control signals are also applied to improve the convergence performance of the ANC system. Furthermore, this paper lists some wireless ANC applications, such as earbuds, headphones, windows, and headrests, underscoring their adaptability and efficiency in various settings.

Security with Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grids: A Review

Smart Grids are an area where next-generation technologies, applications, architectures, and approaches are utilized. These grids involve equipping and managing electrical systems with information and communication technologies. Equipping and managing electrical systems with information and communication technologies, developing data-driven solutions, and integrating them with Internet of Things (IoT) applications are among the significant applications of Smart Grids. As dynamic systems, Smart Grids embody symmetrical principles in their utilization of next-generation technologies and approaches. The symmetrical integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and energy harvesting techniques not only enhances the resilience and reliability of Smart Grids but also ensures a balanced and harmonized energy management system. WSNs carry the potential to enhance various aspects of Smart Grids by offering energy efficiency, reliability, and cost-effective solutions. These networks find applications in various domains including power generation, distribution, monitoring, control management, measurement, demand response, pricing, fault detection, and power automation. Smart Grids hold a position among critical infrastructures, and without ensuring their cybersecurity, they can result in national security vulnerabilities, disruption of public order, loss of life, or significant economic damage. Therefore, developing security approaches against cyberattacks in Smart Grids is of paramount importance. This study examines the literature on “Cybersecurity with WSN in Smart Grids,” presenting a systematic review of applications, challenges, and standards. Our goal is to demonstrate how we can enhance cybersecurity in Smart Grids with research collected from various sources. In line with this goal, recommendations for future research in this field are provided, taking into account symmetrical principles.

An Interference Cancelation and Signal Decoding Method for Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Based on Deep Learning

In wireless communication, spectral efficiency is one of the key performance parameters. The available limited resources must be effectively shared among different applications. Due to the tremendous demand for wireless applications, an effective technique could be used for sharing the resources (time/frequency). Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), is a wireless network technique aimed at boosting spectral efficiency. In NOMA, Users in the downlink have received a super-imposed signal from a Base Station (BS) with varying power allocations. Depending on the power allocation, the receiver employs interference cancelation techniques to decode its own data. The effectiveness of interference cancelation hinges on achieving a perfect channel condition, which is challenging to achieve in practical scenarios. This study introduces an unsupervised Deep Learning (DL) approach known as autoencoder, aimed at interference cancelation to ensure signal decoding from super-imposed signal. In contrast to the traditional approach, simulation results of the proposed structure show that the DL-based receiver achieves superior performance in correctly decoding the signal.

A Review on Enhancing Crop Yield through Smart Irrigation

Improving irrigation efficiency is crucial for the sustainability of agricultural production. The rise of smart irrigation techniques, particularly with advancements in wireless communication systems, monitoring devices, and control techniques, has the potential to significantly enhance irrigation efficiency. This study explores a broad spectrum of scientific approaches to smart irrigation, comparing and analyzing various methodologies to understand the effectiveness of these technologies. The research spans a wide range of topics, including irrigation methods, decision-making processes, and the technologies employed in smart irrigation. The information was meticulously gathered from a variety of scientific papers, with a particular focus on documents published over the past four years by authors from around the globe. Special attention was also given to various irrigation initiatives that demonstrate the practical application of these techniques. The subsequent evaluation in this study focuses on the critical components of smart irrigation, such as real-time irrigation scheduling, the Internet of Things (IoT), the significance of a reliable internet connection, smart sensing technologies, and energy harvesting. These components are essential for developing efficient and sustainable irrigation practices that can meet the challenges faced by modern agriculture.

SP6.3 - Comparison of three new wireless non-radiation techniques for localization of non-palpable breast cancer - an updated systematic review and pooled meta-analysis

Abstract The method for finding non-palpable breast cancers has evolved due to technological advancements. New wire-free techniques have made implantation and retrieval easier with improved oncological outcomes. Although some evidences are available as to reduced requirement for re-operation with wireless techniques when compared to wire, in current clinical practice, the choice of selection amongst wireless technique depends on clinician preference and there is a lack of consensus. The objective of current systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the clinical effectiveness between three new wireless non radiation localisation techniques, such as Magseed (Magnetic seed), Radiofrequency identification tag (RFID) and Savi-scout reflector localization from published literature over the last 3 years. Literature search as per PRISMA guidelines revealed twenty-six studies from 2020 to 2022 involving 6275 innovative agents analysing the 3 groups were identified. Statistical analysis using Medcalc software showed a pooled positive margin rate of 12.28% (95% CI, 10 -15%) and a re-excision rate of 11.29% (95%CI, 9 -14%) for all 3 innovative technique combined whereas studies that compare innovative techniques with wire, showed higher positive margin rate of 14.87% (95% CI, 12-18%) and re-excision rate of 16.23% (95% CI, 14-18%) for wire localization, along with considerable heterogeneity. In sub group analysis with Kruskal-Wallis test, there were no statistical significance for margin (p 0.797) and re-operation (p 0.464) rates between each group. Consolidated insertion and retrieval success for innovative group were 98.13% and 99.13% respectively. To establish the best localization approach, future RCT's will be required to assess quantitative cost-effective analyses.

