Wireless Network Interface Card Research Articles

Analysis of multimedia network data security based on routing algorithm

In today’s society, the application of multimedia data is increasing, and the accompanying data security is also an important issue. This paper will analyze the data security of multimedia network based on routing algorithm. The advantages of wireless local area networks (WLAN) and ad hoc networks are combined in wireless mesh networks (WMNs), which have steadily grown to be a reliable method of wireless broadband access. The application of multi RF and multi-channel technology improves the performance of WMN. However, the limitation that includes the number of wireless network interface cards and channels in the network, results in the great challenges ofrouting and channel allocation in multi RF and multi-channel WMN. Based on AODV algorithm, this paper proposes a new cross layer routing algorithm which is JRCA-AODV algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the JRCA-AODValgorithm can successfully increase multiRF multi-channel WMN throughput while lowering packet loss rate and network delay. Take the packet rate of 8 Mbps as an example, the network throughput based on JRCA-AODV algorithm is 1.14 times that of MRMC-AODV algorithm, the packet loss rate based on JRCA-AODV algorithm is 14.06% lower than that of MRMC-AODV algorithm, and the network time delay based on JRCA-AODV algorithm is 14.27% lower than that of MRMC-AODV algorithm. At the same time, JRCA-AODV algorithm can effectively reduce the probability of data loss caused by the competitive and shared access mechanism of the channel, improve the success rate of data transmission, thus reduce the probability of data eavesdropping and tampering in the process of repeated transmission, and improve the security of multimedia network data.This will provide a new direction for promoting the idea of multimedia data security.

Coorp: Satisfying Low-Latency and High-Throughput Requirements of Wireless Network for Coordinated Robotic Learning

In coordinated robotic learning, multiple robots share the same wireless channel for communication, and bring together latency-sensitive (LS) network flows for control and bandwidth-hungry (BH) flows for distributed learning. Unfortunately, existing wireless network supporting systems cannot coordinate these two network flows to meet their own requirements: 1) prioritized contention systems (e.g., EDCA) prevent LS messages from timely acquiring the wireless channel because multiple wireless network interface cards (WNICs) with BH messages are contending for the channel 2) global planning systems (e.g., SchedWiFi) have to reserve a notable time window in the shared channel for each LS flow, suffering from severe bandwidth degradation (up to 42%). We present the coordinated preemption method to meet both requirements for LS flows and BH flows. Globally (among multiple robots), coordinated preemption eliminates unnecessary contention of BH flows by making them transmit in a round-robin manner, such that LS flows have the highest chance to win the contention against BH flows, without sacrificing overall bandwidth from the perspective of coordinated robotic learning applications. Locally (within the same robot), coordinated preemption in real time predicts the periodic transmission of LS flows from the upper application and conservatively limits packets of BH flows buffered in the WNIC only before LS packets arriving, reducing the bandwidth devoted to preemption. COORP, our implementation of coordinated preemption, reduced the violation of latency requirements from 53.9% (EDCA) to 8.8% (comparable to SchedWiFi). Regarding learning quality, COORP achieved a comparable (at times the same) learning reward with EDCA, which grew up to 76% faster than SchedWiFi.

Characteristic analysis of wireless local area network's received signal strength indication in indoor positioning

The indoor positioning method based on received signal strength indication (RSSI) ranging is a lack of systematic quantitative research on the factors affecting the characteristics of indoor RSSI, which affect the accuracy of positioning. This paper quantitatively analyzes the characteristics of the 2.4 GHz RSSI collected in indoor scenes from the following four aspects: antenna orientation of the receiver, type of wireless network interface card (NIC) of the receiver, time period of the data measurement and height difference between the transmitting and receiving antenna. The experimental results show that: (i) the RSSI value measured is the strongest when the antenna of the receiver is vertically oriented to the antenna of the transmitter, while the weakest when the antenna is vertically back-facing and the difference between the strongest signal and the weakest signal is 20-25% at the same test point; (ii) the wider the measurement range of NIC, the more conducive to data collection; (iii) the distribution of RSSI signals generated by an access point at a fixed position is inconsistent with time; (iv) when the height of receiving antenna is 0.5 m different from each other, the path loss index of ranging model produces a deviation of about 10%.

