Wireless MAC Research Articles

A multi-protocol energy optimization method for an adaptable wireless MAC system through machine learning

A multi-protocol energy optimization method for an adaptable wireless MAC system through machine learning

A new full-duplex wireless MAC protocol for inducing parallel transmissions between neighbours

A new full-duplex wireless MAC protocol for inducing parallel transmissions between neighbours

A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become highly efficient in performing different operations in oceanic environments. Compared to terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs), MAC and routing protocols in UWSNs are prone to low bandwidth, low throughput, high energy consumption, and high propagation delay. UWSNs are located remotely and do not need to operate with any human involvement. In UWSNs, the majority of sensor batteries have limited energy and very difficult to replace. The uneven use of energy resources is one of the main problems for UWSNs, which reduce the lifetime of the network. Therefore, an energy-efficient MAC and routing techniques are required to address the aforementioned challenges. Several important research projects have been tried to realize this objective by designing energy-efficient MAC and routing protocols to improve efficient data packet routing from Tx anchor node to sensor Rx node. In this article, we concentrate on discussing about different energy-efficient MAC and routing protocols which are presently accessible for UWSNs, categorize both MAC and routing protocols with a new taxonomy, as well as provide a comparative discussion. Finally, we conclude by presenting various current problems and research difficulties for future research.

ANALISA DAN IMPLEMENTASI JARINGAN WIRELESS MAC ADDRESS MENGGUNAKAN FILTERING PADA PT. FAYA KUNTURA AGUNG KONSULTINDO

The evolution of this era is become advancing as well for Technology Information and Telecommunications. This evolution has been explored in Wireless Technology, even in all devices such as smartphones, tablets and laptops can use it. The Internet has tremendously impacted culture and it become a daily necessity by people in the world, as the internet can support the process of communicating, learning, and data transfer. Places that use wireless networks have started a lot such as schools, universities, and companies. Yet, wireless networks still have security that is quite vulnerable because it can be misused by other parties. To minimize this problem we can use MAC Address Filtering. MAC Address Filtering is a technique for prevents access to a network if the MAC Address of the devices attempting to connect does not match any addresses marked as allowed. MAC Address Filtering has 2 tasks of verification so before it does filtering, the user must log in first using the MAC Address that has been registered and then enter the username and password if it matches the MAC Address then the login will be successful, otherwise, it will be rejected. This wireless MAC Address Filtering security can avoid hackers who can enter the wireless network which makes a slow network.

PACKET OPTIMIZATION IN ADAPTIVE COGNITIVE RADIO SENSOR NETWORKS USING OFDM

With the rapid development of digital communication, the demand for spectral resources is increasing and the building of cognitive radios is the right solution for that. Cognitive radio networks are designed to utilize the licensed spectrum when it is not used by the primary licensed users. We are going to propose a method for effective data transmission and streaming in cognitive radio networks. By that we can achieve energy efficiency, less power consumption and much more transmitted information. In this paper, we are going to employ the OFDM method of spectrum sensing and proposed to use Cognitive Radio MAC protocol. Further our main technique is to divide the data packets into different sizes for transmission. The simulation results reveal that there is a better improvement in the detection of idle channel in the cognitive radio network and the delay is reduced with high quality transmission.

A Survey on Machine Learning-Based Performance Improvement of Wireless Networks: PHY, MAC and Network Layer

This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive survey that reviews the latest research efforts focused on machine learning (ML) based performance improvement of wireless networks, while considering all layers of the protocol stack: PHY, MAC and network. First, the related work and paper contributions are discussed, followed by providing the necessary background on data-driven approaches and machine learning to help non-machine learning experts understand all discussed techniques. Then, a comprehensive review is presented on works employing ML-based approaches to optimize the wireless communication parameters settings to achieve improved network quality-of-service (QoS) and quality-of-experience (QoE). We first categorize these works into: radio analysis, MAC analysis and network prediction approaches, followed by subcategories within each. Finally, open challenges and broader perspectives are discussed.

