Wireless Mobile Devices Research Articles

Trust Enabled Cluster Aware Routing Protocol Design with Energy Considerations using Fuzzy Strategies

In this modern era, wireless communication technologies are getting high impact over network industries. Due to this drastic development of communication technologies, a network needs to be more precise with certain metric such as: energy consumption, throughput, trust management, performance and lifetime. These are all the primary concern while handling the transactions with wireless communication systems. In this paper, a new approach of network routing protocol is introduced, which will replace the issues found in existing routing protocols and provide good support while communication between entities. The proposed paper introduces a new routing protocol called Modified Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV), in which the classic AODV protocol supports mobile nodes with several impacts such as mobility, failure prevention, loss management and so on. However, the issues in industry still remains, so, that a new approach or routing protocol is required to overcome such issues. This is the concern to develop a new routing protocol for establishing communication between mobile nodes or wireless devices. The drastic development of communication devices requires some latest technologies to provide range free communication model with the assistance of internet support. A term, 'Internet of Things (IoT)', which rules the world now-a-days through its power of connectivity and establishing the bridge between communication devices around the globe without any range restrictions. In this paper, a cluster based routing strategy is designed with the help of fuzzy assistance. The cluster based routing protocols divides the range of communication into clusters and electing the cluster head based on the communication needs and provides a range free communication model with the hands of IoT support. This cluster based routing model provides support for both inter and intra-cluster communications, which all will be brief in further sections. The proposed model of wireless communication assures the following things such as Improved Energy Efficiency, reduced packet loss and delay, improved throughput ratio and lifetime over resulting scenario with the help of a new algorithm called Fuzzy Assisted Cluster enabled Routing Model (FACeRM) with the association of new routing protocol MAODV.

The Neognostic Myth in Cyberspace

The subject of the study is the functioning of the neognostic myth in cyberspace. Such aspects of the topic as the relationship between religion and the Internet from a non-instrumental point of view on technology are considered in detail. Digital and network technologies are seen as a modern repository of religious beliefs, and not as tools for proselytizing or proclaiming the good news. With the help of an archaeological approach to technical media, the author proposes to determine the deep times of the digital disclosure of technological mysticism, depending on a specific technical materiality characterized by wireless networks and mobile devices. Currently, there are trends in world culture towards the construction of a syncretic myth, which contains elements of the dying Christian paradigm and trends introduced into it from the outside or emerging again. The categorical apparatus developed in the discourse of postmodern aesthetics makes it possible to apply such methods as phenomenological, discursive, hermeneutic and archetypal analysis to the analysis of visual culture. In the study of visual neognostic myth, the concepts of archetypal models, plots, cliches, the theory of the evolution of symbols, general cultural positions of psychoanalysis and the concept of myth are used. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. Gnostic epistemology underlies the imagination of cyberspace. There is a constant in the history of the West that Eric Davis calls "techno-gnosis." In this regard, cybergnosis would be only the latest incarnation of a profound phenomenon. In the world of cyberculture, technognosis manifests itself in hacker ethics, cyberpunk literature, science fiction films and video games. With the help of an archaeological approach to technical media, the deep moments of the digital are determined, showing that there is a technological mysticism in video games that depends on a specific materiality. The new metamodern perception of the world recognizes not only the possibility of perceiving various logical and irrational paradigms of the world order and gaining knowledge about it, but also gives a positive connotation to pluralism itself, when diversity becomes more desirable than truth, which is characteristic of cyberspace. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the research is the basis for the formation of a clear conceptual understanding of the phenomenon of the neognostic myth in its visual form (as opposed to verbal) as a dynamic cultural model generated by digital art strategies and implemented today in media culture.

The use of mobile technology in the learning process

The rapid development and evolution of wireless technology and mobile devices has led to radical changes in the social and economic development of society. The active use of mobile technology, the creation of new high-performance smartphones and tablets have led to an increased demand for mobile Internet, which makes mobile devices versatile in terms of use. Information technologies have a strong influence on the development of society and form a global information space, penetrating into all spheres of human activity, ensuring the dissemination of information flows.

