Wireless Network Devices Research Articles

Exploring Ground Reflection Effects on Received Signal Strength Indicator and Path Loss in Far-Field Air-to-Air for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Enabled Wireless Communication

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless communications are becoming increasingly important in applications such as maritime and forest rescue operations. UAV systems often depend on wireless networking and mobile edge computing (MEC) devices for effective deployment, particularly in swarm UAV-enabled MEC configurations focusing on channel modeling and path loss characteristics for air-to-air (A2A) communications. This paper examines path loss characteristics in far-field (FF) ground reflection scenarios, specifically comparing two environments: FF1 (forest floor) and FF2 (seawater floor). LoRa modules operating at 868 MHz were deployed for communication between a transmitting UAV (Tx-UAV) and a receiving UAV (Rx-UAV) to conduct this study. We investigated the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and path loss characteristics across channel bandwidths of 125 kHz and 250 kHz and spread factors (SF) of 7, 9, and 12. Experimental results show that ground reflection has minimal impact in the FF1 scenario, whereas, in the FF2 scenario, ground reflection significantly influences communication. Therefore, in the seawater environment, a UAV-enabled LoRa MEC configuration using a 250 kHz bandwidth and an SF of 7 is recommended to minimize the effects of ground reflection.

Comprehensive electrical models for a wireless sensor network device

This paper proposes a novel circuit model of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) device. The model is designed to accurately represent the behavior of a WSN device operating in a duty cycle, capturing the essential characteristics of its components, including the microcontroller, sensor, transceiver, and power supply. The proposed model incorporates static and dynamic power consumption aspects, reflecting the energy usage patterns during various operational states such as sensing, processing, and communication. The model's accuracy is validated through a comparative analysis with a LTspice® implementation and a real mote implemented for this study. Simulation results closely match the empirical data, demonstrating the model's effectiveness in predicting the mote's behavior. This approach provides a valuable tool for optimizing power consumption and extending the lifetime of WSN deployments within a simulation environment, offering significant insights for designers and researchers in this field.

Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Area-Based Speed Control and Traffic Monitoring

This paper reviews the potential of low-power wireless networks to improve road safety. The authors characterized this type of network and its application in road transport. They also presented the available technologies, highlighting one that was considered the most promising for transport applications. The study includes an innovative and proprietary concept of area-based vehicle speed monitoring using this technology and describes its potential for enhancing road safety. Assumptions and a model for the deployment of network equipment within the planned implementation area were developed. Using radio coverage planning software, the authors conducted a series of simulations to assess the radio coverage of the proposed solution. The results were used to evaluate the feasibility of deployment and to select system operating parameters. It was also noted that the proposed solution could be applied to traffic monitoring. The main objective of this paper is to present a new solution for improving road safety and to assess its feasibility for practical implementation. To achieve this, the authors conducted and presented the results of a series of simulations using radio coverage planning software. The key contribution of this research is the authors′ proposal to implement simultaneous vehicle speed control across the entire monitored area, rather than limiting it to specific, designated points. The simulation results, primarily related to the deployment and selection of operating parameters for wireless sensor network devices, as well as the type and height of antenna placement, suggest that the practical implementation of the proposed solution is feasible. This approach has the potential to significantly improve road safety and alter drivers′ perceptions of speed control. Additionally, the positive outcomes of the research could serve as a foundation for changing the selection of speed control sites, focusing on areas with the highest road safety risk at any given time.

A Machine Learning-based Secured and Energy-efficient Data Transmission in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET)

Mobile hoc networks (MANET) are wireless networks of mobile devices that set up Data Transmission (DT) links independently without a fixed framework. Because topology changes constantly, MANET lines are often interrupted and out of balance. So, making sure that DT works well and reliably while also making good use of network resources is a problematic issue that MANET needs to solve. The suggested solution is to create a DT method to deal with these issues. This method aims to improve DT by sending data as quickly as possible while using as little time. As learning examples, the suggested method uses a range of mobile gadgets. Support Vector Machine (SVM) classes are trained to be weak groups. Supervised SVM can sort the surrounding nodes into groups with better link quality and lower energy use. The results of weak learners are combined to create a robust classifier, which guarantees that the data transfer works well. An experimental test checks the amount of power used, the packet transfer rate, the time it takes, and the output. The number of mobile nodes and data packages will be changed during the analysis.

