Wireless Local Area Network Technology Research Articles

Wi‐Fi 6‐based home area network for demand response in smart grid

SummaryThe past decade has brought prolific developments to power systems that range from large‐scale renewable integration to digital twins. Modern power systems consist of highly variable generation clusters. Hence, monitoring and prediction of power generation has become a vital part of today's power systems. On the other hand, detailed real‐time information of power usage is also a key parameter for the control algorithms used for the demand side management. With this information flow, power systems become smart grids which offer improved service and enable many advanced operations. In this regard, the home area network (HAN), which collects the power consumption/generation of household devices, plays a key role. So far, a number of technologies such as ZigBee, Z‐Wave, and Power Line Communication (PLC) have been considered for the HAN. Yet, widely used wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, Wi‐Fi, was not identified as a prominent candidate due to the limitations in its latency and reliability. However, with the introduction of the IEEE 802.11ax standard, Wi‐Fi 6 was developed, and it demonstrates guaranteed latency and reliability for its users. Thus, with its widespread deployment in households, Wi‐Fi is becoming a natural candidate for HAN. In this article, we present a comprehensive HAN protocol based on Wi‐Fi 6 which can achieve guaranteed latency and reliability for HAN users. The results show that when an efficient resource allocation mechanism is in place, using Wi‐Fi for HAN does not adversely affect the other Wi‐Fi users in the normal WLAN.

VoWiFi Cell Capacity Evaluation using WiFi 7 considering VBR Traffic

The need for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology is experiencing substantial growth. The transmission of Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) is half-duplex due to its single-talk nature. In order to mitigate the inefficient utilization of available bandwidth, the technique of silent suppression is employed. This feature decreases the level of ambient noise and provides Variable Bit Rate (VBR) communication. To enhance the VoWiFi cell capacity, we utilized VBR traffic instead of Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic. In this study, we developed a mathematical model to find the number of VoWiFi users possible within a WLAN Access Point (AP) considering G.729 vocoder. Arbitration inter-frame space (AIFS) has been utilized in our study to evaluate the channel state prior to transmitting real-time data between user equipment (UE) devices. Additionally, short inter-frame spacing (SIFS) has been employed to transmit Request To Send (RTS)/Clear To Send (CTS) and Acknowledgement (ACK) frames, enabling an examination of the VoWiFi cell capacity. Again, to increase the VoWiFi cell capacity, we incorporated the compressed RTP (cRTP) protocol. Further, we conducted an analysis on the impact of retransmission on VoWiFi cell capacity. This analysis involved a comparison of the results using VBR traffic with the previous WLAN standards, namely IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac/ax. We observed that the improvement in VoWiFi cell capacity in VBR traffic is approximately 2.6 times more than the CBR traffic. Further, our research revealed that the enhancement in VoWiFi cell capacity is approximately 1.5% higher when utilizing AIFS compared to Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) inter-frame spacing (DIFS).

A Multi-Bandwidth Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for Devices in WLAN and UWB Technology Applications

This article introduces a process to design, simulate, and measure a novel multi-band patch antenna with different operation modes, i.e., band centers and bandwidths. Switching between operation modes is possible using a pair of PIN diodes to connect different parts of the antenna with the main antenna patch. Such a reconfigurable design allows for individual control of each frequency range. The main operation mode of the resulting antenna has an impedance bandwidth with two bands, one from 2.4 GHz to 2.73 GHz and another from 3.4 GHz to 5.73 GHz, with a maximum gain of 4.85 dBi and stable radiation patterns. The resulting antenna is suitable for applications using both ultra-wideband technologies and wireless local-area network (WLAN) technologies.

Recent Development of Emerging Indoor Wireless Networks towards 6G

Sixth-generation (6G) mobile technology is currently under development, and is envisioned to fulfill the requirements of a fully connected world, providing ubiquitous wireless connectivity for diverse users and emerging applications. Transformative solutions are expected to drive the surge to accommodate a rapidly growing number of intelligent devices and services. In this regard, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have a major role to play in indoor spaces, from supporting explosive growth in high-bandwidth applications to massive sensor arrays with diverse network requirements. Sixth-generation technology is expected to have a superconvergence of networks, including WLANs, to support this growth in applications in multiple dimensions. To this end, this paper comprehensively reviews the latest developments in diverse WLAN technologies, including WiFi, visible light communication, and optical wireless communication networks, as well as their technical capabilities. This paper also discusses how well these emerging WLANs align with supporting 6G requirements. The analyses presented in the paper provide insight into the research opportunities that need to be investigated to overcome the challenges in integrating WLANs in a 6G ecosystem.

