Wireless Multimedia Sensor Nodes Research Articles

Analysis of the Security of Internet of Multimedia Things in Wireless Environment

The Internet of Things (IoT) and real-time flexibility improve people’s lives, and IoT applications rely heavily on multimedia sensors and devices. An interconnected network of IoT multimedia devices has made the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). It creates massive data distinct from what the Internet of Things (IoT) produced. Smart traffic monitoring and smart hospitals are only a few examples of real-time deployment applications. IoMT data and decision-making must be made quickly since it directly impacts human life. The security heterogeneity of optimization issues is a significant challenge for enabling multimedia applications on the IoT. The IoMT has difficulty achieving low-cost data collecting while maintaining data security. An Internet of Multimedia Things in a wireless environment (IoMT-WE) system decreases the bandwidth and privacy risk caused by the revocation list, ensures the integrity of batch verification information, and corresponds with Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) security performance. The proposed method uses random subsampling and chaotic convolution to collect numerous images. The sampling method is safe since the measurement matrix is controlled by chaos. As part of the IoMT architecture, wireless multimedia sensor nodes can be more easily deployed over the long term for real-time multimedia. The Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) comprises nodes that can capture both multimedia and non-multimedia data. The ioMT-WE system has been tested and found to be secure and effective.

Enhancing Packet Reliability in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks using a Proposed Distributed Dynamic Cooperative Protocol (DDCP) Routing Algorithm

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are being extensively utilized in critical applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance, and healthcare, where the reliable transmission of packets is indispensable for seamless network operation. To address this requirement, this work presents a pioneering Distributed Dynamic Cooperation Protocol (DDCP) routing algorithm. The DDCP algorithm aims to enhance packet reliability in WMSNs by prioritizing reliable packet delivery, improving packet delivery rates, minimizing end-to-end delay, and optimizing energy consumption. To evaluate its performance, the proposed algorithm is compared against traditional routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), as well as proactive routing protocols such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). By dynamically adjusting the transmission range and selecting optimal paths through cooperative interactions with neighboring nodes, the DDCP algorithm offers effective solutions. Extensive simulations and experiments conducted on a wireless multimedia sensor node testbed demonstrate the superior performance of the DDCP routing algorithm compared to AODV, DSR, and OLSR, in terms of packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of the DDCP algorithm against multiple routing protocols provides valuable insights into its effectiveness and efficiency in improving packet reliability within WMSNs. Furthermore, the scalability and applicability of the proposed DDCP algorithm for large-scale wireless multimedia sensor networks are confirmed. In summary, the DDCP algorithm exhibits significant potential to enhance the performance of WMSNs, making it a suitable choice for a wide range of applications that demand robust and reliable data transmission.

IADF security: insider attack detection using fuzzy logic in wireless multimedia sensor networks

Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) consist of spatially distributed, autonomous sensor nodes that monitor physical or environmental conditions. WMSN networks, in general, are prone to insider attacks like node replication attacks, where a malicious node replicates itself as an insider node, which may lead to a situation where a non-authentic node becomes a rightful part of the network. Insider attacks are not detectable with classic cryptographical techniques. Many WMSN applications require a dedicated on-demand algorithm to detect the insider attacker in the system without any prior knowledge of the system. This paper proposes a new security scheme, called the insider attack detection using fuzzy logic (IADF). This security scheme uses the fuzzification of six parameters present in a wireless multimedia sensor node categorized as network and physical parameters. Physical parameters used are received signal strength, transceiver range and residual energy. Network parameters used include packet delivery ratio, forwarding delay and transmission rate. The fuzzy approach makes the IADF algorithm flexible and scalable. Simulation results show that the IADF algorithm can predict malicious nodes with a higher prediction rate and higher detection accuracy.

SAMS: A Seamless and Authorized Multimedia Streaming Framework for WMSN-Based IoMT

An Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) architecture aims to provide a support for real-time multimedia applications by using wireless multimedia sensor nodes that are deployed for a long-term usage. These nodes are capable of capturing both multimedia and nonmultimedia data, and form a network known as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). In a WMSN, underlying routing protocols need to provide an acceptable level of Quality of Service (QoS) support for multimedia traffic. In this paper, we propose a Seamless and Authorized Streaming (SAMS) framework for a cluster-based hierarchical WMSN. The SAMS uses authentication at different levels to form secured clusters. The formation of these clusters allows only legitimate nodes to transmit captured data to their Cluster Heads (CHs). Each node senses the environment, stores captured data in its buffer, and waits for its turn to transmit to its CH. This waiting may result in an excessive packet-loss and end-to-end delay for multimedia traffic. To address these issues, a channel allocation approach is proposed for an intercluster communication. In the case of a buffer overflow, a member node in one cluster switches to a neighboring CH provided that the latter has an available channel for allocation. The experimental results show that the SAMS provides an acceptable level of QoS and enhances security of an underlying network.

