Wireless Personal Area Network Technology Research Articles

Challenges of eWALL Wireless Interoperability

Due to development of different technologies there has been significant improvement in quality of life. As a result of that, average person's lifetime duration has been increased. That triggers the problem of independent living of senior citizens. One of the main concerns of the world today is how to enable senior citizens to live independently. As a response to that, systems like eWALL are being developed. eWALL for Active Long Living is a FP7 funded project and it aims to develop system which will enable elderly people to live independently. These systems consist of a large number of sensors which make wireless sensor network. In this paper, different wireless technologies that can be used for communication in systems that are designed to support independent living of elderly people, have been described. The most important focus is at wireless personal area network technologies, like ZigBee, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy and wireless local area network technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi). There are many obstacles in designing wireless sensor network and most of them concern energy efficiency and interoperability of different technologies that are being used for communication. The main challenge in the current technology world is tremendous increase of use of various wireless devices and technologies, which can cause relatively high interference, so that the wireless devices can stop working. Using cognitive radio in solving the interoperability problem of different wireless technologies in wireless sensor networks has become interesting research topic. In this paper, research on interoperability of different wireless technologies is presented. Using Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte Carlo Analysis Tool wireless sensors network in home environment was modelled. Interference based on devices layout and activity was investigated. Also, possible improvements that can be made with cognitive radio are investigated and obtained results are given in this paper.

6LoWPAN Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony Routing Protocol

Abstract Due to recent advances of heterogeneous network and the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor network (WSN) are assumed to be part of huge heterogeneous network.The IEEE 802.15.4 standard introduces WSN from personal area network (PAN) into low power personal area network (LoWPAN). This standard is a low cost, low rate, low power wireless personal area network technology. Hence, 6LoWPAN is defined by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as Internet Protocol (IP) applied into IEEE 802.15.4 devices. 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (LOAD) and 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc On- Demand Distance Vector Routing with Multipath Scheme (MLOAD) are based on Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and simplify the routing protocol for 6LoWPAN mesh network. The AODV, LOAD and MLOAD for 6LoWPAN mesh network to broadcast route request (RREQ) message of route discovery is devoid of load the whole network overhead. In this paper, we proposed the 6LoWPAN Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to find a route to the destination that reduce network overhead of route discovery.

Estimation of Impulsive Noise in an Electricity Substation

Measurements of impulsive noise in a 400/275/132-kV electricity substation are presented. The measurements are made with three antennas having overlapping bands covering the range 100 MHz-6 GHz. This range includes those bands relevant to modern wireless local area network and wireless personal area network technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g and IEEE 802.15.1/4), which, if proved to be sufficiently robust in the presence of impulsive noise, could play a useful role in substation monitoring and control. Impulsive events are extracted from the measured data using the wavelet packet transform, and the statistical distributions of pulse rate, pulse amplitude, pulse duration, and pulse rise time are presented. An unexpected quasi-periodic component of the noise is observed.

An Adaptive and Distributed Collision-Free MAC Protocol for Wireless Personal Area Networks

While IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is being considered as a promising technology for WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks), several issues are still open. In particular, how to construct a mesh topology and how the router/coordinator can save energy while being effective. This paper deals with these problems, discusses the ambiguities regarding the use of mesh topology and proposes a new collision-free beacon scheduling mechanism to construct a mesh WPAN. The details of the protocol, ADCF MAC (Adaptive and Distributed Collision-Free Medium Access Control), will be fully described and analyzed. Preliminary simulation results show the performance of this algorithm.

Bluetooth 기반 모바일 오픈 마켓 시스템 구현

휴대 장치용 개인 무선 통신 기술로서의 블루투스(Bluetooth)는 저전력 저비용의 장점을 가진 IEEE 802.15 계열 WPAN(Wireless Personal Area Network) 기술의 대표적인 예로서 많이 사용되고 있으나 매우 제한된 통신 범위로 인해 넓은 지역에 분포되어 있는 사용자간의 네트워크 구성이 어려운 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 사용자의 움직임을 이용하여 인프라(infra)가 없이도 넓은 지역에 분포되어 있는 구성원 간 모바일 소셜네트워크 시스템(Mobile Social Network System, SNS)을 구축할 수 있는 방안을 모색한다. 또한 SNS 환경에서 사용자 움직임 기반 정보확산 기법의 효율성을 검증하기 위하여 실제로 블루마켓 응용을 구현하였다. IEEE 802.15 WPAN(Wireless personal area network) technologies represented by Bluetooth are prevalent these days. However, they have short radio coverage and thus cannot be used to build a SNS for servicing users spread over a wide area. In this paper, we develop a mobile SNS(Social Network System) that does not necessitate any infrastructure support using the Bluetooth technology and the mobility based information dissemination technique. Using so-called mobility assisted data dissemination technique we overcome the short radio range restriction of WPAN technologies. We develop Blue Market, a free online marketplace program, as a proof of concept.