Optimalisasi Antena Mikrostrip Tiga Pita Untuk Penerapan Pada WLAN dan WiMAX

Wired WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) technology emerged as the most widely used network. WLAN is suitable for those who need internet. By using WLAN will be found various advantages for its users. Likewise with WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) wireless technology, WiMAX basically has a function similar to WLAN, but with certain small differences. WLAN can cover one local area, in contrast to WiMAX which can cover a metropolitan area of ​​up to 50km. Antenna is an integral part of WLAN and WiMAX. This paper discusses a three-band microstrip antenna optimized for WLAN and WIMAX technology. The antenna consists of two layers of FR4 (epoxy) printed circuit board (PCB) with a thickness (h) of 1.6 mm, a dielectric constant (εr) of 4.4, and a dielectric loss factor (tan) of 0.02 with dimensions of 35 mm × 48 × 1.6 mm . This antenna is simulated using CST software. The design of the Studio Suite 2018 antenna is done by adjusting the size of the slot spacing, the length of the slot, the size of the ground clearance, and the size of the board length. In this antenna design, the slot size can be increased on the left side of the patch to increase the slot pitch for a deeper return loss, and the right side of the patch to increase the slot pitch for a shorter return loss. The results in the simulation process obtained good working frequency, bandwidth and return loss, the antenna can operate at the expected frequencies, namely 2.4 GHz, 3.2 GHz, 5.1 GHz with a return loss of -42 dB, -44 dB, - 31 dB. Bandwidths 114.4 MHz, 121.2MHz and 287.9MHz.

A Techno-Economic Study of Industry 5.0 Enterprise Deployments for Human-to-Machine Communications

Ongoing disruptions from the persistence of COVID–19 are providing a strong impetus for deploying Industry 5.0. With a focus on the collaboration between geographically separated humans and machines, Industry 5.0 is envisioned to boost productivity and efficiency on the factory floor and engage with customers from afar. Collaborative robots (cobots) will be extensions of the human body through being controlled in real time and from a distance. Early rollouts of Industry 5.0 are expected to be cost-sensitive private enterprise networks that support inter- and intra-plant human-to-machine (H2M) communications. This article explores the cost efficiency of six existing and evolutionary enterprise network architectures to meet the future demands of Industry 5.0 and presents the first comprehensive techno-economic study balancing Industry 5.0 requirements and cost. Results highlight that the emerging time- and wave-length-division multiplexed passive optical local area network (TWDM-POL) and TWDM-POL allied with wireless local area network technology are compelling enterprise architectures for Industry 5.0 deployment as they yield noteworthy cost savings when considering scalability and mobility, respectively.

Tackling the Challenges of the Integration of Wired and Wireless TSN With a Technology Proof-of-Concept

Standard wireless systems are rapidly evolving to support the strict requirements of industrial applications. In this research line, wireless time-sensitive networking (TSN) is gaining momentum, thanks to the interest of wired TSN among the industries. A critical aspect of the wireless TSN research is the integration of wired and wireless TSN to create large-scale hybrid TSN networks. This integration is currently being discussed for 5G, whereas the integration between wired TSN and IEEE 802.11 is a step behind. To address this gap in the state of the art, this article discusses the integration challenges of wired TSN and wireless local area network technologies and proposes a hybrid TSN device architecture. Based on the architecture, we have developed a hybrid TSN network proof-of-concept. The proof-of-concept demonstrates that the hybrid TSN architecture can maintain the essential TSN services, including providing guaranteed latency in the 100-microsecond level.

Front-End Model of Wireless Network Combined with Artificial Intelligence in Computer Information Management System

To address the security problem of computer information management, an artificial intelligence- (AI-) based information intrusion detection model is built in combination with wireless network. Firstly, the background and characteristics of wireless local area network (WLAN) technology are analyzed, and the relationship between AI technology and deep learning is introduced. Secondly, an intrusion detection model on account of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network and gated recursive unit (GRU) is constructed after analysis of different neural network models. The L2 weight attenuation and dropout regularization strategies are combined with the neural network model. Finally, an intrusion detection front-end model combining wireless network and AI is established. From the comparison of intrusion detection experiments, the generalization ability of the model can be improved by using L2 weight attenuation and dropout regularization strategies. Nevertheless, the performance improvement is only slight, so the early stop method is adopted instead of the regularization strategy. Compared with the existing classification models, the overall performance of LSTM and GRU models is improved by about 17%. The performance of GRU model is not much different from that of LSTM model, but the amount of computation is reduced. Therefore, GRU model is the optimal choice to construct intrusion detection system. The intrusion detection models in WLAN and GRU can improve the security performance of computer information management system. To sum up, this work provides reference for the development of computer management system.

