LTE Wireless Research Articles

Automatic Cell Planning Method for Radio Network Optimization

As the first step in building a wireless communication network, wireless network optimization is crucial since it determines how the network will be built scientifically. Numerous challenges remain in the way of the Radio Network's deployment in Indonesia, not the least of which is the still-uneven coverage region. The Kiaracondong region in Bandung is one of the numerous areas in Indonesia that are still considered to be "bad spot areas" as a result. Based on the findings of the driving test conducted in the Kiaracondong sub-district, the KPI target was not fulfilled for the RSRP, SINR, and Throughput parameters. Therefore, this study primarily focuses on the physical tuning optimization using the Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) method for the LTE wireless network optimization. To assess the quality of the LTE network before and after optimization, the results of the ACP optimization simulation will be compared with the results of the existing or non-ACP site simulation and the results of the operator's ACP implementation. As a result, Area 1 has an average RSRP of -72.79 dBm, area 2 -73.17 dBm, and area 3 -68.22 dBm. Additionally, the average SINR in areas 1,2 and 3 is 8 dB, 6.58 dB, and 8.17 dB, respectively. The average downlink throughput in area 1 is 42652.66 Kbps, area 2 is 34420.88 Kbps, and area 3 is 43882.92 Kbps. Finally, the average throughput uplink for areas 1 to 3 is 51651.24 Kbps, 47895.99 Kbps, and 49648.84 Kbps, respectively.

Theoretical study and analysis of advanced wireless sensor network techniques in Internet of Things (IoT)

Wireless sensor networks those based on the Internet of Things (IoT) have evolved fast in numerous areas in recent years. Devices and sensors may interact with each other without human involvement in the IoT network. An IoT-based system where people and things are connected by wired and wireless technology including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), ZigBee, NFC, RFID, GPRS, LTE, and Bluetooth is now one of the most popular technical ideas. The potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) has received enormous attention from the corporate and scientific communities during the past 10 years. The IoT can provide a number of significant benefits to application spaces. Researchers may be able to show crucial facts about IoT-based smart environmental monitoring systems. IoT has faced a variety of challenges, including authentication, differentiating evidence, accessibility and security and protection. Sociotechnical trust systems have also been examined in the past in various studies (STTS). Existing smart settings are now dealing with serious IoT security, protection, and STTS challenges. Trust-the-board will be highlighted and characterized, as well as how it should be utilized in the Internet of Things. As a result, the potential benefits of data aggregation solutions that use less energy while increasing the organization's lifespan are enormous. IoT-WSN data aggregation methods and computations have been reimagined. Specifically, this article examines the writing with reference to the views of sensor systems administrators in order to preserve energy and gather data.

Secure image transmission through LTE wireless communications systems

Secure transmission of images over wireless communications systems can be done using RSA, the most known and efficient cryptographic algorithm, and OFDMA, the most preferred signal processing choice in wireless communications. This paper aims to investigate the performance of OFDMA system for wireless transmission of RSA-based encrypted images. In fact, the performance of OFDMA systems; based on different signal processing techniques, such as, discrete sine transforms (DST) and discrete cosine transforms (DCT), as well as the conventional discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) are tested for wireless transmission of gray-scale images with/without RSA encryption. The progress of transmitting the image is carried by firstly, encrypting the image with RSA algorithm. Then, the encrypted image is modulated with DFT-based, DCT-based, and DST-based OFDMA systems. After that, the modulated images are transmitted over a wireless multipath fading channel. The reverse operations will be carried at the receiver, in addition to the frequency domain equalization to overcome the channel effect. Exhaustive numbers of scenarios are performed for study and investigation of the performance of the different OFDMA systems in terms of PSNR and MSE, with different subcarriers mapping and modulation techniques, is done. Results indicate that the ability of different OFDMA systems for wireless secure transmission of images. However, the DCT-OFDMA system showed superiority over the DST-OFDMA and the conventional DFT-OFDMA systems.