Multipath design for 6LoWPAN ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing

Wireless networks of future generation are envisioned to be a combination of diverse networks environment and access technologies that can give us convenient wireless environment. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a low cost, low-rate, low-power wireless personal area network technology. IP for smart objects (IPSO) seeks to extend the use of IP networking into resource-constrained devices over a low-power network. IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) is specified by the IETF Working Group, and advanced by the IPSO alliance. 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector routing (LOAD) is based on ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), and simplifies the routing protocol for 6LoWPAN mesh network. Although the LOAD simplifies the AODV for 6LoWPAN mesh network, but the broadcasting route request (RREQ) message of route discovery is still caused whole network overhead. In this paper, we would like to use the concept of Ad Hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) for LOAD to find multipath during the route discovery. If the path fail, we still have alternate path can be used for reducing the overhead of route discovery for the network.

Resource Management and QoS Provisioning for IPTV over mmWave-based WPANs with Directional Antenna

There is an increasing interest in 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication technologies for multi-Gigabit wireless personal area networks (WPAN), aiming to support broadband multimedia applications. Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) is an emerging killer application which requires high data rate and stringent quality of services (QoS) in terms of delay and packet loss. In this paper, we propose a method to efficiently support high definition video flows in a mmWave-based WPAN with QoS guarantee, considering the characteristics of both the IPTV traffic and the mmWave communication technology. We first quantify the effective bandwidth of IPTV video sources using a simple, two-level Markov traffic model. Considering the overheads of the protocol stack in mmWave WPANs, we then quantify the minimum channel time needed for each IPTV flow. Since mmWave-based WPANs will deploy directional antennas to not only extend the transmission range, but also reduce the interference level to neighboring flows, we further propose an admission control scheme and scheduling algorithm to improve the network resource utilization by taking advantage of concurrent transmissions. Extensive simulations with NS-2 using real video traces have validated our analysis and demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed schemes, which will be an enabling technology for future mmWave-based WPANs supporting IPTV services.

Qualnet Simulation of Channel Collision between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b for Various Topologies

Coexistent heterogeneous wireless networks may interfere with each other and result in significant performance degradation when devices are collocated in the same environment. With the increasingly deployed Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) devices, channel conflict has become very frequent and severe when one WPAN technology coexists with other WLAN technologies in the same interfering range. In this paper, we study the coexistence issue between IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11b. We present analytical models on the non-conflicting channel allocation probabilities, focusing on the coexistence scenarios of IEEE 802.15.4 coexisting with IEEE 802.11b. The interference model of IEEE 802.15.4 wireless Personal area network (WPAN) affected by IEEE 802.11b wireless Local area network (WPAN) also presented. The packet error rate (PER) of the IEEE 802.15.4 under the interference of the IEEE 802.11b is analyzed, and is obtained by the bit error rate (BER) and the collision time. The BER is obtained from signal to noise and interference ratio. The safe distance ratio can be obtained from the PER. The analytic results are validated for various topologies using Qualnet 4.5 simulation. Further this paper investigates the PER of IEEE 802.15.4, with the consideration of the mobility models of the WLAN nodes. Simulation results are analyzed for the mobility model with varying speed.

Overhead and Segmentation Mismatch Effect on Bluetooth WPAN Performance

Currently, Bluetooth is the most widely used technology for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN). Quality-of-Service (QoS) support is critical to ensure bandwidth maximization for mobile applications based on this WPAN technology. The overhead introduced by the different layers of Bluetooth protocol may have a serious impact on WPAN performance. However, most studies of Bluetooth performance neglect this overhead and assume that data are directly transmitted over L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol) or even HCI (Host Controller Interface) layers. In fact, this option is not feasible in most Bluetooth applications, as they integrate actual devices that implement a particular Bluetooth profile, usually SPP (Serial Port Profile). The use of profiles cannot be disregarded as they guarantee the interoperability between devices from different vendors. The aim of this paper is to characterise the performance of a Bluetooth WPAN (specifically the end-to-end delay and the throughput) when profiles are utilised. This study takes into account the overhead added by the protocols taking part in the transmission of user data. This paper also explores the effect of segmentation mismatch that may appear when the maximum size for data in each layer of the architecture is different. The analysis has been focused on SPP and PAN (Personal Area Networks) profiles. In the case of the PAN profile, the study concludes that the network performance decreases for user data sizes greater than 1,472 bytes, since the excessive overhead added by the network layer is increased by the IP (Internet Protocol) fragmentation. In the case of SPP, an inappropriate choice of the maximum data unit at RFCOMM (Radio Frequency Communication for Serial Cable Emulation Protocol based on ETSI TS 07.10) and L2CAP layers can also heavily affect the transmission delay.

