Wireless Sensor Networks In Internet Research Articles

Analysis and Improvement on an Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things Environment

Nowadays, Internet of Everything has become a major trend, and Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are core technologies for IoT to sense the real world. Due to the unattended and resource-constrained characteristics of WSNs, it is a great challenge to design an efficient and secure authentication scheme for communication between users and sensor nodes in WSNs. Recently, Hu et al proposed an authentication scheme for WSNs in an IoT environment. They claimed that their scheme could maximize the balance between security and computational cost as well as efficiency, and be resistant to many known attacks. However, we find that the scheme is difficult to resist stolen smart card attack and denial-of-service attack. Moreover, during the login and key negotiation phase of the scheme, Gateway (GWN) is unable to extract key values for subsequent computation based on the messages sent by the sensor nodes, which in turn leads to the inability to achieve mutual authentication and key agreement. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose an improved scheme. The proposed scheme enables real-time data exchange and transmission as well as secure communication between users and sensor nodes.

Provably Secure Dynamic Anonymous Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things

Wireless sensor networks are a promising application of the Internet of Things in the sustainable development of smart cities, and have been afforded significant attention since first being proposed. Authentication protocols aim to protect the security and confidentiality of legitimate users when accessing and transmitting data. However, existing protocols may suffer from one or more security flaws. Recently, Butt et al. proposed an energy-efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks. However, their protocol is vulnerable to several attacks, and lacks certain security properties. In this paper, the causes of these design flaws are analyzed. Furthermore, we propose a novel three-factor authentication protocol (password, smart card, and biometric information) for wireless sensor networks in Internet of Things contexts. A dynamic anonymous strategy is designed to prevent privacy disclosure and to resist sensor node capture attacks, tracking attacks, and desynchronization attacks. The Find–Guess model and random oracle model are combined to prove the security of the proposed protocol. A comparative analysis with related schemes shows that the proposed protocol has higher security and is able to maintain a low computational overhead.

A controllable privacy data transmission mechanism for Internet of things system based on blockchain

With the in-depth integration of traditional industries and information technology in Internet of things, wireless sensor networks are used more frequently to transmit the data generated from various application scenarios. Structural health monitoring is a scene that requires recurrent data transmission in Internet of things, and the wireless sensor networks in Internet of things not only have storage and communication capabilities, but also have computing capabilities. Therefore, the demand for intelligent and decentralized data exchange between them has increased significantly which brings challenges with respect to low data reliability, chaotic data circulation, provenance tracking, and data accountability investigating, threatening the data security of structural health monitoring in Internet of things utilization. In this article, we propose a controllable data transmission mechanism based on the consortium blockchain to content the requirements of the Internet of things scenario. We identify a version-based, fine-grained, and privacy-protected data structure and propose the corresponding smart contracts for our mechanism to ensure the trusted data transmission. To prove the feasibility of our mechanism, a prototype system is implemented based on the Hyperledger Fabric, an open-source consortium blockchain framework. Our experimental results show in practice the usability and scalability of the approach in this article.

Cross‐layered energy optimization with MAC protocol based routing protocol in clustered wireless sensor network in internet of things applications

SummaryIn the present situation, there is a huge research gap and development present in the creation and utilization of smart environment due to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT). The disadvantage of the earlier models and present systems is it consumes more power and there is a presence of network monitoring issues. Here, there is a need of developing a model which solves both this issues for the real time environment. So, in this paper, we developed a novel model which is a cross‐layered energy optimization‐based Medium Access Control (CEO‐MAC) protocol to overcome those issues. Our model considers the optimal design of the network and MAC layer. Its focus is on the CEO‐MAC routing model, cross‐layer MAC model, cross‐layer energy optimization model, and intercluster/intracluster MAC operational model. This model is briefly analyzed and simulated using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) software, which is the discrete event simulator that works using C++ and Tcl languages. Our protocol is simulated and compared with the present models such as TDL, CMISO, and PCL‐IDA protocols.