A Comprehensive Review of Energy-Efficient Techniques for UAV-Assisted Industrial Wireless Networks

The rapid expansion of the Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) has spurred significant research interest due to the growth of security-aware, vehicular, and time-sensitive applications. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely deployed within wireless communication systems to establish rapid and reliable links between users and devices, attributed to their high flexibility and maneuverability. Leveraging UAVs provides a promising solution to enhance communication system performance and effectiveness while overcoming the unprecedented challenges of stringent spectrum limitations and demanding data traffic. However, due to the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles and devices in the industrial wireless networks and limitations on UAVs’ battery storage and computing resources, the adoption of energy-efficient techniques is essential to ensure sustainable system implementation and to prolong the lifetime of the network. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various disruptive methodologies for addressing energy-efficient issues in UAV-assisted industrial wireless networks. We begin by introducing the background of recent research areas from different aspects, including security-enhanced industrial networks, industrial vehicular networks, machine learning for industrial communications, and time-sensitive networks. Our review identifies key challenges from an energy efficiency perspective and evaluates relevant techniques, including resource allocation, UAV trajectory design and wireless power transfer (WPT), across various applications and scenarios. This paper thoroughly discusses the features, strengths, weaknesses, and potential of existing works. Finally, we highlight open research issues and gaps and present promising potential directions for future investigation.

Optimalisasi Penentuan Posisi Access Point Pada Ruang Tertutup Menggunakan Algoritma Genetika

WiFi is a term used for wireless network devices (WLAN) based on IEEE 802.11 standard. Access Point is a WLAN device that is used as a transmitter or receiver. One of the parameters that can determine the performance of a WiFi is the coverage area of an access point. Placement it is not appropriate with environmental conditions will cause some of an area that is not covered or a blankspot area. In this research, the position of the access point was optimized using a genetic algorithm based on position and coverage area. Total coverage area is obtained by determining the union coverage area of all access points which appropriate with the range that is determined using indoor propagation model. From the research results, the most optimal number of access points is 5 access points. The existing condition with 5 access points has a coverage area of 75,27%, while optimization using 5 access points has a coverage area of 96,64%. The optimization can increase the coverage area by 21,38% and reduce the blank spot area to 3,36%.

A dynamic symmetric key generation at wireless link layer: information-theoretic perspectives

The expansion of wireless communication introduces security vulnerabilities, emphasizing the essential need for secure systems that prioritize confidentiality, integrity, and other key aspects of data protection. Since computational security acknowledges the possibility of breaches when adequate computational resources are available, that is why information-theoretic security is being explored, which suggests the existence of unbreakable cryptographic systems even in the presence of limitless processing power. Secret key exchange has traditionally relied on RSA or DH protocols, but researchers are now exploring innovative approaches for sharing secret keys among wireless network devices, leveraging physical or link layer characteristics. This research seeks to revolutionize secure multi-party key acquisition in wireless networks, capitalizing on information-theoretic security and collaborative data extraction. The proposed secret key generation framework comprehensively organizes and explains the information-theoretic aspects of secret key generation within the lower layers of wireless networks, especially the link layer, proposes a novel information-theoretic SKG framework for the dynamic acquisition of symmetric secret keys, and responds to contemporary information security challenges by relying on information-theory principles rather than vulnerable mathematical relationships in the post-quantum period. A new cryptographic key can be generated using a straightforward method, and when it is combined (XORed) with the previous key, it creates a continuously changing secret for encryption and decryption. This approach enhances security because, as attackers attempt to break the encryption, the system generates fresh, dynamic keys, making it progressively more challenging for them to succeed. The research work in question integrates key renewal, or how often keys are updated (dynamic keys), with a security off-period. It introduces a framework for determining the best key refresh rate based on the anticipated rate at which keys might be compromised. Furthermore, the proposed framework is scalable, allowing new nodes to quickly join the existing network. The system was tested with multiple nodes equipped with IEEE 802.11 interfaces, which were set in monitor mode to capture frames at the link layer. Nodes map their on-time frames onto their Bloom filters. Nodes exchange these Bloom filters in a feedback mechanism. Nodes extract those frames from their .pcap files, which are present in all Bloom filters; these are common frames among all nodes. These frames are used to form a shared secret that is passed to HMAC Key Derivation Function by each node to acquire the final encryption key of the required length. The validation of this encryption key is performed using a simple challenge-response protocol; upon successful validation, encrypted communication begins. Otherwise, the key generation process is restarted.