Improving Vehicular Authentication in VANET Using

In the last several years, many types of research are focusing on Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) field due to the lifesaving factor. VANETs are defined as a set of vehicles in the road interact with other vehicles or with the Road Side Unit (RSU) through wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies. The fundamental advantages of VANETs are enhancing the road and driver's safety and improving the vehicle security against adversaries’ attacks. Security is the most difficult issue belonging to VANETs since messages are exchanged through open wireless environments. Especially in the authentication process, the vehicles need to be authenticated before accessing or sending messages through the network. Any violation of the authentication process will open the whole network for the attack. In this paper, we applied security algorithms to improve authentication in VANETs with four stages of cryptography techniques: challenge-response authentication, digital signature, timestamping, and encryption/decryption respectively. Also, we also proposed an algorithm model and framework. Finally, we implemented the challenge-response authentication technique, and then measured and evaluated the result from the implementation

Wireless Local Area Network Technologies as Communication Solutions for Unmanned Surface Vehicles.

As the number of research activities and practical deployments of unmanned vehicles has shown a rapid growth, topics related to their communication with operator and external infrastructure became of high importance. As a result a trend of employing IP communication for this purpose is emerging and can be expected to bring significant advantages. However, its employment can be expected to be most effective using broadband communication technologies such as Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). To verify the effectiveness of such an approach in a specific case of surface unmanned vehicles, the paper includes an overview of IP-based MAVLink communication advantages and requirements, followed by a laboratory and field-experiment study of selected WLAN technologies, compared to popular narrowband communication solutions. The conclusions confirm the general applicability of IP/WLAN communication for surface unmanned vehicles, providing an overview of their advantages and pointing out deployment requirements.

Engineering design of electronic fence system based on intelligent monitoring and wireless local area network

With the establishment of the economic New Area, preliminary results have been achieved in the construction of the business environment, and some experience has been accumulated, but there are still many problems. The most important of these is the issue of business safety. The security system in commercial areas generally adopts manual shifts. This management method is increasingly unsuitable for urban development. Therefore, the unattended electronic fence system emerges from time to time, but its security has become an urgent problem to be solved. This article designs the electronic fence system project based on intelligent video surveillance and wireless local area network technology. This article designs the electronic fence system based on intelligent video surveillance and wireless local area network technology. First, design a pulsebased electronic fence system. Under the control of the FPGA, by sending pulses to the electronic fence, the frontend detection fence subsystem can detect the pulse signals, and implement the pulse signals to the FPGA through wireless local area network technology. After feature extraction and pulse signal recognition, determine whether an abnormal situation has occurred. Secondly, an intelligent video surveillance system based on wireless local area network is designed to record the surrounding video information 24 h, and use related target detection technology to locate and record abnormal conditions. The experimental results show that the design system canwell judge the occurrence of abnormal conditions and record the abnormal conditions in realtime, which can ensure the safety.

Universal optical network architecture for future wireless LANs [Invited

Ultra-high-capacity indoor wireless connectivity is considered a key technology enabler to support end-to-end delivery of new services in the beyond-5G and 6G era. With physical layer data rates well beyond 10 Gbps, optical wireless communication (OWC) technology is positioning itself as a prospective candidate to support these services. While OWC is capable of handling multi-gigabit data rates in the wireless domain, the underlying distribution network architecture is not designed to transport the projected high volumes of data as well as the expected added complexity of managing and coordinating multiple narrow beams, beamsteering, and femto cells. To future proof wireless local area networks (LANs) including those using the radio spectrum, we propose a universal network architecture that features centralized software/hardware resource pools as well as control and data plane separation in conjunction with virtualization support and a high-capacity fiber distribution network. Such an architecture has the potential to realize interoperability between existing and future high-capacity wireless LAN technologies such as Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi in the 60 GHz range, as well as dynamic and flexible allocation of resources in response to changing user bandwidth demand. Our results demonstrate the benefits of the universal network architecture in supporting high throughput performance, low delay, and increased resiliency.