A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Three-Factor Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things

The Internet of things is playing more and more important role in smart healthcare, smart grids, and smart transportation, and using wireless sensor network (WSN), we can easily obtain and transmit information. However, the data security and users’ privacy are the biggest challenges for WSN because sensor nodes have low computing power and low storage capacity and are easy to be captured, and wireless networks are vulnerable. In 2021, Shuai et al. proposed a lightweight three-factor anonymous authentication scheme for WSN. However, we found that their protocol is vulnerable to stolen-verifier attack, modification of messages’ attack, and no perfect forward secrecy. Then, a new three-factor anonymous authentication scheme using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is proposed. Through informal and formal security analyses, our scheme can resist various known attacks and maintains low computational complexity.

An efficient hash‐based authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks in Internet of Things applications with forward secrecy

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an influential role in the advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) because the infrastructure of WSNs consists of lots of sensors, which can be used to collect online data by the users or service providers; however, in the process of collecting the data, the users and service providers have to communicate with the sensors through an unprotected channel, so the confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted messages might be threatened by an adversary. Consequently, several authentication protocols have been proposed to provide a secure authentication process for IoT‐based WSNs. In this paper, we analyze Ghani et al.'s protocol and demonstrate that their protocol is vulnerable to user impersonation attack, malicious gateway attack, and traceability attack. Furthermore, it suffers from some design weaknesses. To fix these drawbacks, we propose a new hash‐based authentication protocol for IoT‐based WSNs. We analyze our protocol with both formal and informal methods to show that our protocol is secure against various known attacks such as sensor and user trace, sensor capture, off‐line password guessing, and replay attacks. Finally, we evaluate our protocol in terms of security features and communication and computation costs. The results show that not only the proposed protocol is more secure than other existing protocols but also reduces 60% of the execution time of the user authentication process in comparison with Ghani et al.'s protocol.

Real-Time Big Data Analytics, Smart Industrial Value Creation, and Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things-based Decision Support Systems

Real-Time Big Data Analytics, Smart Industrial Value Creation, and Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things-based Decision Support Systems

A lightweight anonymous two‐factor authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks in Internet of Vehicles

SummaryInternet of Vehicles (IoV), as the next generation of transportation systems, tries to make highway and public transportation more secure than used to be. In this system, users use public channels for their communication so they can be the victims of passive or active attacks. Therefore, a secure authentication protocol is essential for IoV; consequently, many protocols are presented to provide secure authentication for IoV. In 2018, Yu et al proposed a secure authentication protocol for WSNs in vehicular communications and claimed that their protocol could satisfy all crucial security features of a secure authentication protocol. Unfortunately, we found that their protocol is susceptible to sensor capture attack, user traceability attack, user impersonation attack, and offline sink node's secret key guessing attack. In this paper, we propose a new authentication protocol for IoV which can solve the weaknesses of Yu et al's protocol. Our protocol not only provides anonymous user registration phase and revocation smart card phase but also uses the biometric template in place of the password. We use both Burrow‐Abadi‐Needham (BAN) logic and real‐or‐random (ROR) model to present the formal analysis of our protocol. Finally, we compare our protocol with other existing related protocols in terms of security features and computation overhead. The results prove that our protocol can provide more security features and it is usable for IoV system.

Adaptive Dual-Mode Routing-Based Mobile Data Gathering Algorithm in Rechargeable Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things

Great improvement recently appeared in terms of efficient service delivery in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for Internet of things (IoT). The IoT is mainly dependent on optimal routing of energy-aware WSNs for gathering data. In addition, as the wireless charging technology develops in leaps and bounds, the performance of rechargeable wireless sensor networks (RWSNs) is greatly ameliorated. Many researches integrated wireless energy transfer into data gathering to prolong network lifetime. However, the mobile collector cannot visit all nodes under the constraints of charging efficiency and gathering delay. Thus, energy consumption differences caused by different upload distances to collectors impose a great challenge in balancing energy. In this paper, we propose an adaptive dual-mode routing-based mobile data gathering algorithm (ADRMDGA) in RWSNs for IoT. The energy replenishment capability is reasonably allocated to low-energy nodes according to our objective function. Furthermore, the innovative adaptive dual-mode routing allows nodes to choose direct or multi-hop upload modes according to their relative upload distances. The empirical study confirms that ADRMDGA has excellent energy equilibrium and effectively extends the network lifetime.