Image Tracking and Segmentation Algorithms Based on Laser Sensors and Wireless Network Devices in Sports Target Detection

Image Tracking and Segmentation Algorithms Based on Laser Sensors and Wireless Network Devices in Sports Target Detection

Tangent sine search optimization enabled energy prediction and SWIPT‐based power transfer for energy‐aware communication in WSN

SummaryWith the rapid increase in energy utilization and the tremendously growing number of connected devices in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), alternate power transfer methods have not only become significant for scholastic purposes but also the growth of WSNs and the reduction of operational costs. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is an emerging technology that has the potential to boost the lifespan of WSNs. This work presents an innovative approach to improving the energy efficiency of WSNs. Here, a WSN is considered, and energy‐aware communication is established in six phases, such as setup, steady state, energy prediction, SWIPT‐based power transfer, communication/route discovery, and route maintenance. Further, a hybrid approach named tangent sine search optimization (TSSO) is created to identify the ideal node as cluster head (CH). Later, the age of the neighboring nodes is forecasted utilizing the deep long short‐term memory (DLSTM), whose trainable parameters are selected using the proposed TSSO algorithm. A SWIPT‐based power transfer is also performed for harvesting the energy to avoid node failures. The proposed TSSO‐DLSTM+SWIPT is investigated given various metrics, like delay, residual energy, throughput, and trust, and the values attained are 0.784 s, 0.790 J, 0.970 Mbps, and 0.997, respectively without any attacks. The proposed TSSO‐DLSTM+SWIPT obtained performance improvement of 11.08%, 10.07%, 7.99%, and 5.83% than the Iterative algorithm in terms of delay, residual energy, throughput, and trust.

The Influence of Brand Image Brand Awareness and Promotion on Purchase Decisions for Ubiquiti Brand IT Network Devices in Indonesia

The background of this research is the increasing demand and competition in the wireless network device industry. Ubiquiti, as one of the major players in the industry, needs to understand how brand image, brand awareness, and promotional activities influence consumers' purchasing decisions. This study aims to analyze the influence of brand image, brand awareness, and promotion variables on purchasing decisions on Ubiquiti brand IT network products. Data were collected from 97 respondents, and analysis was conducted on the demographics of respondents, product use, and the influence of independent variables on purchasing decisions. Research analysis method using SPSS. The results showed that the majority of product users were men aged 25-29 years who worked as employees and used the product for less than 1 year. Statistical analysis revealed that the three variables of brand image, brand awareness, and promotion significantly influence purchasing decisions. Brand awareness has been shown to have the most influence, followed by brand image and promotion. This finding is reinforced by brand awareness's largest adjusted R square value (96.8%). The main conclusion is that brand awareness has the most significant influence on consumer purchasing decisions Ubiquiti brand IT network products, followed by brand image and promotion. The implication of this study is the importance of companies in designing effective marketing and branding strategies to improve consumer purchasing decisions. The research provides valuable insights for Ubiquiti and other companies in the wireless networking industry to better understand the factors driving consumer buying behavior, so they can develop targeted marketing strategies and increase their market share.

Enhanced radioactive waste drum monitoring: A sensorized LoRa-based network for identification and integrity assessment

A reliable monitoring and oversight system is essential to guarantee the safe operation and eventual closure of radioactive waste disposal facilities. With recent technological advancements, there is now the capability to deploy distributed wireless sensor networks that are cost-effective and low in power consumption. Such networks are versatile, finding applications in several civil, environmental, and industrial sectors. This work presents a novel system and method for identifying and continuously monitoring the integrity of stored radioactive waste packages. The proposed approach, developed by the University of Pisa in the context of the H2020 European Project PREDIS, employs a network of wireless node devices, provided with solid-state micro-power radiation detectors tasked with the measurement of gamma-rays and thermal neutrons coming from within cemented waste drums. Collected data are automatically transmitted across the storage site via Long Range radio technology and forwarded to cloud-based or offline platforms, allowing for further visualization, data processing, and safe storage. The system highlights the feasibility of autonomously and passively gathering data from radioactive waste drums over extended distances (more than 250 m in non-line-of-sight conditions), decreasing the reliance on portable or automated scanning mechanisms. In line with its capability for autonomous, long-range data collection, the system satisfies the requirement for structural integrity, containment, and confinement of packaging throughout both interim and long-term disposal of radioactive wastes, thereby playing a key role in reinforcing the safe management of radioactive waste.

A Blockchain-Assisted Security Protocol for Group Handover of MTC Devices in 5G Wireless Networks.