Investigating the EEG Profile of Elite and Non-Elite Players in the Basketball Free Throw Task

This study aimed to investigate the electroencephalographic profile of elite and non-elite basketball players seconds before and during the basketball free throw. Sixteen male subjects in the elite group (national team/premier league players with an average age of 22.06 ± 1.56) and 16 male non-elite subjects (university players with an average age of 22.37 ± 1.45) voluntarily participated in this research. Electroencephalographic data were measured from 28 cortical areas using a mobile wireless device. ANOVA with repeated measures were also performed to investigate the characteristics of theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. The findings showed the higher cortical activity of the elite group. Different frequency bands exhibited similar asymmetry patterns, suggesting the higher activity of the left hemisphere in most of the homologous sites. Moreover, the activity of frequency bands in the left hemisphere rose by approaching the moment of throw. Furthermore, the activity of a limited number of right hemisphere sites increased by getting closer to the moment of action. In general, hemispheric asymmetry in favor of the left hemisphere has a cortical pattern, reflecting high-performance activities. In addition, the characteristics of different frequency bands of hemispheres are directed toward increasing cognitive processing, attention focusing, and inhibiting irrelevant information.

Beam‐Steering Metadevices for Intelligent Optical Wireless‐Broadcasting Communications

High‐performance beam‐steering devices play a crucial role for optical wireless communication (OWC), which can meet the demand for increasing number of wireless mobile devices and emerging high‐speed multimedia applications. Conventional beam‐steering optical components like spatial light modulator and digital micromirror device are limited to realize a small steering angle (typ. several degrees), thus dramatically limits the spatial scope of OWC. Herein, a beam‐steering metadevice utilizing an ultracompact metasurface assisted with a spatial light modulator is presented, which can significantly increase the beam‐steering angle without at the cost of complicated optical setup like conventionally used angle magnifier. Based on the actively tunable beam‐steering metadevice, an intelligent bidirectional optical broadcasting communication system is designed and experimentally demonstrated, which exhibits nine broadcasting areas covering a large field‐of‐view of 20° × 20°, with user‐defined dynamic beam‐steering ability in each area, and each user has a data rate of 10 Gbps for both upstream and downstream transmission. The proposed metadevices can meet the demand of intelligent optical wireless communication which requires both high‐performance and low‐cost for practical purpose, under currently available technical architectures.

Integrated energy carbon emission monitoring and digital management system for smart cities

In recent years, although China’s economy has continued to grow, the environmental impact is greatly affected by the use of primary energy, such as global warming, which has become more and more serious. Under the background of energy conservation and emission reduction, China’s emission reduction pressure is very great. In this paper, an online monitoring system for carbon emissions is developed for real-time monitoring of carbon emissions, and the ant colony algorithm is used to perform multi-objective optimization based on “construction period-cost-carbon emissions.” Through the organic integration of wireless sensors, communication networks, cloud servers, and mobile devices, a real-time monitoring system for carbon emissions has been developed, which can monitor and visualize the carbon emissions generated by major machinery on site in real time. At the same time, the resource consumption of each process in different modes is sorted out, and the multi-objective optimization problem of “construction period-cost-carbon emission” is designed to seek the optimal solution by combining the multi-objective optimization theory. In this paper, the developed real-time monitoring system is applied in the actual field, the stability and practicability of the system are verified, and the process-related data is obtained by combining the monitoring system and field investigation. The experimental results show that the relative deviations of the two units are consistent, fluctuating between 0.54% and 6.14%, and the overall deviations are 3.61% and 3.63%, respectively. Therefore, the online carbon emission monitoring system has stable data and high accuracy. By comparing the data trends of the online monitoring method and the emission factor method, it is found that the two trends are consistent, which verifies the applicability of the online monitoring method in the field of carbon emission monitoring.

U-MEDCHAIN A Blockchain Based System for Medical Records Access and Permissions Management