A Comprehensive Review on Control Technique and Socio-Economic Analysis for Sustainable Dynamic Wireless Charging Applications

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) has garnered significant attention as a promising technology for electric vehicle (EV) charging, eliminating the need for physical connections between EVs and charging stations. However, the improvement in power transfer efficiency is a major challenge among the research community. Different techniques are investigated in the literature to maximize power transfer efficiency. The investigations include the power electronic circuit, magnetic coupler design, compensating capacitance and control technique. Also, the investigations are carried out based on the type of wireless charging system, which is either a static or dynamic scenario. There are a good number of review articles available on the power electronic circuit and compensator design aspects of WPT. However, studies on the controller design and tracking maximum efficiency are some of the important areas that need to be reviewed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of bibliometric analysis on the DWPT technology, design procedure, and control technique to increase the power transfer and socio-economic acceptance analysis. The manuscript also provides information on the challenges and future direction of research in the field of DWPT technology.

Design of high gain miniaturized WPT rectenna for implantable biomedical applications

Abstract Implantable medical devices (IMDs) have become indispensable for treating various health disorders and monitoring individual well-being as a result of significant technical breakthroughs in the field of biomedical technology. This article describes a wireless powering technique at 2.45 GHz for low power devices such as IMDs. The design incorporates a rectangular patch antenna that exhibits peak gain of 2.1 dB and impedance bandwidth of 620 MHz with compact size of 71.4 mm3. The antenna is simulated within a three-layer phantom model replicating the human body to evaluate its performance, which produces −21.4 dB peak gain and 600 MHz–10 dB impedance bandwidth. A full wave rectifier aided by matching network is used to accomplish optimal conversion of RF signal to DC power. The constructed prototype is tested in a saline solution, and the measured results closely match the simulation results. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is calculated using a phantom model and a head model for assessing patient safety and biocompatibility. The proposed antenna has SAR values of 5.12 W/kg and 3.13 W/kg are exhibited by proposed antenna inside three layer phantom model and human head model.

Carbon Nanotubes as Controllable Electric-Field-Induced Bipolar Electrodes for Efficient Water Purification.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the most efficient water cleaning technologies, but their applications face critical challenges in terms of mass/electron transfer limitations and catalyst loss/deactivation. Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is a wireless technique that is promising for energy and environmental applications. However, the synergy between AOPs and BPE has not been explored. In this study, by combining BPE with AOPs, we develop a general approach of using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electric-field-induced bipolar electrodes to control electron transfer for efficient water purification. This approach can be used for permanganate and peroxide activation, with superior performances in the degradation of refractory organic pollutants and excellent durability in recycling and scale-up experiments. Theoretical calculations, in situ measurements, and physical experiments showed that an electric field could substantially reduce the energy barrier of electron transfer over CNTs and induce them to produce bipolar electrodes via electrochemical polarization or to form monopolar electrodes through a single particle collision effect with feeding electrodes. This approach can continuously provide activated electrons from one pole of bipolar electrodes and simultaneously achieve "self-cleaning" of catalysts through CNT-mediated direct oxidation from another pole of bipolar electrodes. This study provides a fundamental scientific understanding of BPE, expands its scope in the environmental field, and offers a general methodology for water purification.

Renewable energy mechanisms: An examination of the progress achieved in wireless power transmission techniques

Technology for “wireless power transfer” (WPT) has advanced greatly in recent years, especially when used for renewable power sources. Environmental issues and the growing need for renewable energy sources have prompted a great deal of study in this area. This report provided an overview of the evolution of WPT technologies for renewable energy systems, including their advantages, disadvantages, and future possibilities. An introduction to WTP’s foundational ideas is provided, including techniques such as resonant pairing, capacitive connection, and microwave-based approaches. It delves into how these systems have been modified and improved to facilitate the long-distance transmission of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. The study emphasizes the benefits of WPT in renewable energy systems, such as improved convenience, lower maintenance costs, and the opportunity to lessen negative effects on the environment. Problems with WPT technology in renewable energy applications are also analyzed critically. Power loss in transmission, misalignment, and electromagnetic interference are all examples of technical difficulties, and these are on top of the financial and legal obstacles. WPT’s effects on humans and animals are also explored since they must be taken into account before broad use of the technology.