An Online Adaptive Algorithm for Change Detection in Streaming Sensory Data

There has been a keen interest in detecting abrupt sequential changes in streaming data obtained from sensors in wireless sensor networks for Internet of Things applications, such as fire/fault detection, activity recognition, and environmental monitoring. Such applications require (near) online detection of instantaneous changes. This paper proposes an online, adaptive filtering-based change detection (OFCD) algorithm. Our method is based on a convex combination of two decoupled least mean square windowed filters with differing sizes. Both filters are applied independently on data streams obtained from sensor nodes such that their convex combination parameter is employed as an indicator of abrupt changes in mean values. An extension of our method (OFCD) based on a cooperative scheme between multiple sensors (COFCD) is also presented. It provides an enhancement of both convergence and steady-state accuracy of the convex weight parameter. Our conducted experiments show that our approach can be applied in distributed networks in an online fashion. It also provides better performance and less complexity compared with the state-of-the-art on both of single and multiple sensors.

Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things Applications

Internet of things (IoT) aims to develop a smart world based on sensing environment. The energy management of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a big challenge in IoT since sensor nodes have limited energy and they need to have long life for collecting data and information. The aim of this paper is to propose an efficient energy routing algorithm in WSN and infrastructure based on construction an adaptive energy map of sensor nodes. The results show improvement in overall system performance and lifetime of WSN compared to traditional scenario.

Performance Analysis of Distortion-Acceptable Cooperative Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things

This paper analyzes the performance limit of cooperative communications in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), with the aim of utilizing the analytical results for practical applications, for example, Internet of Things (IoT). The observation of a primary sensor is not necessarily to be reconstructed losslessly, as long as the system can make correct judgements and operations. At first, we perform the theoretical analysis to derive an inner bound on the achievable rate-distortion region for the lossy communications with helpers. The numerical results precisely match the Wyner–Ziv theorem when there is only one assisting link and no rate constraint on the assisting link. Then, we present a distributed encoding and joint decoding scheme for cooperative communications in WSNs. Moreover, a series of simulations are conducted for the performance evaluation and verification. Although there is an obvious gap between the theoretical and simulation results, the performance curves show similar tendencies in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio versus bit error rate.

Selective Authentication Based Geographic Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things Against DoS Attacks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used as the communication system in the Internet of Things (IoT). In addition to the services provided by WSNs, many IoT-based applications require reliable data delivery over unstable wireless links. To guarantee reliable data delivery, existing works exploit geographic opportunistic routing with multiple candidate forwarders in WSNs. However, these approaches suffer from serious Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, where a large number of invalid data are deliberately delivered to receivers to disrupt the normal operations of WSNs. In this paper, we propose a selective authentication-based geographic opportunistic routing (SelGOR) to defend against the DoS attacks, meeting the requirements of authenticity and reliability in WSNs. By analyzing statistic state information (SSI) of wireless links, SelGOR leverages an SSI-based trust model to improve the efficiency of data delivery. Unlike previous opportunistic routing protocols, SelGOR ensures data integrity by developing an entropy-based selective authentication algorithm, and is able to isolate DoS attackers and reduce the computational cost. Specifically, we design a distributed cooperative verification scheme to accelerate the isolation of attackers. This scheme also makes SelGOR avoid duplicate data transmission and redundant signature verification resulting from opportunistic routing. The extensive simulations show that SelGOR provides reliable and authentic data delivery, while it only consumes 50% of the computational cost compared to other related solutions.