In recent years, the interest in using wireless communication technologies and mobile devices in the healthcare environment has increased. However, despite increased attention to the security of electronic health records, patient privacy is still at risk for data breaches. Thus, it is quite a challenge to involve an access control system especially if the patient’s medical data are accessible by users who have diverse privileges in different situations. Blockchain is a new technology that can be adopted for decentralized access control management issues. In this work, blockchain based frame work Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is applied. The proposed frame work aims at providing interoperable, secure, and efficient access to EMRs by health providers, patients and third parties while maintaining the patient’s privacy. We propose a timed-based smart contracts whose design meet the demands of EMRs. These contracts are employed in the blockchain for governing the transactions, monitoring the computations performed on the EMRs through the enforcement of the acceptable usage policies and managing the use of data after transmission. This work employs the blockchain technology with a collection of encryption techniques and hash functions. Sensitive information that are placed on the blockchain are encrypted to decrease the possibility of being accessed by unauthorized entity. Advanced cryptographic techniques are also adopted by the proposed framework for providing further security. The use of proxy re-encryption technique is employed to solve the problem of transferring encrypted messages among nodes with no need to share symmetric key. This adopts the distributed ElGamal re-encryption schema with distributed blinding technique. Our proposed framework employs the hashing method SHA-256, to ensure data integrity. The proposed system employs a new incentive mechanism integrated with the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus algorithm for crating, validation, and appending new block. Now security and access control are maintained by the adoption of advanced encryption and authentication techniques throughout the blockchain. Interoperability, auditability, and accessibility are provided by the use of comprehensive logs. Our proposal gives efficient security and accessibility for medical records in an effective manner.

A comprehensive survey onQoSfor video transmission in heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network

AbstractMajor challenging issue in H‐MANETs (Heterogeneous Mobile Ad hoc Networks) is video transmission because it gets affected due to various factors like dynamic change in topology, interference, node mobility, collusion, and so on. Periodic connection is caused by the topology dynamic change, which leads to significant packet loss. Advancements provide the technical basis for video streaming over H‐MANETs in wireless networking and mobile devices. And efforts to achieve video transmission via H‐MANETs have run into some barriers, which have been overcome in various ways. Nonetheless, H‐MANETs are essential to provide video transmission certainty and quality provisioning. Due to the limited resources, the unreliability of wireless links, node mobility, and heterogeneity, establishing video streaming or enabling real‐time multimedia applications over H‐MANET with acceptable QoS (quality of service) poses several issues. The article's main goal is to survey QoS‐based video transmission in H‐MANETs. This study discusses the video transmission method in H‐MANET and the importance of the QoS that may be used for video transmission in H‐MANET. Various routing protocols and existing methodologies to improve QoS for video transmission in H‐MANET are discussed. In addition, the impact of delay in video transmission over H‐MANET has been discussed. Several obstacles and issues have been highlighted in providing QoS for video transmission in H‐MANET. From 2013 to 2021, a systematic literature review (SLR) is done for QoS‐based video transmission in the H‐MANET. This survey systematically gives the technical direction for research on QoS‐based video transmission and discusses potential future aspects.

Examining the role of personality traits in guestroom technologies

PurposeThis study aimed to identify distinctive characteristics of hotel guests and understand their perception of guestroom technologies (GRTs) in hotels by utilizing the theory of consumer innovativeness and the social influence theory.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from 268 hotel guests. The K-means clustering algorithm was employed to identify participants based on their views on the significance of technologies provided in guest rooms. A multivariate analysis of variance was applied to investigate if there were significant differences among clusters regarding social influence on hotel bookings, technology innovativeness and technology expertise and knowledge.FindingsTwo clusters were identified: technology compassionates and casual users of technology. Findings revealed that technology compassionates are more influenced by their friends when booking a hotel compared to casual users of technology. The ability to link up multiple wireless mobile devices, accessible outlets and mobile websites were the most critical GRTs for technology compassionates.Practical implicationsTechnology should be considered a crucial part of the hotel guest experience. Hoteliers ought to continue investing in smart technologies to improve their guests' experiences. GRTs can reduce overhead staff costs while giving guests more control over their stay by utilizing everyday items like smartphones and offering them more power over their lodging experience.Originality/valueThis study advances the existing literature on GRTs by identifying which GRTs produce the most customer satisfaction. Moreover, this study explores the impact of social influence, innovativeness as a personality trait and having expert knowledge of technologies on preferences for GRTs.