EcoCharge: Wireless Power Hub for Electric Vehicles

This research paper presents the creation of the "EcoCharge," a cutting-edge wireless charging station designed exclusively for electric cars (EVs). By offering a smooth and eco-friendly charging experience, the system seeks to transform the infrastructure for EV charging. The suggested approach, which makes use of state-of-the-art technology, allows for simple charging in the absence of bulky cables or physical connectors. EcoCharge incorporates cutting-edge wireless power transfer techniques, such resonant or inductive coupling, to guarantee effective energy transmission with a minimum of losses. It also has smart features that optimize charging processes and guarantee compatibility with different EV models and battery sizes. By using dynamic charging algorithms, power management may be made more effective, increasing charging efficiency and cutting down on charging times. The system also places a high priority on sustainability, reducing its negative effects on the environment by using eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient components. Index Terms: Wireless charging station, Electric vehicles (EVs), EcoCharge, Inductive coupling, Charging efficiency.

Design of Resonant Converter of Trans cutaneous Energy Transfer System to Power Artificial Heart

Wireless technologies have matured to recharge the batteries of consumer devices efficiently. The benefit of the technology is being used by mobile communication devices, personal computation devices, and wearable entertainment devices. The wireless energy transfer techniques employ the transfer of electrical energy between two-tesla coils in surface contact and not by electrical contact through the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Many international consortiums have made guidelines for designing and manufacturing these devices. However, for active implantable medical devices such as artificial hearts, a large amount of electrical energy usually in the range of 15W to 30W needs to be transferred across the skin at a depth of 10mm to 30mm. The design needs to be optimized for maximum power transfer with the highest possible efficiency. Any loss in power will be reflected as heat energy and cause burns and tissue death. A transcutaneous energy transfer system is such type of wireless energy transfer mechanism across the skin to power implanted life-saving devices. In this paper, the design of a resonant converter and its performance is investigated to wirelessly transfer electrical power up to a tissue thickness of about 25mm.

Annular Conductive Hydrogel-Mediated Wireless Electrical Stimulation for Augmenting Neurogenesis.

Electrical stimulation (ES) has a remarkable capacity to regulate neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis in the treatment of various neurological diseases. However, wired devices connected to the stimulating electrode and the mechanical mismatch between conventional rigid electrodes and soft tissues restrict their motion and cause possible infections, thereby limiting their clinical utility. An approach integrating the advantages of wireless techniques and soft hydrogels provides new insights into ES-induced nerve regeneration. Herein, a flexible and implantable wireless ES-responsive electrode based on an annular gelatin methacrylate-polyaniline (Gel/Pani) hydrogel is fabricated and used as a secondary coil to achieve wireless ES via electromagnetic induction in the presence of a primary coil. The Gel/Pani hydrogels exhibit favorable biocompatibility, biodegradability, conductivity, and compression resistance. The annular electrode of the Gel/Pani conductive hydrogel (AECH) supports neural stem cell growth, while the applied wireless ES facilitates neuronal differentiation and the formation of functional neural networks in vitro. Furthermore, AECH is implanted in vivo in rats with ischemic stroke and the results reveal that AECH-mediated wireless ES significantly ameliorates brain impairment and neurological function by activating endogenous neurogenesis. This novel flexible hydrogel system addresses wireless stimulation and implantable technical challenges, holding great potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Performance and energy efficiency enhancement of existing optical communication systems by incorporating resource allocation on demand technique in FiWi networks

Abstract Fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks have begun to be fully integrated into contemporary optical access network systems as a result of utilizing the combined advantages of wired and wireless techniques. Passive optical networks (PON) are heavy energy consumers and one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that are a result of climate change. These systems also present economic challenges. In this work, three different FiWi systems are presented such as (i) even/odd active transmitters with only free space optical (FSO) based optical network units (ONUs)/with dual channel option such as distribution fiber (DF)/FSO supported ONUs, (ii) a novel resource allocation on demand (RAoD) incorporated bidirectional FiWi system supporting DF/FSO based ONUs and four wave mixing (FWM) generated upstream wavelengths and (iii) transmitter diversity enabled 5G supported FiWi system supporting bidirectional communication. It is observed that the energy efficiency of 26.04 % is obtained in even/odd active transmitter and only FSO supported ONUs and under the harsh weather conditions, by adopting DF channel instead of FSO, 30 % energy efficiency further added. However, in novel RAoD technique, energy efficiencies for optical distribution networks (ODN1), ODN2, ODN3, and ODN4 are 48.52 %, 46.4 %, 36.96 %, and 44.31 %. Further, DF option in channel selection improve 30 % more energy saving. In performance enhanced transmitter diversity employed system, at 60 km reduction in bit error rate (BER) are 25 % for ODN1, 5.88 % for ODN2, 20 % for ODN3, and 12.5 % for ODN3.