Short-Term Multivariate KPI Forecasting in Rural Fixed Wireless LTE Networks

Time series forecasting has gained significant traction in LTE networks as a way to enable dynamic resource allocation, upgrade planning, and anomaly detection. This letter investigates short-term key performance indicator (KPI) forecasting for rural fixed wireless LTE networks. We show that rural fixed wireless LTE KPIs have shorter temporal dependencies compared to urban mobile networks. Second, we identify that the inclusion of environmental exogenous features yields minimal accuracy improvements. Finally, we find that sequence-to-sequence-based (Seq2Seq) models outperform simpler recurrent neural network (RNN) models, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU), and random forest (RF).

A novel pattern agile microstrip antenna for modern wireless communication systems

ABSTRACT This article presents a circular microstrip patch antenna loaded with three complementary split rings (CSRRs) on the ground plane for pattern agility features. The antenna resonated at 5.3 GHz and accommodated the frequency spectrum from 5.1–5.7 GHz for different CSRR combinations. The reconfigurable pattern feature has been produced with three p-i-n diode combinations integrated with the CSRR slot on the ground patch. The CSRR combinations are utilized to change the radiation phase concerning the primary radiating circular patch. The proposed antenna radiation beam can steer from ±15°, 180°, and 0° of the broadside pattern in the elevation plane with a satisfactory gain of 3 dBi. The phase variation for various CSRR combinations concerning the primary antenna is presented. The presented antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate and tested in an anechoic environment; the tested results verify the pattern agility of the antenna. The demonstrated antenna is suitable for modern wireless communications like LTE and Cognitive radios. The compact size, simple biasing, and low cost are added advantages of the antenna.

Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Rural Fixed Wireless LTE Networks

Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Rural Fixed Wireless LTE Networks

LTE wireless network coverage optimisation based on corrected propagation model

Abstract With the development of technology, the 5th-generation mobile communication technology is becoming more and more mature, and the LTE wireless network is in the peak of application. Although the current wireless propagation model has good adaptability, the prediction accuracy of signal propagation in various specific environments is low; therefore, the wireless propagation model needs to be corrected. The LTE wireless network propagation model was optimised by using the neural network algorithm and corrected by combining with the actual geomorphic characteristics of the experimental area so as to improve the accuracy of simulation prediction of the signal in the service coverage area by the propagation model and provide reference for wireless network planning.

Metro Engineering Project Schedule Optimization Based on Wireless Network Communication and BIM Model Algorithm

BIM (Building Information Modeling) is to create models based on various related information in construction projects and use simulation virtual technology to model actual building information. It is not only the integration of digital information but also the application of digital information in engineering construction. Digital models can be used to plan and simulate the whole process of construction projects scientifically and accurately. In the process of project construction, wireless network communication technology can provide a good basis for collaboration, which is essential for the control of project progress, task scheduling, and systematic communication between all parties. This article introduces the LTE wireless network communication technology and network coverage plan, summarizes the cost and schedule control principles of construction projects, analyzes the factors that affect the construction schedule in subway construction, and introduces the application of BIM technology in subway construction schedule control. Taking the construction of Section XX of Line 1 of City A as an example, a simulation experiment was carried out, and the optimization effect was evaluated with SPI and CPI indicators. The final experimental results show that it is meaningful to use the BIM model algorithm to optimize the subway project. In the simulation experiment, the corresponding construction period saving rate after completion of the project is 6.94%.

SRR metamaterial-based broadband patch antenna for wireless communications

This paper presents the design and analysis of a broad-band patch antenna using split ring metamaterial. The SRR metamaterial structures are embedded in a unique and novel way in the patch antenna, so that subwavelength modes get introduced in the patch cavity and a broad bandwidth antenna with good performance characteristics is obtained. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is taken as a reference antenna, which resonates at a frequency of 5.2 GHz and has an impedance bandwidth of 70 MHz. To improve the bandwidth of the patch antenna, firstly the split ring resonator (SRR) is designed according to the reference patch antenna. The optimized SRR metamaterial is placed in between the patch and ground plane of the proposed antenna. The – 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the metamaterial-embedded proposed antenna is 1.63–4.88 GHz and has an average gain of 4.5 dB. The Prototype of the proposed antenna and reference antenna is fabricated and experimental results are obtained. Experimental and simulated results are in good agreement. The presented antenna can be used for LTE, GSM, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and other wireless applications.