The Energy-Efficient Control Solutions of Smart Street Lighting Systems: A Review, Issues, and Recommendations

The smart street-lighting system (SSLS) is a leading candidate in the smart city. By the time of the last 15 cycles, many meaningful improvements have been executed in the SSLS with the impact of the internet of things technologies and universal networking devices. Conventional smart street lighting systems are restricted to wireless sensor networks, mobile devices, and old lighting control systems. This article presents a comprehensive treatment of network designs, namely communication, control, and wireless sensor-based smart street lighting system by deploying based on their existing system architecture, and network topologies including leading with it a host of privileges. In addition, choosing the right lighting class, high-intensity discharge (HID) lights, and retrofitting lighting technologies have all been covered in detail. This paper's objective is to evaluate various control technologies that may support the many applications deployed on networked streetlights. Moreover, issues and recommendations, distinguished in this paper, will pave the route for future smart street lighting systems that promote a reliable and seamless driving experience and are energy-efficient for environmental sustainability. It is far anticipated that LoRa and Sigfox with additional gateways could be the best possible smart street lighting system options as these technologies are facilitated for long distances but with a limited data rate. It is way more suitable for lighting control compared to other protocols to control thousands of streetlights.

Using Reinforcement Learning to Reduce Energy Consumption of Ultra-Dense Networks With 5G Use Cases Requirements

In mobile networks, 5G Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs) have emerged as they effectively increase the network capacity due to cell splitting and densification. A Base Station (BS) is a fixed transceiver that is the main communication point for one or more wireless mobile client devices. As UDNs are densely deployed, the number of BSs and communication links is dense, raising concerns about resource management with regard to energy efficiency, since BSs consume much of the total cost of energy in a cellular network. It is expected that 6G next-generation mobile networks will include technologies such as artificial intelligence as a service and focus on energy efficiency. Using machine learning it is possible to optimize energy consumption with cognitive management of dormant, inactive and active states of network elements. Reinforcement learning enables policies that allow sleep mode techniques to gradually deactivate or activate components of BSs and decrease BS energy consumption. In this work, a sleep mode management based on State Action Reward State Action (SARSA) is proposed, which allows the use of specific metrics to find the best tradeoff between energy reduction and Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. The results of the simulations show that, depending on the target of the 5G use case, in low traffic load scenarios and when a reduction in energy consumption is preferred over QoS, it is possible to achieve energy savings up to 80% with 50 ms latency, 75% with 20 ms and 10 ms latencies and 20% with 1 ms latency. If the QoS is preferred, then the energy savings reach a maximum of 5% with minimal impact in terms of latency.

Developing multi‐path routing protocol in MANET using hybrid SM‐CSBO based on novel multi‐objective function

SummaryOne of the infrastructure‐free networks is mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that are built with limited battery life using wireless mobile devices. This restricted battery capability in MANETs creates the necessity of considering the energy‐awareness constraint in designing them. As routing protocols, the major aim of MANETs is to create the energy awareness in the network; it improves the network's lifetime through effectively utilizing the available restricted energy. Moreover, it creates some limitations like the mobility constraint, wireless link's sensitivity to environmental impacts, and restricted transmission range and residual energy of nodes that causes rapid modifications in the network topology and frequent link failure. By taking those problems, this paper plans to develop a new multipath routing protocol, where the hybrid optimization algorithm with the integration of cuckoo search optimization (CSO) and butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) is proposed and named sensory modality‐based cuckoo search butterfly optimization (SM‐CSBO) for determining the optimal path between the source and destination. The main goal is to select the path with better link quality and more stable links to guarantee reliable data transmission. The multi‐objective function is considered with the factors regarding distance, normalized energy, packet delivery ratio, and control overhead to develop an effective routing protocol in MANET. The proposed model of SM‐CSBO algorithm has superior than 5.8%, 30.4%, 36.7%, and 39.3%, correspondingly maximized than PSO, SFO, CSO, and SFO algorithms while considering the number of nodes as 150. The simulation outcomes proved that it enhances network performance when compared with the other traditional protocols.

Performance Evaluation of Co-Channel Interference on Wireless Networks

ABSTRACT Over the past few years, a large number of mobile devices are being used in real life with the advancement of wireless technology. The explosive increase in the number of wireless mobile devices makes it impossible to avoid the co-channel interference (CCI) or adjacent channel interference (ACI) phenomenon. Therefore, this interference phenomenon has been recognized as an important problem as it causes network performance degradation. In this paper, we conducted a CCI experiment in an outdoor environment where a Wi-Fi signal is not detected and in the ns-3 simulator, and compared the CCI phenomenon with the experiment results and simulation results. As we evaluated network performance between real network and simulation, we analyzed the performance impact at each network stack how packet errors propagate to upper layers in wireless ad-hoc network and propose a theoretical maximum throughput considering error rate in the data link layer and TCP layer.