Push the Limit of Highly Accurate Ranging on Commercial UWB Devices

Ranging plays a crucial role in many wireless sensing applications. Among the wireless techniques employed for ranging, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) has received much attention due to its excellent performance and widespread integration into consumer-level electronics. However, the ranging accuracy of the current UWB systems is limited to the centimeter level due to bandwidth limitation, hindering their use for applications that require a very high resolution. This paper proposes a novel system that achieves sub-millimeter-level ranging accuracy on commercial UWB devices for the first time. Our approach leverages the fine-grained phase information of commercial UWB devices. To eliminate the phase drift, we design a fine-grained phase recovery method by utilizing the bi-directional messages in UWB two-way ranging. We further present a dual-frequency switching method to resolve phase ambiguity. Building upon this, we design and implement the ranging system on commercial UWB modules. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our system achieves a median ranging error of just 0.77 mm, reducing the error by 96.54% compared to the state-of-the-art method. We also present three real-life applications to showcase the fine-grained sensing capabilities of our system, including i) smart speaker control, ii) free-style user handwriting, and iii) 3D tracking for virtual-reality (VR) controllers.

Traffic Management System Using IOT

Abstract: Traffic congestion is a major threat to transportation sector in every urban city around the world. This causes many adverse effects like, heavy fuel consumption, increased waiting time, pollution, etc. and causes major challenge to the movement of emergency vehicles. The reaction time required by the emergency responders plays a vital role to handle the situation. The greatest challenge they face is congestion of traffic flow. This paper presents an approach to schedule emergency vehicles in traffic. The approach combines the controlling of traffic congestion by IR sensors and detection of emergency vehicle using by RFID scanner method. The IR sensors is responsible for vehicle counting and RFID for the emergency vehicle. An IR sensors continuously count the passing vehicles & records the delay time between two vehicles. Flow of vehicles is normal means there is smooth traffic flow, or if in case, the passing time between two vehicles is decreased that means traffic congestion is happen ahead. In this situation traffic light turns to green, so that the emergency vehicle will reach its destination as fast as possible. The aim of this article is to identify and monitor the congestion system in order to provide efficient facilities. This journal also sets out a method that uses 433 MHZ RF Transmitter and receiver Wireless communication device technique and Internet of Things (IoT) to transmit the treatment request from the ambulance to the nearby hospitals and at the same time the LCD is installed on the road junction which displays the nearby hospital name and contact number for the ambulance, this smart traffic system which in turn changes the traffic signal cycle. This system can be implemented throughout the city thereby to reducing the delay.

A Review on Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles

Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources such as solar energy, nuclear energy and chemical energy of fuels. The paper gives wireless charging techniques for electrical vehicle using solar energy. The fuel existing cars produces noise, air pollution and it produces major effects on an environment. But the wireless charging technology overcomes this pollution problems. Wireless power Transmission is very reliable, efficient, noiseless and pollution free technology. WPT is popular and gaining technology finding its application in various fields. It uses the principle of mutual inductance. Keywords— WPT-Wireless Power Transmission, EV- Electrical Vehicles, IPT-Inductive Power Technology

High-Precision Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Method Based on Phase Measurement

In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning technique, baselines are limited due to communication constraints. In this case, the accuracy is highly sensitive to the TDOA measurements’ error. This article primarily addresses the problem of short-baseline high-precision time synchronization and TDOA measurement. We conducted a detailed analysis of error models in TDOA systems, considering both the time and phase measurement. We utilize the frequency division wireless phase synchronization technique in TDOA systems. Building upon this synchronization scheme, we propose a novel time delay estimation method that relies on phase measurements based on the integer least squares method. The performance of this method is demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations and outdoor experiments. The standard deviations of synchronization and TDOA measurements in experiments are 1.12 ps and 1.66 ps, respectively. Furthermore, the circular error probable (CEP) accuracy is improved from 0.33%R to 0.02%R, offering support for the practical application of distributed short-baseline high-precision passive location techniques.