Analysis of Control Channel Cybersecurity of the Consumer-Grade UAV by the Example of DJI Tello

This paper presents the assessment of cybersecurity of the non-industrial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV; using DJI Tello as an example) wireless control channel, implemented on the basis of Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Network technology. As a result of the research, a model of an adversary conducting a cyberattack on the UAV communication channel was developed, and scenarios of an intruder’s actions (aimed at taking control of the UAV or disabling it) were considered. Relevant block diagrams of the actions of an adversary were also developed. Based on the results of the analysis, a security strategy is proposed. It provides the maximum possible protection (based on the technical characteristics of the drone) and comprises not only passive protection in the form of setting a tough password, but also active actions –deploying a system to monitor the injections of deauthentication/dissociation frames and/or the creation of duplicate wireless networks.

Revisiting Wireless Internet Connectivity: 5G vs Wi-Fi 6

In recent years, significant attention has been directed toward the fifth generation of wireless broadband connectivity known as ‘5G’, currently being deployed by Mobile Network Operators. Surprisingly, there has been considerably less attention paid to ‘Wi-Fi 6’, the new IEEE 802.1ax standard in the family of Wireless Local Area Network technologies with features targeting private, edge-networks. This paper revisits the suitability of cellular and Wi-Fi in delivering high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. Both technologies aspire to deliver significantly enhanced performance, enabling each to deliver much faster wireless broadband connectivity, and provide further support for the Internet of Things and Machine-to-Machine communications, positioning the two technologies as technical substitutes in many usage scenarios. We conclude that both are likely to play important roles in the future, and simultaneously serve as competitors and complements. We anticipate that 5G will remain the preferred technology for wide-area coverage, while Wi-Fi 6 will remain the preferred technology for indoor use, thanks to its much lower deployment costs. However, the traditional boundaries that differentiated earlier generations of cellular and Wi-Fi are blurring. Proponents of one technology may argue for the benefits of their chosen technology displacing the other, requesting regulatory policies that would serve to tilt the marketplace in their favour. We believe such efforts need to be resisted, and that both technologies have important roles to play in the marketplace, based on the needs of heterogeneous use cases. Both technologies should contribute to achieving the goal of providing affordable, reliable, and ubiquitously available high-capacity wireless broadband connectivity.

A Bayesian Game Based Approach for Associating the Nodes to the Gateway in LoRa Network

Various wireless local area network technologies are developed for Internet of Things of which Long-Range Wide Area Network is preferred for low power long range communication. In the LoRa network, multiple LoRa nodes can simultaneously communicate with a LoRa gateway which causes the interference problem. This article presents an approach for estimating the association time duration between each LoRa node and the LoRa gateways for transmitting the data of end users to the LoRa gateways with high packet delivery ratio. The approach uses a Beta distribution based reputation model for estimating the association time duration between each LoRa node and LoRa gateways and Bayesian Game strategy which accommodates unknown private information of the LoRa nodes. The approach is validated by simulating the LoRa network using network simulator-3. We also demonstrate an on-campus traffic monitoring system to detect the reckless driving action and estimate the vehicle speed using sensors embedded nodes deployed along both sides of the road.

SABADT: Hybrid Intrusion Detection Approach for Cyber Attacks Identification in WLAN

With the advancement of technology, the use of wireless media and devices are increasing every day. In particular, the use of wireless local area networks (WLAN) has increased rapidly in recent years and is expected to increase further. The current state of wireless local area network technologies makes the network vulnerable to attacks ranging from passive listening to active intervention. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are being developed against these kinds of attacks. The IDSs play an important role in WLAN security by detecting and preventing malicious activities. However, most techniques used in IDSs cannot cope with dynamic and complex attacks. The aim of this study is to reduce the deficiencies in present IDSs for WLANs and build a more effective system which can detect unknown and complex attack variants dynamically. In this context, a methodology has been proposed. The proposed methodology basically has two contributions. The first contribution is the Feature Selection Approach (FSAP) to increase the speed of attack detection by reducing the number of used features. The second contribution is the hybrid attack detection technique, SABADT (Signature and Anomaly Based Attack Detection Technique), which detects attacks fast and with high accuracy. The proposed methodology is implemented on the KDD’99 and UNSW-NB15 datasets. The obtained results are compared with existing machine learning techniques. The detection model is created by using KDD’99, UNSW-NB15 training dataset and tested on the KDD’99 and UNSW-NB15 training dataset. The obtained 99.65% and 99.17% accuracy rates are quite high when compared to leading methods in the literature. In addition, common attack tools were used to obtain a mix of normal activities and current attack behaviors in order to test on novel attacks within the scope of the study. These different types of attacks were captured with the Wireshark tool. Some of the captured attacks were used only in the testing phase. Here, the attacks were detected with an accuracy rate of 99.69%.