Impact of Reducing Data Plan Costs on the Digital Divide in China: A Digital Lifestyles Perspective

The digital divide first emerged as an important social and human rights issue in the 1990s. With the rapid development of wireless network technology (e.g., Wi-Fi and cellular networks) and mobile terminal devices (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and tablets), this issue has shifted to concern mobile Internet access. The three main Chinese telecom operators (China Mobile Communications Corporation, China Unicom Communications Corporation, and China Telecom Communications Corporation) have recently promoted unlimited data plans (UDPs) to reduce information usage costs and increase mobile data use. However, assessments of the impact of these policy changes on the mobile digital divide are limited. This study therefore offers insights into how a reduction in information costs can eliminate this divide. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach based on a monthly panel of system-generated mobile app data for subscribers, we find that the UDPs have various effects on promoting the use of mobile Internet and on the digital divide, depending on whether subscribers are of high or low socioeconomic status (i.e., urban versus rural and rich versus poor). We show that the relative differences are alleviated, but the absolute difference further increases after the implementation of a UDP subscription. In addition, a UDP subscription has heterogeneous effects on lifestyles. For the poor or those in rural areas, only promoting UDP does not effectively narrow the mobile digital divide because of insufficient cognition about and persistent weaknesses in the use of information technology.

RF12 | PSUN103 Wireless Mobile Device Overuse and Obesity: Understanding the Neuroscience, Implications and Interventions

Abstract Background While wireless mobile device (WMD) overuse might be perceived as normal behavior in people of all ages, the pathophysiology of WMD addiction is similar to that of substance addiction. Increasing prevalence of disorders related to screentime/sedentary lifestyle such as obesity, dyslipidemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus calls for comprehensive and cost-effective interventions. Objectives We aimed to synthesize existing data on the neuroscience that underlies WMD addiction, its adverse health outcomes and suggest practical strategies to achieve life-technology balance at home and work. Methods Comprehensive search of databases (PubMed and MEDLINE) was conducted until May 2021, for smartphone, screentime and phone addiction. The data were collected as part of a population-based educational initiative, Phreedom (Freedom from smartPhone), to inspire individuals to achieve life-technology balance. Results From the initial 655 citations, 234 were included. The addictive use of WMDs was linked to the 'incentive sensitization theory of addiction': repeated exposure to potentially addictive stimuli (i.e., notifications) can cause persistent structural and functional brain changes in the prefrontal cortex. As a result, an individual's executive functions and cue-reactivity could be impaired. The hyper-reactive dopamine system could also drive this compulsive behavior in the form of a habit-loop of cue, craving, response, and reward. Each hour/day increase in screentime was associated with 0.05-0.07 increase in body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), likely due to food marketing, distracted eating, reduced satiety, and procrastination of physical activity. Overuse of WMDs was associated with insufficient and low-quality sleep, daytime tiredness, daytime sleepiness, depression, and daily cognitive failures. Nine of 10 Americans reported using a technological device in the hour before bed. The more interactive the device, the higher the difficulty falling asleep and unrefreshing sleep (p < 0.05). The younger the age at initial exposure and the longer the duration of exposure, the higher the odds of adverse health outcomes, such as illegal substance use. High users of screens were more likely to have been diagnosed with anxiety or depression, requiring medication. Practical strategies to disrupt the addictive dopamine habit-loop included WMD triage and uncluttering, eliminating redundant notifications, deleting time-consuming applications, modifying the digital environment at home and work, and replacing screentime with greentime. Other tactics could include using an alarm clock, wearing a wristwatch, specifying times to check emails and social media, refocusing teams to decrease reliance on text messages and lowering expectations of immediate responses. Conclusions While it would be irrational to suggest complete avoidance of all WMDs, moderation, balance, and real-life engagement together with strategies aimed at disrupting the dopamine habit loop will be critical components of any intervention plan. Educating patients about the neuroscience of WMD addiction and empowering them with tips to curb WMD use might impact their behavior substantially. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:30 p.m. - 1:35 p.m., Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols under DDOS attacks

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a set of communicating wireless mobile nodes or devices that could be deployed without the need for pre-established infrastructure for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. DDOS attacks are used to temporarily disable network services by overloading the target system with huge traffic, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic.
 In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols in MANETs under the DDOS attacks. These routing protocols are simulated using OPNET simulator to compare their performance using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that TORA protocol performs better than the AODV, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the DDOS attack.