Development of Live Working Robot for Replacing Insulators on Power Transmission Lines

The paper presented the independently developed live working robot for replacing insulators on 110-220kV power transmission lines. By control system and simulating the manual equipotential live working process of replacing insulators, the robot is designed to be composed of a non-obstacle-surmounting platform, a control platform and a ground base station, among which the non-obstacle-surmounting platform mainly consists of the robot body, two robot arms, two robot hands, and two end-effectors, the control platform consists of a motion control system, a communication system, an image capture system and a power management system, and the ground base station consists of an industrial PC equipped with a wireless network interface card and a 3G network interface card. Moreover, the robot is designed to be protected against electromagnetic interference. The robot presented in this paper is the first of its kind in China.

A real-time power monitoring and energy-efficient network/interface selection tool for android smartphones

Energy efficiency in wireless and cellular networks has become one of the most important concerns for both academia and industry due to battery dependence of mobile devices. In this regard, Wireless Network Interface Cards (WNICs) of mobile devices have to be taken into account carefully as they consume an important chunk of the system's total energy. In this paper, we propose a real-time network power consumption profiler and an energy-aware network/interface selection tool for Android-based smartphones. The tool has been freely released on the Android Play Store. The proposed solution reports the power consumption levels of different network interfaces (Wi-Fi and Cellular) by making use of actual packet measurements and precise computations, and enables the devices to handover horizontally/vertically in order to improve the energy efficiency. In this context, widespread analyses have been executed to show the accuracy of the proposed tool. The results demonstrate that the proposed tool is very accurate for any type of IEEE 802.11 wireless or cellular stations, regardless of having different amount of channel utilization, transmission rates, signal strengths or traffic types.

Fog-Supported Delay-Constrained Energy-Saving Live Migration of VMs Over MultiPath TCP/IP 5G Connections

The incoming era of the fifth-generation fog computing-supported radio access networks (shortly, 5G FOGRANs) aims at exploiting computing/networking resource virtualization, in order to augment the limited resources of wireless devices through the seamless live migration of virtual machines (VMs) toward nearby fog data centers. For this purpose, the bandwidths of the multiple wireless network interface cards of the wireless devices may be aggregated under the control of the emerging MultiPathTCP (MPTCP) protocol. However, due to the fading and mobility-induced phenomena, the energy consumptions of the current state-of-the-art VM migration techniques may still offset their expected benefits. Motivated by these considerations, in this paper, we analytically characterize and implement in software and numerically test the optimal minimum-energy settable-complexity bandwidth manager (SCBM) for the live migration of VMs over 5G FOGRAN MPTCP connections. The key features of the proposed SCBM are that: 1) its implementation complexity is settable on-line on the basis of the target energy consumption versus implementation complexity tradeoff; 2) it minimizes the network energy consumed by the wireless device for sustaining the migration process under hard constraints on the tolerated migration times and downtimes; and 3) by leveraging a suitably designed adaptive mechanism, it is capable to quickly react to (possibly, unpredicted) fading and/or mobility-induced abrupt changes of the wireless environment without requiring forecasting. The actual effectiveness of the proposed SCBM is supported by extensive energy versus delay performance comparisons that cover: 1) a number of heterogeneous 3G/4G/WiFi FOGRAN scenarios; 2) synthetic and real-world workloads; and, 3) MPTCP and wireless connections.

Ray-Tracing-Assisted Fingerprinting Based on Channel Impulse Response Measurement for Indoor Positioning

Position fingerprinting (FP), in which a common position signature is based on the received signal strength (RSS), is one of the most efficient indoor positioning methods. Another position signature, known as the channel impulse response (CIR), is regarded as a linear temporal filter, which characterizes the multipath channel of the operating environment. We implement a channel sounder based on an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system to collect off-line/online CIR measurements and develop a ray-tracing (RT) channel predictor to capture the main characteristics of the channel for the off-line predicted database. We are the first to utilize RT as a channel predictor to assist indoor FP using CIR measurements. We utilize coarse localization to classify the reference points (RPs) based on the access point with the strongest RSS. We propose an RT-assisted FP (RAFP) method, in which we estimate a position by fusing the measured and predicted signatures to find the RPs with the highest correlation values between the online measurement and the off-line measured and simulated CIR databases. Experimental results show that the RAFP—positioning with a hybrid of the predicted and measured CIR—reduces the FP localization error by 25%. By incorporating simulated CIRs, the RAFP has the advantages in reducing human labor for off-line measurement collection and in using less number of CIR measurements to maintain a satisfactory performance. The results encourage a further development to reduce the cost by replacing the sounding system with the wireless network interface cards for a scalable deployment.