Empirical Evaluation of Attacks Against IEEE 802.11 Enterprise Networks: The AWID3 Dataset

This work serves two key objectives. First, it markedly supplements and extends the well-known AWID corpus by capturing and studying traces of a wide variety of attacks hurled in the IEEE 802.1X Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) environment. Second, given that all the 802.11-oriented attacks have been carried out when the defenses introduced by Protected Management Frames (PMF) were operative, it offers the first to our knowledge full-fledged empirical study regarding the robustness of the IEEE 802.11w amendment, which is mandatory for WPA3 certified devices. Under both the aforementioned settings, the dataset, and study at hand are novel and are anticipated to be of significant aid towards designing and evaluating intrusion detection systems. Moreover, in an effort to deliver a well-rounded dataset of greater lifespan, and under the prism of an attacker escalating their assault from the wireless MAC layer to higher ones, we have additionally included several assaults that are common to IEEE 802.3 networks. Since the corpus is publicly offered in the form of raw cleartext pcap files, future research can straightforwardly exploit any subset of features, depending on the particular application scenario.

A Novel Successive-Interference-Cancellation- Aware Design for Wireless Networks Using Software-Defined Networking

In traditional CSMA/CA-based MAC designs supporting successive interference cancellation (SIC), channel utilization is inefficient, because the inherited CSMA/CA-style contention approach often forces the whole channel to remain idle and the early released channel is not utilized. In this paper, we propose Multi-CQ, which is the first software-defined networking (SDN)-based MAC design for wireless LANs that supports SIC and significantly improves the channel utilization. Multi-CQ, adopting SDN’s functional separation idea and OFDMA, makes contention and data transmission be executed over two subchannels independently and concurrently, where the superposition coding are used for decoding combined signals, and multiple CQs (contention queues) are introduced to coordinate the concurrency. This concurrent execution greatly reduces the waste in channel contention. Next, adopting SDN’s central control idea, Multi-CQ controller selects nodes who can finish their frame transmissions in almost equal time, thereby improving the channel utilization. Finally, we develop a theoretical model to optimize bandwidth allocation for channel contention and data transmission. Extensive simulations verify the effectiveness of our design and the accuracy of our theoretical model. This study is also helpful to better design wireless MAC protocols supporting other advanced functionalities such as MU-MIMO.

Adaptive Multi-Input Medium Access Control (AMI-MAC) Design Using Physical Layer Cognition for Tactical SDR Networks

Tactical software defined radio (SDR) networks demand stringent requirements of latency, throughput, and reliability. In the past, significant efforts have been made to achieve maximal efficiency with modifications and improvements either in an individual layer or through the cross-layer design of its working protocol. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-layer design consisting of adaptive multi-input medium access control (AMI-MAC) layer along with an intelligent channel allocation scheme supported by a multiband multimode physical layer. A cognitive engine further empowers this cross-layer design approach to achieve high throughput, improved quality of service (QoS), and adaptive range capabilities. The proposed physical layer exhibits a mixed use of narrowband and wideband waveforms accommodating different range requirements as per demanded QoS. The uniqueness of the proposed physical layer enables SDR to operate in hybrid topology by receiving multiple narrowband signals of different bandwidths with the same configuration of wideband RF front end. The proposed AMI-MAC design ensures a reduction in both control and data phase latency. MAC layer ensures the maximal utilization of the time and frequency spectrum. Bandwidth and delay optimization is also managed by the proposed trio of the physical layer, MAC, and cognition to reduce latency and achieve desired QoS. Simulation results are presented to show the superiority of the proposed design over conventional tactical radio MAC.

W-SHARP: Implementation of a High-Performance Wireless Time-Sensitive Network for Low Latency and Ultra-low Cycle Time Industrial Applications

Real-time Industrial applications in the scope of Industry 4.0. present significant challenges from the communication perspective: low latency, ultra-reliability, and determinism. Given that wireless networks provide a significant cost reduction, lower deployment time, and free movement of the wireless nodes, wireless solutions have attracted the industry attention. However, industrial networks are mostly built by wired means because state-of-the-art wireless networks cannot cope with the industrial applications requirements. In this article, we present the hardware implementation of wireless SHARP (w-SHARP), a promising wireless technology for real-time industrial applications. w-SHARP follows the principles of time-sensitive networking and provides time synchronization, time-aware scheduling with bounded latency and high reliability. The implementation has been carried out on a field-programmable gate array-based software-defined radio platform. We demonstrate, through a hardware testbed, that w-SHARP is able to provide ultra-low control cycles, low latency, and high reliability. This implementation may open new perspectives in the implementation of high-performance industrial wireless networks, as both PHY and MAC layers are now subject to be optimized for specific industrial applications.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence for 6G: Improving Trust between Human and Machine