Constellation Shared Multiple Access - A Noma Scheme for Increased User Capacity in 5G MMTC

While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution, need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple access contender for 5G mMTC.

Quasi Real-Time Intermodulation Interference Method: Analysis and Performance

Establishing interference-free wireless networks has become essential requirement with theadvent of 5G networks as wireless carriers becoming eager to start transmitting high volume of voice anddata to meet enterprise demands and consumers for dispersed information. Indeed, reduction of interferencelevel now emerges as one of the most viable solutions for the service provider networks, as 5G networksuse is increasingly on the rise. Therefore, a comprehensive interference solution is needed to enable serviceproviders (e.g., cellular, PCS, Wi-Fi and Broadband, and LTE wireless LAN/WAN services) to identify andresolve network interference quickly and reliably. However, currently existing methods and tools, used toconduct interference detection and analysis lack the necessary performance required in the RF engineeringand spectrum optimization fields, and hence, fast, and reliable networks. This paper presents a new highperformancemethod for detecting and mitigating intermodulation interference in various wireless networks.Clearly, reducing the level of interference in wireless communication contributes directly to having animproved and reliable signal to noise ratio (C/I). We will discuss the complexity of the intermodulationinterference problem. We will further compare the performance of the new approach with different existinginterference detection methods. We will show that the presented method intermodulation complexity isreduced to a near linear one, compared to the current non-linear methods.

CLUTTER HEIGHT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY WITH ARCGIS FOR THE PURPOSES OF LTE AND 5G RADIO NETWORK PROPAGATION AND OPTIMIZATION

The geospatial data accuracy and specification requirements for LTE and 5G radio propagation and optimization are much higher than those used in planning 2G and 3G networks. The recommended geospatial data resolution of 1–2 meters allows the display of the smallest parts of geospatial objects. In the article, we describe the technology and its practical implementation to produce an accurate clutter height (raster canopy height model) for the purposes of LTE and 5G radio network propagation and optimization. This technology, which is based on aerial images, may be adapted to use LiDAR data. The technology includes the data integration between the different software. The processing of digital terrain models, obstacles (buildings and vegetation) and DSM cloud points is performed in geographic information systems, such as ArcGIS. The technology was proven by the practical implementation and calculation in multi-technology wireless network design and optimization platform Atoll.

An ensemble machine learning approach for enhanced path loss predictions for 4G LTE wireless networks

SummaryAccurate path loss prediction models are indispensable in modern wireless communication systems. In recent times, several path loss prediction models have been proposed to improve network performance. However, most of these models have not addressed the fundamental issues. The problem of deploying a single path loss prediction model that fits well in all wireless propagation environments remains. To address this problem, we present machine learning‐based ensemble methods to path loss predictions. Specifically, ensemble methods have been introduced to improve signal prediction accuracy and performance. Additionally, the radial basis function (RBF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network models were deployed and improved by adding more network parameters to their respective input layers. Results revealed that the RBF model with an increase in the number of centroids reduces the mean square error (MSE). Also, the Gaussian kernel function gives lower MSE compared to the multiquadric and inverse multiquadric functions. The bagging and blending ensemble path loss prediction models were introduced for optimal performance. An RBF neural network of different clusters was incorporated into the bagging algorithm as base learners. The RBF, MLP, blending, and bagging were examined using standard metrics for the training, testing, and validation dataset for model validation. The developed bagging ensemble path loss prediction model gave the lowest errors (MSE = 0.0011 dB, SSE = 0.6069 dB, MAE = 0.0245 dB, &R = 0.7484 dB) for the datasets. The bagging ensemble method acts as a variance and error reduction mechanism because it predicted path loss closest to measured data and is suitable for near precise path loss predictions.