In the realm of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless cellular networks, renowned for their dense connectivity, there lies a substantial facilitation of a myriad of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, which can be supported by the massive machine-type communication (MTC) technique, a fundamental communication framework. In some scenarios, a large number of machine-type communication devices (MTCD) may simultaneously enter the communication coverage of a target base station. However, the current handover mechanism specified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 16 incurs high signaling overhead within the access and core networks, which may have negative impacts on network efficiency. Additionally, other existing solutions are vulnerable to malicious attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, and the failure of Key Forward Secrecy (KFS). To address this challenge, this paper proposes an efficient and secure handover authentication protocol for a group of MTCDs supported by blockchain technology. This protocol leverages the decentralized nature of blockchain technology and combines it with certificateless aggregate signatures to mutually authenticate the identity of a base station and a group of MTCDs. This approach can reduce signaling overhead and avoid key escrow while significantly lowering the risk associated with single points of failure. Additionally, the protocol protects device anonymity by encrypting device identities with temporary anonymous identity markers with the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) to abandon serial numbers to prevent linkage attacks. The resilience of the proposed protocol against predominant malicious attacks has been rigorously validated through the application of the BAN logic and Scyther tool, underscoring its robust security attributes. Furthermore, compared to the existing solutions, the proposed protocol significantly reduces the authentication cost for a group of MTCDs during handover, while ensuring security, demonstrating commendable efficiency.

An Access Control Scheme With Privacy-Preserving Authentication and Flexible Revocation for Smart Healthcare.

IoT and 5G-enabled smart healthcare allows medical practitioners to diagnose patients from any location via electronic health records (EHRs) by wireless body area network (WBAN) devices. Privacy, including the medical practitioner's identity and the patient's EHR, can easily be leaked from hospitals or cloud servers, and secret keys used to access EHRs must be revoked after diagnosis. In response to the challenges associated with user authentication and secret key revocation, this paper proposes an access control scheme with privacy-preserving authentication and flexible revocation for smart healthcare using attribute-based encryption (ABE), named PAFR-ABE, which provides access control to prevent malicious users from decrypting EHRs. Meanwhile, PAFR-ABE ensures privacy-preserving authentication for users during secret key generation, which safeguards users' identities and prevents unauthorized requests for secret keys. In addition, PAFR-ABE achieves flexible revocation and recovery of secret keys, which eliminates the need to update secret keys for unrevoked users. Security analysis indicates that PAFR-ABE meets the security requirements of an access control scheme for smart healthcare, especially in terms of forward security and backward security. Performance analysis shows that PAFR-ABE is efficient in the key generation and revocation algorithms compared with typical access control schemes.

Evaluation of the Influence of the Spatial Smoothing Procedure of the Correlation Matrix on the Efficiency of the 2D-MUSIC Method

The occurrence of correlations between radio signals arriving at the antenna array of the base station reduces the effectiveness of subspace methods for positioning user devices in wireless communication networks. For the purpose of radiation sources decorrelation, a spatial smoothing algorithm can be applied dividing the base station antenna array into sub-arrays and then averaging the signal correlation matrices obtained for these sub-arrays. In this paper, we investigate the impact of various ways of dividing a flat equidistant antenna array into subarrays on the performance of the 2D-MUSIC multiple signal classification method in the scenario of ultra-dense networks operating in the FR2 band.

Buoyant airborne turbines in B5G/6G wireless networks: Opportunities, challenges, applications, and future directions

Buoyant airborne turbines (BATs) are powerful, energy-efficient, adaptive, and environment-friendly. They can be utilized as aerial base stations to expand the wireless network coverage, increase capacity and reliability, improve energy efficiency, and provide a higher line of sight (LoS) probability as they work at higher altitudes. The paper bears the question, what if we equipped a BAT with a complete wireless network base station stack and considered it a new beyond fifth generation/sixth generation (B5G/6G) wireless network device? Therefore, this article discusses enabling BATs as new B5G/6G wireless network equipment. We provide the preliminaries that make the BATs suitable for wireless network applications. We propose the expected configuration and architecture for BATs-based B5G/6G wireless networks. We discuss the opportunities, desired applications, and deployment challenges of BATs in B5G/6G wireless networks. Using simulations, we present the evidence and viability of enabling BATs for extending wireless networks.

Detection of Transmission State of Multiple Wireless Sources: A Statistical Mechanics Approach

Consider a random network of static primary wireless sources and a co-located network of secondary wireless devices. The channel coefficients between the two networks are assumed to be known to the secondary users (SUs), e.g., using radio environment maps (REM). However, the operational state of the sources is unknown due to intermittency. In this paper, we study the performance of primary source detection by SUs using a message-passing algorithm. Additionally, we employ methods from statistical mechanics, in particular, the Replica approach, to obtain analytic results for the performance of such networks in the large system-size limit. We test the results through a large-scale simulation analysis, obtaining good agreement. The proposed method provides a simple way to evaluate the performance of the system and assess how it depends on the macroscopic parameters that characterize it, such as the average density of SUs and sources and the signal-to-noise ratio. The main contribution of this paper is the application of an algorithm that quantitatively predicts the parameter value region for which accurate and reliable detection of the operational state of the primary sources can be achieved in a fast and decentralized manner.