Visual and Auditory Data Fusion for Energy-Efficient and Improved Object Recognition in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Automatic threat classification without human intervention is a popular research topic in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) especially within the context of surveillance applications. This paper explores the effect of fusing audio-visual multimedia and scalar data collected by the sensor nodes in a WMSN for the purpose of energy-efficient and accurate object detection and classification. In order to do that, we implemented a wireless multimedia sensor node with video and audio capturing and processing capabilities in addition to traditional/ordinary scalar sensors. The multimedia sensors are kept in sleep mode in order to save energy until they are activated by the scalar sensors which are always active. The object recognition results obtained from video and audio applications are fused to increase the object recognition performance of the sensor node. Final results are forwarded to the sink in text format, and this greatly reduces the size of data transmitted in network. Performance test results of the implemented prototype system show that the fusing audio data with visual data improves automatic object recognition capability of a sensor node significantly. Since auditory data requires less processing power compared to visual data, the overhead of processing the auditory data is not high, and it helps to extend network lifetime of WMSNs.

A Fusion-Based Framework for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks in Surveillance Applications

Multimedia sensors enable monitoring applications to obtain more accurate and detailed information. However, the development of efficient and lightweight solutions for managing data traffic over wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) has become vital because of the excessive volume of data produced by multimedia sensors. As part of this motivation, this paper proposes a fusion-based WMSN framework that reduces the amount of data to be transmitted over the network by intra-node processing. This framework explores three main issues: (1) the design of a wireless multimedia sensor (WMS) node to detect objects using machine learning techniques; (2) a method for increasing the accuracy while reducing the amount of information transmitted by the WMS nodes to the base station, and; (3) a new cluster-based routing algorithm for the WMSNs that consumes less power than the currently used algorithms. In this context, a WMS node is designed and implemented using commercially available components. In order to reduce the amount of information to be transmitted to the base station and thereby extend the lifetime of a WMSN, a method for detecting and classifying objects on three different layers has been developed. A new energy-efficient cluster-based routing algorithm is developed to transfer the collected information/data to the sink. The proposed framework and the cluster-based routing algorithm are applied to our WMS nodes and tested experimentally. The results of the experiments clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed WMSN architecture in the real-world surveillance applications.

Energy and Delay Optimization of Heterogeneous Multicore Wireless Multimedia Sensor Nodes by Adaptive Genetic‐Simulated Annealing Algorithm

Energy efficiency and delay optimization are significant for the proliferation of wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN). In this article, an energy‐efficient, delay‐efficient, hardware and software cooptimization platform is researched to minimize the energy cost while guaranteeing the deadline of the real‐time WMSN tasks. First, a multicore reconfigurable WMSN hardware platform is designed and implemented. This platform uses both the heterogeneous multicore architecture and the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique. By this means, the nodes can adjust the hardware characteristics dynamically in terms of the software run‐time contexts. Consequently, the software can be executed more efficiently with less energy cost and shorter execution time. Then, based on this hardware platform, an energy and delay multiobjective optimization algorithm and a DVFS adaption algorithm are investigated. These algorithms aim to search out the global energy optimization solution within the acceptable calculation time and strip the time redundancy in the task executing process. Thus, the energy efficiency of the WMSN node can be improved significantly even under strict constraint of the execution time. Simulation and real‐world experiments proved that the proposed approaches can decrease the energy cost by more than 29% compared to the traditional single‐core WMSN node. Moreover, the node can react quickly to the time‐sensitive events.

Analyzing lifetime of energy harvesting wireless multimedia sensor nodes in industrial environments

Recently, there has been a great demand for multimedia communication using Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) in industrial environments thanks to their low cost, flexibility, and rapid deployment. However, WMSNs face a major challenge of limited lifetime due to their limited battery capacity. Compared to regular data transmission, multimedia data transmission causes higher energy consumption because of larger data sizes leading to faster depletion of sensor node's batteries. The objective of this paper is to analytically quantify the impact of different energy harvesting methods based on vibration, indoor solar, and temperature difference as well as Fast-Zonal DCT and BinDCT based image compression methods on the lifetime of Telos and Mica2 sensor nodes deployed in indoor industrial environment. Performance results show that energy harvesting and image compression techniques improve lifetime of Mica2 and Telos motes by 51.8% and 25.8%, respectively when used with proper power management methods.