News: This Little Standard Went to Market; This Little Standard Blew Up

From ranges of 3 meters to 30 kilometers, broadband wireless technology is poised on the brink of all but eliminating the cords binding millions of devices and the Internet. However, the high economic stakes inherent in creating and dominating any given niche of the wireless network are also creating challenges for standards bodies, notably the IEEE 802 group, which oversees protocol development for local and metropolitan area networks. Two of the IEEE 802 groups in particular - the 802.15.3a task group, overseeing development of wireless personal area network technology, and the 802.20 working group, overseeing development of mobile broadband wireless access-have been substantially bedeviled in recent months by infighting that has delayed research and product development in their respective sectors. The 802.15.3a group, which was exploring standard for wireless universal serial bus (USB) technology, shut itself down in January 2006, after three years of wrangling over two distinctly different approaches to creating wireless connections between PCs, peripherals, and home entertainment equipment. In June, the IEEE standards board suspended the 802.20 group's activities (pdf), after an internal investigation revealed a lack of transparency, possible `dominance,' and other irregularities in the working group.

A novel wireless personal area network technology: Ultra wide band technology

Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology is promising for wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications due to its high data rate, low power requirement and short-range characteristics. Instead of exploring new unused frequency band, the UWB communication follows the overlay principle, i.e., sharing the spectrum with existing systems and devices. This novel radio technology has been recently approved by the regulatory authorities in the United States and Canada, and is being considered for approval in Europe and Asia. In this paper, an overview of the UWB radio technology from the technical, economical, and regulatory perspectives is provided. Firstly, the definition of UWB by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is introduced, followed by a brief introduction to the history. The current status of the standardization process resulting from the FCC’s recent decision to permit unlicensed operation in the [3.1–10.6] GHz band is discussed. Then, the reasons of considering UWB as a future solution for WLAN/WPAN applications are studied. In particular, the unique properties of UWB and its difference from other wireless technology alternatives are studied. Then, the benefits and challenges related to the commercial deployment of UWB for future applications are discussed. Finally, the research problems and challenges posed by the UWB technology are focused.

Energy-Efficient Operation through Interference Avoidance for Interconnected Bluetooth WPANs

A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) provides wireless networking among proximate devices, usually carried by an individual. Bluetooth is a first instance of the WPAN technology. The basic networking entity in Bluetooth is a piconet. Several piconets (WPANs) can be interconnected into a scatternet, which can be considered as an extendable multi-hop ad hoc networking structure. Since Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band, each piconet uses pseudorandom frequency hopping. If collocated piconets use the same channel simultaneously, the piconets interfere with each other and the transmitted packets are lost in collisions. This interference is termed self-interference. The piconets that are networked into scatternet exhibit spatial overlapping and naturally produce multi-piconet self-interference. The collisions cause retransmissions and increase the energy spent per data portion, which results in energy-inefficient operation. To tackle this problem, in our previous work we have proposed a self-interference avoidance (SIA) mechanism. However, this basic SIA mechanism is oblivious with respect to the physical topology and does not account for the mitigation of self-interference due to the propagation effects. Furthermore, the basic SIA mechanism relies on the assumption that all piconets are using packets of identical and fixed length. In this paper we will generalize the SIA mechanism to overcome the stated restrictions. We propose the adaptive SIA (A-SIA) algorithm, which adapts the SIA algorithm to the actual interference. The simulation results show that A-SIA largely retains the energy gain offered by the SIA algorithm, while significantly improving the goodput. We also design an instance of the SIA mechanism that operates with variable-length packets, referred as generalized SIA (G-SIA) algorithm. Our simulation results show that the G-SIA algorithm offers good performance in terms of goodput and energy efficiency, but the goodput is degraded if inappropriate segmentation/reassembly policy is used.

Performance analysis of low rate wireless technologies for medical applications

In this article, we discuss what wireless technologies can be used for medical applications and how well they perform in a healthcare/hospital environment. We consider the emerging low-rate Wireless Personal Area Network technology as specified in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.15.4 standard and evaluate its suitability to the medical environment. We focus on scalability issues and the need to support tens of communicating devices in a patient's hospital room. We evaluate the effect of packet segmentation and backoff parameter tuning to improve the overall network performance that is measured in terms of packet loss, goodput, and access delay. We also evaluate the performance of 802.15.4 devices under interference conditions caused by other 802.15.4 devices and by wireless local area networks using IEEE 802.11b.