A Cross-Layer Quality-Oriented Scheme for Energy-Efficient Multimedia Delivery in Wireless Networks

Limited battery life has become a critical issue, particularly when mobile devices run multimedia applications, for which users have high quality expectations. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer quality-oriented energy-efficient multimedia delivery scheme (Q-PASTE), which balances the need for the following: increased energy efficiency/battery lifetime and high user quality of experience. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, the Packet/ApplicaTion manager (PAT) is employed as a novel traffic shaping scheme at the application layer of both the gateway and the client host. At the service gateway, PAT first utilizes a fast start approach to support smooth multimedia playback and then shapes traffic from the server into bursts to reduce the wireless transceivers duty cycle for energy efficiency. At the client side, PAT performs traffic monitoring and provides the medium access control (MAC) layer with session-specific traffic-related information. Second, a MAC-located Slow sTart Exponential and Linear Algorithm (STELA) is proposed, which adjusts the sleep/wakeup schedule of the wireless network interface card (WNIC) to increase energy efficiency. An additional parameter-tuning procedure working with the information provided by PAT ensures that data arrive at the client without serious delays. It is demonstrated both analytically and via simulations that the proposed scheme improves energy efficiency significantly, in comparison with other solutions, while maintaining high quality levels.

A client-side detection mechanism for evil twins

In this paper, we propose a client-based solution to detect “evil twin” attacks in wireless local area networks (WLANs). An evil twin is a kind of rogue Wi-Fi access point (AP) which has the same SSID name as a legitimate one and is set up by an attacker. After a victim associates his device with an evil twin, an attacker can eavesdrop sensitive data forwarded through the evil twin. Most existing detection solutions are administrator-based, which are used by wireless network administrators to verify whether a given AP is in an authorized list or not. Such administrator-based solutions are limited, hardly maintained, and difficult to protect users 24–7. Hence, we propose a client-based detection mechanism, called evil twin detector, to detect this type of attacks. An evil twin detector changes its wireless network interface card (WNIC) to monitor mode to capture wireless TCP/IP packets. Through analyzing captured packets, our detector allows client users to easily and precisely detect an evil twin, thus avoids threats created by evil twins. Our method does not need to know any authorized AP list, and does not rely on data training or machine learning technique. Finally, we implement a detecting system on Windows 7.

Rashnu: a Wi‐Fi intrusion response scheme

AbstractThis paper aims at improving one of the most important vulnerabilities of IEEE 802.11x wireless networks that is sending the management packets on unencrypted channels. Adversaries exploit this weakness for executing attacks such as man‐in‐the‐middle and evil twin. The reported work proposes a novel wireless intrusion response scheme called Rashnu to deal with these attacks. Rashnu is a third party wireless intrusion response scheme and is capable of rescuing the victim(s), that is, access point's clients. The proposed response approach is simulated in Omnet++ environment to appraise its effectiveness. Simulation results show that Rashnu can respond to these attacks with more than 65% success rate. Changing the access point selection strategy in the agent layer of the victim's wireless network interface card, 35% attacker's success rate is reduced to 8%. Eventually, improving Rashnu by tuning the response rate factor can modify this value by only 2.7%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An energy-efficient QoS-based network selection scheme over heterogeneous WLAN – 3G networks

Energy efficiency in wireless networks is one of the major issues for users as mobile devices rely on their batteries. In this context, Wireless Network Interface Cards (WNICs) have to be taken into consideration carefully as it consumes a significant portion of the overall system energy. In this paper, we aim to reduce the energy consumption of wireless mobile devices performing specific solutions, such as reducing the overhead of channel scanning by proposing a smart selective channel scanning method during the handover preparation phase and associating with a Point of Attachment (PoA) that is expected to consume the least amount of energy among all PoAs. Power consumption prediction of a station is made by using the channel scanning results, switching costs, Channel Busy Times (CBTs), traffic class of the station, the number of stations deployed in each PoA, and the power consumption of each WNIC. Stations performing the proposed scheme can fairly coexist with the other stations in the network. In the proposed scheme, each station makes use of its local information and the information provided by the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) Information Server (IS). Performance of the proposed scheme has been investigated by numerical analyses and extensive simulations. The results illustrate that the proposed scheme reduces the energy consumption of mobile stations and provides longer lifetime under a wide range of contention and signal strength levels.