A Miniaturized Planar Monopole Antenna Based on a Coupling Structure for Compact Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) Device Applications in 5G, LTE, WLAN, WiMAX, Sirius/XM Radio, V2X, and DSRC Wireless Systems

A miniaturized internal antenna with monopole structure is constituted, including three radiating strips of a compact prototype and a back-coupling pad to improve the impedance matching, which achieves a wide bandwidth of 2.972 GHz between the operating frequencies of 2315–5285 MHz, and is introduced and researched. There is an urgent need for a complete frequency-continuous and large bandwidth design in the current wireless communication design to achieve a multimode, multifrequency, physical phenomenon design with large bandwidth and continuous operating frequency. The recommended antenna provides a broadband operation in an electric vehicles (EVs) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices application embedded in the wireless communication standard for 5G, LTE, V2X, WLAN, WiMAX, Sirius/XM Radio, V2X, and DSRC to support the multiband application. This design is embedded side edge of overall placement in the device and is integrated applicable to the trend of heterogeneous wireless multiple access networks in electric vehicle and Internet of Things system devices, which covered the 5G with supporting the band of n7/n38/n40/n53/n77/n78/n79/n90, the 4G with supporting the band of 7/38/40/41/42/43/48/67, the V2X and DSRC for the operating frequencies between 2500 and 5000 MHz, the Sirius/XM Radio for the operating frequencies of 2320–2345 MHz, the ISM band of WiFi and BT covering the band of 2450–2483.5 and 5150–5350 MHz, and the WiMAX also supporting the band of 2300–2690 and 3400–3690 MHz. Moreover, the compact antenna manufactured an FR4 material with the antenna area of 5 × 10 × 0.8 mm3 and the ground area of 33.5 × 10 × 0.8 mm3. The proposed design better benefits a narrow space on the PCB with a low profile and is easy to make with a circuit board design.

Efficient network selection using multi fuzzy criteria for confidential data transmission in wireless body sensor networks

In the last decade, due to wireless technology’s enhancement, the people’s interest is highly increased in Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs). WBSNs consist of many tiny biosensor nodes that are continuously monitoring diverse physiological signals such as BP (systolic and diastolic), ECG, EMG, SpO2, and activity recognition and transmit these sensed patients’ sensitive information to the central node, which is straight communicate with the controller. To disseminate this sensitive patient information from the controller to remote Medical Server (MS) needs to be prolonged high-speed wireless technology, i.e., LTE, UMTS, WiMAX, WiFi, and satellite communication. It is a challenging task for the controller to choose the optimal network to disseminate various patient vital signs, i.e., emergency data, normal data, and delay-sensitive data. According to the nature of various biosensor nodes in WBSNs, monitor patient vital signs and provide complete intelligent treatment when any abnormality occurs in the human body, i.e., accurate insulin injection when patient sugar level increased. In this paper, first, we select the optimal network from accessible networks using four different fuzzy attribute-based decision-making techniques (Triangular Cubic Hesistent Fuzzy Weighted Averaging Operator, Neutrosophic Linguistic TOPSIS method, Trangualar Cubic Hesistent Fuzzy Hamacher Weighted Averaging Operator and Cubic Grey Relational Analysis) depending upon the quality of service requirement for various application of WBSNs to prolong the human life, enhanced the society’s medical treatment and indorse living qualities of people. Similarly, leakage and misuse of patient data can be a security threat to human life. Thus, confidential data transmission is of great importance. For this purpose, in our proposed scheme, we used HECC for secure key exchange and an AES algorithm to secure patient vital signs to protect patient information from illegal usage. Furthermore, MAC protocol is used for mutual authentication among sensor nodes and Base Stations (BS). Mathematical results show that our scheme is efficient for optimal network selection in such circumstances where conflict arises among diverse QoS requirements for different applications of WBSNs.

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for Future LTE-NR Networks.

5G is the next mobile generation, already being deployed in some countries. It is expected to revolutionize our society, having extremely high target requirements. The use of spectrum is, therefore, tremendously important, as it is a limited and expensive resource. A solution for the spectrum efficiency consists of the use of dynamic spectrum sharing, where an operator can share the spectrum between two different technologies. In this paper, we studied the concept of dynamic spectrum sharing between LTE and 5G New Radio. We presented a solution that allows operators to offer both LTE and New Radio services using the same frequency bands, although in an interleaved mode. We evaluated the performance, in terms of throughput, of a communication system using the dynamic spectrum sharing feature. The results obtained led to the conclusion that using the dynamic spectrum sharing comes with a compromise of a maximum 25% loss on throughput. Nevertheless, the decrease is not that substantial, as the mobile network operator does not need to buy an additional 15 MHz of bandwidth, using the already existing bandwidth of LTE to offer 5G services, leading to cost reduction and an increase in spectrum efficiency.