Optimalisasi Penentuan Posisi Access Point Pada Ruang Tertutup Menggunakan Algoritma Genetika

WiFi is a term used for wireless network devices (WLAN) based on IEEE 802.11 standard. Access Point is a WLAN device that is used as a transmitter or receiver. One of the parameters that can determine the performance of a WiFi is the coverage area of an access point. Placement it is not appropriate with environmental conditions will cause some of an area that is not covered or a blankspot area. In this research, the position of the access point was optimized using a genetic algorithm based on position and coverage area. Total coverage area is obtained by determining the union coverage area of all access points which appropriate with the range that is determined using indoor propagation model. From the research results, the most optimal number of access points is 5 access points. The existing condition with 5 access points has a coverage area of 75.27%, while optimization using 5 access points has a coverage area of 96.64%. The optimization can increase the coverage area by 21.38% and reduce the blank spot area to 3.36%.
 

Adaptive vulnerability-based risk identification software with virtualization functions for dynamic management

Over the years, risk management has become increasingly important for all companies, varying from large, medium-sized to micro-enterprises. The growing increase in cyber threats and the costs they cause has forced companies to consider new types of risks. This problem mainly affects medium, small, and micro-enterprises because of their limited resources or because they do not have sufficient technological knowledge. For this reason, this article studies different frameworks associated with risk management in different business areas. In addition, an open-source, automatic (plug and play) solution is proposed, which uses few resources thanks to virtualization through containerization. It takes care of identifying wired and wireless network devices. It generates a risk report with qualitative and quantitative values by reassessing the risk over time and provides mitigation if possible. Finally, a proof of concept was generated using a simulation of a medium-sized enterprise with various types of assets. As a result, we explored over 20 business days how network devices were detected and assessed without interacting with the framework, except to collect the results. It also showed how the risks evolve and increases if not addressed by the organization.

Energy harvesting for devices in wireless sensor networks: A Review

Recent years have witnessed several technological breakthroughs in wireless sensor networks (WSN), yet energy continues to be an indispensable resource despite these advancements. The amount of energy that is available in a WSN has a direct bearing on how well it functions, how well it performs, and how long it will continue to operate. Because of the limitations imposed on them by cost and size, sensor nodes almost always come outfitted with a constrained amount of energy. As a direct consequence of this, their batteries will need to be replaced at regular intervals. However, the replacement is only sometimes a viable alternative; in fact, there are some situations in which it is unlikely to be achievable and entirely improbable. Because of this, there is an urgent need for more feasible solutions, which include energy harvesting or wireless energy transfer, as well as the creation of power at the sensor nodes themselves or their delivery of power to them. These options are among the options that are now available. This study intends to accomplish the following three primary goals: In the first step of this process, we will investigate prospective renewable energy resources and information on their qualities and uses in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Second, this study examines various methods for charging batteries and the various ways each of these methods might be applied to wireless sensor networks (WSN).

Simultaneous Terahertz Imaging With Information and Power Transfer (STIIPT)

Terahertz (THz) band transmission has the potential to revolutionize future-generation wireless networks by jointly meeting communication and non-communication demands of their connected devices. Recent advances in THz semiconductor technologies and antenna design are closing the THz band gap in millimeter-scale devices which are often battery-limited. The localization of these mobile devices in future wireless networks is of paramount significance for beamforming to overcome THz propagation loss. Consequently, prospective signal processing techniques with co-design architectures are emerging either for joint communication and sensing or for simultaneous information and power transfer. In this paper, we present a novel approach toward Simultaneous Terahertz Imaging with Information and Power Transfer (STIIPT) from a base station transceiver to an Integrated Receiver (IntRx). Leveraging the proposed non-linear rectenna model for energy harvesting, a customized On-Off Keying (cOOK) modulation scheme is proposed for simultaneous communication through a non-linear THz channel while generating a radar-like image to localize the IntRx acting as a target. The proposed theoretical models are corroborated with simulations using a THz band GaAs Schottky diode to demonstrate STIIPT performances which also emphasize the significance of ranging information to optimize rate–energy transfer tradeoff under the cOOK modulation scheme.