Study on Secrecy Capacity of Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things Based on the Amplify-and-Forward Compressed Sensing Scheme

The wireless sensor networks is a new technology for information acquisition and processing, which includes the techniques of sensor, computer, Internet of Things and network. Due to the fragility of wireless sensor networks, the security issue has become a prevalent concern in the wireless communication for Internet of Things. This paper offers a deep insight to the secrecy capacity of wireless sensor network and a calculable threshold of capacity based on the amplify-and-forward (AF) compressed sensing scheme. Moreover, we provide a feasible algorithm based on augmented Lagrange method for source reconstruction for the legitimate nodes and un-authorized nodes. Furthermore, we also discuss the impact of the numbers of active sensor nodes, relay nodes and eavesdropper nodes to the secrecy capacity. Simulation results demonstrate the correctness of the derived secrecy capacity.

A Randomized Watermarking Technique for Detecting Malicious Data Injection Attacks in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things Applications.

Using Internet of Things (IoT) applications has been a growing trend in the last few years. They have been deployed in several areas of life, including secure and sensitive sectors, such as the military and health. In these sectors, sensory data is the main factor in any decision-making process. This introduces the need to ensure the integrity of data. Secure techniques are needed to detect any data injection attempt before catastrophic effects happen. Sensors have limited computational and power resources. This limitation creates a challenge to design a security mechanism that is both secure and energy-efficient. This work presents a Randomized Watermarking Filtering Scheme (RWFS) for IoT applications that provides en-route filtering to remove any injected data at an early stage of the communication. Filtering injected data is based on a watermark that is generated from the original data and embedded directly in random places throughout the packet’s payload. The scheme uses homomorphic encryption techniques to conceal the report’s measurement from any adversary. The advantage of homomorphic encryption is that it allows the data to be aggregated and, thus, decreases the packet’s size. The results of our proposed scheme prove that it improves the security and energy consumption of the system as it mitigates some of the limitations in the existing works.

Cadastral and Tea Production Management System with Wireless Sensor Network, GIS based System and IoT Technology

Cadastral and tea production management system utilizing wireless sensor network of Internet of Things (IoT) technology is proposed. To improve efficiency of tea productions, cadastral management and tea production processes must be managed by Geographical Information System (GIS) based system. Through experiments with sensor acquired data, it is found that the required information can be estimated and represented efficiently. Thus, the system works for improvement of the tea production management and quality control.

A three-factor anonymous authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks in internet of things environments

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology, which makes the remote sensing and control across heterogeneous network a reality, and has good prospects in industrial applications. As an important infrastructure, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a crucial role in industrial IoT. Due to the resource constrained feature of sensor nodes, the design of security and efficiency balanced authentication scheme for WSNs becomes a big challenge in IoT applications. First, a two-factor authentication scheme for WSNs proposed by Jiang et al. is reviewed, and the functional and security flaws of their scheme are analyzed. Then, we proposed a three-factor anonymous authentication scheme for WSNs in Internet of Things environments, where fuzzy commitment scheme is adopted to handle the user's biometric information. Analysis and comparison results show that the proposed scheme keeps computational efficiency, and also achieves more security and functional features. Compared with other related work, the proposed scheme is more suitable for Internet of Things environments.

Middleware, Operating System and Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things

Middleware, Operating System and Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things

Secure Data Sensor In Environmental Monitoring System Using Attribute-Based Encryption With Revocation

Wireless sensor networks in internet of thing era have many applications, one of them for environment system, in environmental monitoring system everybody can access data anytime and anywhere. Information was collected using wireless sensor network, all of the data will be sent and stored in the data center. All of data in the data center can be accessed by users through HTTP protocol using a laptop, smartphone and Personal computer. The data in the data center must be secured and the data should be protected from the illegal access by the users from the environment monitoring. To secure the data from the illegal access by the user then the environment monitoring required a security with revocation aspect and encryption the data. CP-ABE (Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption) becomes a solution for this issue, to protect the sensor data and revoke the user. We propose a secure system using CP-ABE with user revocation for protecting the data in data center. Our system is not only encrypting the data sensor, but also revoke to the user. Our experiments system using CP-ABE showed the result for secure the sensor data and revoked the user who does not have the access rights. there are only 2 second processing time for revocation check users.

Challenges of wireless sensor networks for Internet of thing applications

Challenges of wireless sensor networks for Internet of thing applications