A Network-Aware Internet-Wide Scan for Security Maximization of IPv6-Enabled WLAN IoT Devices

Despite unprecedented advancements, wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT), such as IEEE 802.11ah (i.e., WiFi-HaLow), are prone to serious security threats, owing to their constrained computational and memory resources, which limit the use of heavyweight intrusion protection and security protocols. To address this problem, security administrators (sec-admins) must perform regular and comprehensive vulnerability assessments of IoT devices. An Internet-wide port scan (IWPS) is the initial step. However, the medium access control mechanism of IEEE 802.11ah, designed specifically for heterogeneous IoT traffic and low-power operations, can degrade network performance in the case of traditional port-scan traffic. Moreover, Internet-security (IPSec) protocol support is mandatory for IPv6-enabled IoT devices to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Although the objective of a port scan is to improve IoT security, the resultant network performance can adversely affect IPSec services. Therefore, in this study, we optimize the IWPS to maximize the IoT security over IEEE 802.11ah WLAN. To this end, we propose novel mathematical models to evaluate IoT security based on port-scan network performance and IPsec services, which derives an optimal scan rate for sec-admins. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified by comprehensive numerical analysis, which shows that our approach minimizes the risk to IoT devices while probing them at an optimal scan rate.

Novel Multi-AP Coordinated Transmission Scheme for 7th Generation WLAN 802.11be.

The demand for high-data-rate and time-sensitive applications, such as 4k/8k video streaming and real-time augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and gaming, has increased significantly. Addressing the inefficiency of distributed channel access and the fairness problem between uplink and downlink flows is crucial for the development of wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies. In this study, we propose a novel transmission scheme for IEEE 802.11be networks that addresses the fairness problem and improves the system throughput. Utilizing the concept of multi-AP coordinated OFDMA introduced in the 7th-generation WLAN IEEE 802.11be, the proposed transmission scheme allows an AP to share a granted transmission opportunity (TXOP) with nearby APs. A mathematically analysis of the throughput performance of the proposed schemes was performed using a Markov chain model. The simulation results verify that the scheme effectively improves the downlink fairness and the system throughput. Combined with the advanced multiuser (MU) features of IEEE 802.11ax, such as TUA, MU cascading sequence, and MU EDCA, the proposed scheme not only enhances downlink AP transmission, but also guarantees improved control over the medium. The scheme is carefully designed to be fully compatible with conventional IEEE 802.11 protocols, and is thus potentially universal.

Performance Evaluation of 5G/WiFi-6 Coexistence

The fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G) is the promising technology nowadays to provide not only a higher speed compared to 4G but also a revolution of services to cover different industrial sectors such as health, production, energy, and many. WiFi-6 is a new wireless local area network (WLAN) technology that is suitable to work in an office, home, and dense areas. As a new technology, 5G has some limitations concerning coverage and capacity. To overcome these limitations, one possible solution is to use the free unlicensed spectrum available in Wi-Fi technology, therefore, a complement solution of 5G/WiFi-6 coexistence is proposed to make both technologies complement each other in providing a better quality of service for the end-user concerning a higher speed, low latency, and higher capacity. According to OFDM modulation, the proposed model divides the cell into two virtual zones, the inner zone represents WiFi-6 technology surrounded by 5G technology. All resources will be shared between the two technologies taken into consideration that more bandwidth should be given to the most inner zone with high intensity of traffic. The call admission control algorithm will be based on a minimum bit rate to be given to each zone that should be satisfied to admit the call. The model is solved using MOSEL-2 simulation language, to study different performance parameters such as BER, utilization, blocking probability, latency, throughput, and aggregate average bit rate in both zones. The simulation results show that coexistence causes some degradation in 5G performance, however, a positive effect on the overall cell performance is achieved by balancing the load all over the whole cell.

WITHDRAWN: Sports wearable device design and health data monitoring based on wireless internet of things

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Editor in Chief. Subsequent to acceptance of this special issue paper by the responsible Guest Editor Sundhararajan Mahalingam, the integrity and rigor of the peer-review process was investigated and confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected by Microprocessors & Microsystems. There are also indications that much of the Special Issue includes unoriginal and heavily paraphrased content. Due to a configuration error in the editorial system, unfortunately the Editor in Chief did not receive these papers for approval as per the journal's standard workflow.