An adaptive remote display scheme to deliver mobile cloud services

Often referred to as a supercomputer in the palm of the hand, mobile cloud computing is expected to be the next big trend in cloud computing research. Effective remote display protocols are one essential technology for enabling the vision of mobile cloud computing. However, existing remote display protocols have been developed for non-mobile computers such as desktops and are not ready to fully embrace the challenges and requirements distinct to mobile devices in mobile cloud computing settings. Recognizing the importance of energy efficiency on mobile devices, this paper investigates the correlation between energy consumption and various encoding types, and proposes a power-aware encoding scheme to maximize the connection lifespan of battery-driven devices to the cloud. The proposed scheme considers the patterns of power consumption by CPUs and wireless network interface cards for the purpose of reducing power usage for remote display activities. Experimental results show that the proposed hybrid encoding scheme outperforms existing approaches in terms of power efficiency.

A Survey of Energy Efficient Wireless Transmission and Modeling in Mobile Cloud Computing

The emergence of mobile cloud computing (MCC) indicates that increasingly abundant applications are available, thus deeming energy problems even more significant. To achieve energy optimization in mobile systems, power consumption involved with each component or application need to be estimated prior to execution. In this paper, we present a survey on the universal energy estimation model for mobile devices. Additionally, due to the significance of wireless network interface card (WNIC) in the power use of mobile devices, considerable researches have been devoted to a low-power design of the WNIC (i.e., Cellular and WiFi). These efforts have allowed us to provide a comprehensive summary of recent work on transmission energy savings. Finally, we conclude the survey and discuss the future research directions.

Cross-layer reduction of wireless network card idle time to optimize energy consumption of pull thin client protocols

Thin client computing trades local processing for network bandwidth consumption by offloading application logic to remote servers. User input and display updates are exchanged between client and server through a thin client protocol. On wireless devices, the thin client protocol traffic can lead to a significantly higher power consumption of the radio interface. In this article, a cross-layer framework is presented that transitions the wireless network interface card (WNIC) to the energy-conserving sleep mode when no traffic from the server is expected. The approach is validated for different wireless channel conditions, such as path loss and available bandwidth, as well as for different network roundtrip time values. Using this cross-layer algorithm for sample scenario with a remote text editor, and through experiments based on actual user traces, a reduction of the WNIC energy consumption of up to 36.82% is obtained, without degrading the application's reactivity.

Analysis of WLAN’s received signal strength indication for indoor location fingerprinting

An indoor positioning system that uses a location fingerprinting technique based on the received signal strength of a wireless local area network is an enabler for indoor location-aware computing. Data analysis of the received signal strength indication is very essential for understanding the underlying location-dependent features and patterns of location fingerprints. This knowledge can assist a system designer in accurately modeling a positioning system, improving positioning performance, and efficiently designing such a system. This study investigates extensively through measurements, the features of the received signal strength indication reported by IEEE 802.11b/g wireless network interface cards. The results of the statistical data analysis help in identifying a number of phenomena that affect the precision and accuracy of indoor positioning systems.