Clustering Algorithm Based on the Direction of Overlapping Field of Views for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Wireless Multimedia Sensor network (WMSN) composed of multiple video cameras with possibly overlapping field of views. Node clustering for coordinating multimedia sensing and processing based on classical sensor clustering algorithms cannot enable wireless multimedia sensor nodes to sense areas that are uncorrelated to the areas covered by radio neighboring sensors. In this paper, a distributed clustering algorithm is proposed for WMSNs based on the coverage areas of the overlapped field of views (FoVs) and also on the direction of the FoV. A node may belong to multiple clusters, if its FoV intersects more than one cluster-head which affects efficiently in terms of energy conservation in sensing and processing. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm has a more advantage in energy conservation, and in decreasing the number of singular nodes which impacts on the clustering efficiency and prolongs the network lifetime effectively.

Inpatient Critical Stage Monitoring in Smart Hospitals by Contextual Fuzzy based QoS Routing for WBMS Network Nurse Call System

In Smart Hospitals by deploying a Wireless Bio Multimedia sensor (WBMS) Network, which is a collection of wireless scalar biosensor such as Thermistor (to measure body temperature), Sphygmomanometer bio sensor (to measure Blood pressure), Respiratory sensor system (to measure breath), Holter sensor, Continuous Glucose Monitor biosensor, Immuno biosensor and forth with Wireless Multimedia Sensor node to contrivance the automatic patient Monitoring for the wireless Nurse Call System. WBMS network transmitted the scalar, video data of an inpatient via patient Cluster Head (PCH) in smart Hospitals are named as Patient case report data. It is classified as Critical, Intermittent, and Normal Data. An inpatient's scalar data from different biosensors and multimedia data are fused in the Patient Cluster Head (PCH). The fused data packets are routed from the Patient Cluster Head (PCH) to the destination by using contextual fuzzy routing. We present an Intensive Care Automatic Contextual Routing for inpatients in the hospital to automize the monitoring and for the Wireless transmission. The data are routed based on the fuzzy rule to avoid delay by checking a priority between the two PCH. It supports diverse QoS by assigning different weight for each scalar data with different priorities to avoid end-to-end delay in the transmission of critical data. To provide a support to the Nurse Call system to monitor the inpatients in post operational care.

Wireless Sensor Networks Testbeds and State-of-the-Art Multimedia Sensor Nodes

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) attracted researchers' attention. This has led to advancements made in both hardware design and software components. The research at the hardware level has resulted in a variant of WSN called Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WSNs have application in battlefields, industrial process monitoring, and environmental monitoring, to name but a few. Furthermore, WMSNs have the potential for real-time object detection and recognition. It can be used to locate misplaced items, assisted living, helping people with cognitive impairme nts, species detection, and providing real-time images for many other surveillance-based applications. Thus, such networks need to operate in a diverse environment. Researchers invariably test their designed algorithms and protocols using simulation tools. Simulators do not accurately model the environment in which such networks are deployed. Therefore, there exists many WSNs and WMSNs testbeds. These testbeds enable researchers and programmers to validate the performance of their algorithms and protocols on a physical network. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of various state-of-the-art WSN testbeds. We have evaluated these state-of-the-art testbeds on a set of metrics. Furthermore, we survey the state-of-the-art in wireless multimedia sensor nodes hardware along with their eminent features.

A Method for Clustering and Cooperation in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Wireless multimedia sensor nodes sense areas that are uncorrelated to the areas covered by radio neighbouring sensors. Thus, node clustering for coordinating multimedia sensing and processing cannot be based on classical sensor clustering algorithms. This paper presents a clustering mechanism for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) based on overlapped Field of View (FoV) areas. Overlapping FoVs in dense networks cause the wasting of power due to redundant area sensing. The main aim of the proposed clustering method is energy conservation and network lifetime prolongation. This objective is achieved through coordination of nodes belonging to the same cluster to perform assigned tasks in a cooperative manner avoiding redundant sensing or processing. A paradigm in this concept, a cooperative scheduling scheme for object detection, is presented based on the proposed clustering method.