New Approach of Efficiency Improvement in 10 dB Doherty Power Amplifier for 4G LTE and 5G Wireless Applications

In this research article, the design procedure and comparative analysis of the 10 dB Doherty power amplifier (DPA) with single and double auxiliary amplifier for maximum efficiency has been presented. A new Doherty amplifier structure with parallel two auxiliary amplifiers based on conventional design having optimum value of load resistance of 3.162 ohm has been proposed with higher efficiency of 85.803% and analyzed with n-tone sinusoidal signal. The proposed Doherty power amplifier can achieve drain efficiency of 83.299% & with single and 85.803% with dual auxiliary amplifier at the output power back, off of 10 dB from the saturated power point. The simulated outputs are matched with mathematically derived design values. The simulated n-tone time response shows that the proposed design of DPA can able to handle different modulation standards at different frequencies with compatible structure.

DUAL-BAND RECONFIGURABLE MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

This article presents design and simulation of a new compact four-element dual-band MIMO frequency reconfigurable antenna that can be reconfigured for WiMAX and LTE applications. The antenna includes four elements at the same FR4 substrate with an optimized overall size of 65x65x1.6 mm3 and an optimized partial GND plane of 30x11.125 mm2. The reconfiguration rate is between 2.41 and 3.99 GHz that can cover the WiMAX and LTE wireless devices by applying just one RF (PIN) switch to change the operating frequency. The antenna operates on the two states of the PIN diode under its two states ON and OFF with (2.7 GHz, and 2.8 GHz) resonant frequencies respectively. The proposed antenna produces acceptable simulation results for the MIMO system by achieving gain from (3-7.2) dBi, less than -14.5 dB coupling effect, less than 0.28 envelope correlation coefficient, and diversity gain range from 8.4-10.

Quasi Real-Time Intermodulation Interference Method: Analysis and Performance

Establishing interference-free wireless networks has become essential requirement with theadvent of 5G networks as wireless carriers becoming eager to start transmitting high volume of voice anddata to meet enterprise demands and consumers for dispersed information. Indeed, reduction of interferencelevel now emerges as one of the most viable solutions for the service provider networks, as 5G networksuse is increasingly on the rise. Therefore, a comprehensive interference solution is needed to enable serviceproviders (e.g., cellular, PCS, Wi-Fi and Broadband, and LTE wireless LAN/WAN services) to identify andresolve network interference quickly and reliably. However, currently existing methods and tools, used toconduct interference detection and analysis lack the necessary performance required in the RF engineeringand spectrum optimization fields, and hence, fast, and reliable networks. This paper presents a new highperformancemethod for detecting and mitigating intermodulation interference in various wireless networks.Clearly, reducing the level of interference in wireless communication contributes directly to having animproved and reliable signal to noise ratio (C/I). We will discuss the complexity of the intermodulationinterference problem. We will further compare the performance of the new approach with different existinginterference detection methods. We will show that the presented method intermodulation complexity isreduced to a near linear one, compared to the current non-linear methods.

Evaluation of Communication Infrastructures for Distributed Optimization of Virtual Power Plant Schedules

With the transition towards renewable energy resources, the impact of small distributed generators (DGs) increases, leading to the need to actively stabilize distribution grids. DGs may be organized in virtual power plants (VPPs), where DGs’ schedules must be coordinated to enable the VPP to act as a single plant. One approach to solving this problem is using multi-agent systems (MAS) to offer autonomous, robust, and flexible control methods. The coordination of such systems requires communication between agents. The time required for this depends on communication characteristics, determined by the underlying communication infrastructure. In this paper, we investigate communication influences for the wireless technologies CDMA450 and LTE Advanced on the fully distributed optimization heuristic COHDA, which is used to perform optimized scheduling for a VPP. The use case under consideration is the adaptation of schedules to provide flexibility for regional congestion management for delivery on a regionalized ancillary service market (rAS). We investigate the scalability of the VPP and the effects of disturbances in the communication infrastructure. The results show that the optimization duration of COHDA can be influenced by the underlying communication infrastructure and that this optimization method is applicable to a limited extent for product delivery of rASs.