As 5G mobile networks are bringing about global societal benefits, the design phase for 6G has started. Evolved 5G and 6G will need sophisticated AI to automate information delivery simultaneously for mass autonomy, human machine interfacing, and targeted healthcare. Trust will become increasingly critical for 6G as it manages a wide range of mission-critical services. As we migrate from traditional mathematical model-dependent optimization to data-dependent deep learning, the insight and trust we have in our optimization modules decrease. This loss of model explainability means we are vulnerable to malicious data, poor neural network design, and the loss of trust from stakeholders and the general public -- all with a range of legal implications. In this review, we outline the core methods of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in a wireless network setting, including public and legal motivations, definitions of explainability, performance vs. explainability trade-offs, and XAI algorithms. Our review is grounded in case studies for both wireless PHY and MAC layer optimization and provide the community with an important research area to embark upon.

Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor network

An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.

Performance evaluation of wireless sensor network MAC protocols with early sleep problem

Energy efficiency and increased throughput are the two major goals in the design of MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The traditional sensor-MAC (S-MAC) and timeout-MAC (T-MAC) protocols have been proposed to achieve these dual desirable goals by proper scheduling of duty cycles. Although these protocols have been proved to excel the performance when compared with their predecessor protocols for MANETs, the idea of duty cycling, if not tuned carefully may not work well in some linear chain topologies. We, in this paper investigated the 'early sleep' problem in specific topologies which results in undesirable extended latency in packets delivery. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of T-MAC protocol with early sleep problem. As a solution to this problem, this work also proposes a disable extended timeout MAC (DETMAC) protocol that helps the forwarding nodes towards the sink node to adaptively re-schedule their sleep/wakeup timing. It is shown through simulation results that our proposed DETMAC protocol outperforms in the terms of throughput and energy efficiency when compared to T-MAC and its variants.

Performance Evaluation of Wireless Sensor Network MAC protocols with Early Sleep problem

Energy efficiency and increased throughput are the two major goals in the design of MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The traditional sensor-MAC (S-MAC) and timeout-MAC (T-MAC) protocols have been proposed to achieve these dual desirable goals by proper scheduling of duty cycles. Although these protocols have been proved to excel the performance when compared with their predecessor protocols for MANETs, the idea of duty cycling, if not tuned carefully may not work well in some linear chain topologies. We, in this paper investigated the 'early sleep' problem in specific topologies which results in undesirable extended latency in packets delivery. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of T-MAC protocol with early sleep problem. As a solution to this problem, this work also proposes a disable extended timeout MAC (DETMAC) protocol that helps the forwarding nodes towards the sink node to adaptively re-schedule their sleep/wakeup timing. It is shown through simulation results that our proposed DETMAC protocol outperforms in the terms of throughput and energy efficiency when compared to T-MAC and its variants.

Mobility Aware Clustering Routing Algorithm (MACRON) to improve lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless sensor network energy consumption is the recent research trend. Sleep scheduling and clustering of nodes in mobile environment are two different approaches adopted to elongate the life of network. In this paper Mobility Aware Clustering routing algorithm (MACRON) is proposed by integrating two challenging approaches. In the sleep scheduling approach, the node takes the decision for their states independently in decentralized manner. Using this reward based approach; the node decides its own current state (sleep, wake, idle) and it also predict the state of neighbors without communicating with neighbors. The performance improvement of sleep scheduling algorithm is significant but, to enhance performance it should be integrated with clustering approaches. To support the mobility in wireless sensor network various MAC protocol has been proposed, but they consume huge energy for data transmission. The proposed MACRON algorithm works efficiently in both mobile and stationary network. The performance of proposed algorithm gives decent outcome in varying size of nodes ranging from 10 to 40 in ns-2.