Reducing Power Consumption for Mobile Platforms via Adaptive Traffic Coalescing

Battery life remains to be a critical competitive metric for today's mobile platforms that offer ubiquitous connectivity through their wireless communication interfaces. With most usage models being driven by always-on communication activities, e.g, Internet video streaming, web browsing, etc., it is imperative to understand the impact of network activities on the overall platform power, and optimize power consumption for such activities. As shown by our investigation, various real-world network-driven workloads exhibit bursty and random behavior, which motivates our work on regulating and coalescing incoming packets to reduce platform wake events. To understand the performance impact of packet coalescing, we conduct an extensive investigation to study how coalescing may affect the throughput and user experience. Armed with the deep understandings, we propose, implement and evaluate an Adaptive Traffic Coalescing (ATC) scheme that monitors the incoming traffic at the Network Interface Card (NIC), and adaptively coalesces the packets for a limited duration in the NIC buffer, thus requiring no network or eco-system support. The proposed ATC scheme effectively reduces platform wake events, and enables the platform to enter and stay in the low-power state longer for energy efficiency. We have implemented the scheme in commercial wireless NICs. Using various mobile platforms, we evaluate the power savings and performance impact of the proposed ATC scheme. Experiments show that ATC achieves significant power saving for major platform components, around 20% for real-world Internet workloads, without impacting performance and user experience.

The “Always Best Packet Switching” architecture for SIP-based mobile multimedia services

This paper presents a distributed architecture for the provision of seamless and responsive mobile multimedia services. This architecture allows its user applications to use concurrently all the wireless network interface cards (NICs) a mobile terminal is equipped with. In particular, as mobile multimedia services are usually implemented using the UDP protocol, our architecture enables the transmission of each UDP datagram through the “most suitable” (e.g. most responsive, least loaded) NIC among those available at the time a datagram is transmitted. We term this operating mode of our architecture Always Best Packet Switching (ABPS). ABPS enables the use of policies for load balancing and recovery purposes. In essence, the architecture we propose consists of the following two principal components: (i) a fixed proxy server, which acts as a relay for the mobile node and enables communications from/to this node regardless of possible firewalls and NAT systems, and (ii) a proxy client running in the mobile node responsible for maintaining a multi-path tunnel, constructed out of all the node's NICs, with the above mentioned fixed proxy server. We show how the architecture supports multimedia applications based on the SIP and RTP/RTCP protocols, and avoids the typical delays introduced by the two way message/response handshake of the SIP signaling protocol. Experimental results originated from the implementation of a VoIP application on top of the architecture we propose show the effectiveness of our approach.

Cross-Layer Optimization of Radio Sleep Intervals to Increase Thin Client Energy Efficiency

Thin client computing trades local processing for network bandwidth consumption by offloading application logic to remote servers. User input and display updates are exchanged between client and server through a thin client protocol. This thin client protocol traffic can lead to a significantly higher power consumption of the radio interface of the wireless device. In this contribution, we present a cross-layer algorithm that exploits thin client protocol layer information to determine intervals where no traffic from the server is expected. During these intervals, the wireless network interface card (WNIC) is instructed to enter the energy conserving sleep mode. Using this algorithm for a remote text editor, WNIC energy consumption reductions of 21-52% can be achieved.

Upstream bandwidth optimization of thin client protocols through latency‐aware adaptive user event buffering

AbstractThin client computing trades local processing for network bandwidth by off‐loading application logic to remote servers. User input and display updates are exchanged between client and server through a thin client protocol. In a wireless device context, it is important to achieve bandwidth efficient thin client protocols because bandwidth availability is limited and the power consumption of the wireless network interface card is directly related to the amount of data that is sent and received. This paper presents and evaluates a novel client‐based mechanism which is transparent to the server to reduce upstream bandwidth consumption. Typically, thin client protocols encode user input as a series of small packets, resulting in a major packetization overhead. By buffering user events at the thin client protocol layer, this overhead can be reduced. However, buffering strategies might result in increased response delays for the user. Therefore, models of the upstream bandwidth and the user perceived responsiveness of pull thin client protocols are presented and validated. These models are used in an adaptive framework, which determines the appropriate buffering time to minimize the bandwidth as much as possible without degrading the responsiveness. For lower network roundtrip times and users actively generating input, it is shown how bandwidth savings up to 78% can be achieved while keeping the average user perceived responsiveness below 150 ms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multiple WNIC-based handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLANs

We propose a novel scanning scheme for IEEE 802.11 by equipping Access Points (APs) with multiple Wireless Network Interface Cards (Multi-WNICs), one of which is set to operate in an exclusively reserved channel for the scanning purpose. In this environment, a STAtion (STA) can easily search neighboring APs by scanning the reserved channel. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme ultimately reduces the overall scanning time to improve the handoff latency.