Analysis of Engineering Students Acceptance and Usage of 5G Technology: A Case Study of Gannon University

It has been around 20-25 years since the internet was first developed for public use, and since then the number of users has been increasing exponentially. In a recent report, there are around 313 million internet users, out of which 276.8 million are mobile internet users and internet penetration is 90.3% (Johnson, 2021). With the development of wireless telecommunication technology and mobile devices, use of the internet access has been increasing. From the first generation (1G) of cellular networks to the current 5th Generation (5G), there has been a huge improvement in the data rate, coverage, and security that made it possible to have the internet on mobile phones. The internet in mobile devices has existed since 2G and was used for checking emails and browsing the web (Yamauchi et al., 2005). It is important that users should accept new technology. In this study, acceptance, and usage of the 5G technology that was investigated in a survey of students from the engineering discipline of Gannon University. This work describes the usage of a statistical technique called the technology acceptance model to determine the engineering students perception of the degree to which the 5G technology is accepted and useful. It aims to answer the research questions of whether perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use a ect the actual usage of 5G technology among engineering students, as they tend to bend towards new technology because of the high involvement of technology in engineering studies. This work aims to answer, to what extent perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use determine the usage of 5G technology among the selected group of participants.

An Improved Model for Node Discovery using Election Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network

Mobile wireless devices are constrained based on resources. Computation offloading provides a unique method for taking advantage of multiple mobile wireless devices to save energy and increase performance of these devices. In order to build a robust serious solution for a mobile wireless sensor network. There must be a scheme to ensure that the resources of the mobile wireless sensor network is managed adequately. However, computational offloading scheme was proposed by researchers. But this solution was dependent on a super node which manages the offloading process and is required to be online on the network at all time which consume time. The objectives of this study is to create a “broadcast and receive” table that can access a given node at a particular time interval without the need of having a super node online all the time. This method ensures that as nodes enter the network, they announce their resources which is then saved in the table. This information is updated at a given time interval by a monitoring service. When a node is to be removed from the network, the details of the resources of the node is removed from the table. The focus of the study is to evaluate the resource aware of node discovery in wireless sensor network.

Stigmergic Independent Reinforcement Learning for Multiagent Collaboration.

With the rapid evolution of wireless mobile devices, there emerges an increased need to design effective collaboration mechanisms between intelligent agents to gradually approach the final collective objective by continuously learning from the environment based on their individual observations. In this regard, independent reinforcement learning (IRL) is often deployed in multiagent collaboration to alleviate the problem of a nonstationary learning environment. However, behavioral strategies of intelligent agents in IRL can be formulated only upon their local individual observations of the global environment, and appropriate communication mechanisms must be introduced to reduce their behavioral localities. In this article, we address the problem of communication between intelligent agents in IRL by jointly adopting mechanisms with two different scales. For the large scale, we introduce the stigmergy mechanism as an indirect communication bridge between independent learning agents, and carefully design a mathematical method to indicate the impact of digital pheromone. For the small scale, we propose a conflict-avoidance mechanism between adjacent agents by implementing an additionally embedded neural network to provide more opportunities for participants with higher action priorities. In addition, we present a federal training method to effectively optimize the neural network of each agent in a decentralized manner. Finally, we establish a simulation scenario in which a number of mobile agents in a certain area move automatically to form a specified target shape. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Design Methodology For The Development Of A Multi-Agent Intrusion Detection System For Countering Distributed Denial Of Service (Ddos) Attacks In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

The proliferation of wireless mobile devices has revolutionized the world, leading to the popularity of the mobile ad hoc networking technology [1]. This emergence of the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has facilitated the drift from personal computing to ubiquitous computing in our society. Today, mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, notebooks and tablets are fast becoming an integral part of man’s life and a good number of those in the academia and industry now access the Internet on-the-go, through a wide range of mobile devices. In this paper, we provide our design methodology for the development of a multi-agent intrusion detection system for countering distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks in mobile ad-hoc networks. Keywords: DDOS, Mult-agent intrusion detection, security, MANET, Attacks.