Analysis of Efficient Cognitive Radio MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an emerging technology to exploit the existing spectrum dynamically. It can intelligently access the vacant spectrum frequency bands. Although a number of methodologies have been suggested for improving the performance of CR networks, little attention has been given to efficient usage, management and energy efficiency. In this paper, a modern paradigm pertaining to the spectrum allotment and usage, manifested as CR, has been introduced as a potential solution to this problem, where the CR (unlicensed) users can opportunistically deploy the available free licensed spectrum bands in such a way that restricts the degree of interference to the extent that the primary (licensed) users can allow. In this article, we analysis and compare various protocols, in addition, we evaluate CREAM MAC, RMC MAC, SWITCH MAC, EECR MAC protocols related to the CR MAC in term of different parameters such as throughput, data transmission and time efficiency. We conclude the most efficient protocol, which have similar features named as Proposed Efficient Cognitive Radio MAC (PECR-MAC) protocol.

Design and Modeling of Self‐Adapting MAC (SaMAC) Protocol with Inconstant Contention Loss Probabilities

Networks based on IEEE 802.11 standard are one of the main options for deployment in industrial environment. Degradation of throughput in congested networks and short‐term unfairness are well‐known drawbacks of 802.11 DCF and similar MAC protocols. Those shortcomings represent significant limitation in forecasted growth of wireless usage. This is especially important in industrial wireless networks (IWN) where the scalability of wireless MAC is one of the main requirements. In this paper, a novel self‐adapting MAC protocol (SaMAC) is defined and mathematically modeled. SaMAC employs constrained countdown freezing enhanced with shifted window mechanism. As a result, the protocol outperforms 802.11 DCF standard as well as shifted contention window (SCW) and constrained countdown freezing (CPCF) protocols in achieved throughput, fairness, and jitter, while keeping simple implementation. Despite protocol’s simple design, it is shown that its mathematical model is extremely complex. For proposed protocol, the assumption of constant contention loss probability, which is normally used for modeling of MAC schemes, does not hold. In the presented multidimensional Markov chain model, a unique iterative method for determining contention loss probability is developed as well as a method for throughput calculation based on such a chain. Accuracy of the presented model is verified in several network scenarios. Considering the performance of the proposed protocol, authors believe that it could be of benefit to deploy it in heavily loaded wireless networks with timing constraints, such as IWNs.

Research on Hybrid Network Technologies of Power Line Carrier and Wireless MAC Layer

Through the power line carrier, wireless and other communication technologies, smart grid achieves power grid data communication. Therefore, it is a challenge to effectively integrate multi-form communication. In this paper, we analyzed the applications of power line carrier and wireless in the network of distribution system, and designed a communication method for the power line carrier and wireless MAC layer based on OFDM technology. By Turbo code, error correction coding is realized, which greatly improves the success rate of network communication. Also it effectively improved the performance of power communication network, and achieved the power line and wireless network convergence in the MAC layer communication. Finally according to different specific scenarios, we presented two different converged networking solutions.

CCDC: A Congestion Control Technique for Duty Cycling WSN MAC Protocols

Wireless Sensor Networks hold the limelight because of significant potential for distributed sensing of large geographical areas. The radio duty cycling mechanism that turns off the radio periodically is necessary for the energy conservation, but it deteriorates the network congestion when the traffic load is high, which increases the packet loss and the delay too. Although many papers for WSNs have tried to mitigate network congestion, none of them has mentioned the congestion problem caused by the radio duty cycling of MAC protocols. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient congestion control technique that operates on the radio duty cycling MAC protocol. It detects the congestion by checking the current queue size. If it detects the congestion, it extends the network capacity by adding supplementary wakeup times. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme highly reduces the packet loss and the delay.

A SURVEY ON OBJECT TRACKING METHODOLOGIES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications are in increasing demand and deployed widely. Sensors communicate with other nodes through wireless Mac 802.15.4. They are low in cost, and have less power. They are used in solving the problems like surveillance, animal habitat monitoring, IoT, etc.Energy and power is limited in Sensor networks because of the fact that they are minimal in size and do data exchange between other nodes. Most of the nodes are powered using non-renewable resources . The other issues in sensorsare the tracking and data aggregation.Tracking of sensor do major operations like reporting and monitoring the objects in which they are tracking.Both these operations go hand in hand and they report to the gateway nodes. There are various algorithms on tracking is being developed over the years, mostly on the localization and prediction based. There is also cluster based method that reduces the number of sensors for tracking the objects. This paper addresses or surveys all these protocols and algorithms for object tracking for wireless sensor networks. Each algorithm is discussed in detail and finally, a comparative analysis of the object tracking algorithms in sensor networks is carried out.