Wireless Innovation Research Articles

Risk factors associated with cognitive performance and cognitive impairment in older adults with type 1 diabetes: Data from the Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) study

BackgroundAdults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are considered at increased risk for cognitive impairment and accelerated brain aging. However, longitudinal data on cognitive impairment and dementia in this population are scarce. ObjectiveTo identify risk factors associated with cognitive performance and cognitive impairment in a longitudinal sample of older adults with T1D. MethodsWe analyzed data collected as part of the Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) Study, in which 22 endocrinology practices participated. Randomized participants with T1D ≥60 years of age who completed at least one cognitive assessment were included in this study (n = 203). Cognitive impairment was classified using published recommendations. ResultsOlder age, male sex, non-private health insurance, worse daily functioning, diagnosis of neuropathy, and longer duration of diabetes were associated with worse cognitive performance, but not cognitive impairment. 49 % and 39 % of the sample met criteria for cognitive impairment at baseline and 52 weeks respectively. Of the participants that had data at both time points, 10 % were normal at baseline and impaired at 52 weeks and 22 % of participants (44 % of those classified with cognitive impairment at baseline) reverted to normal over 52 weeks. ConclusionThis study indicated that several demographic and clinical characteristics are associated with worse cognitive performance in older adults with T1D, but there were no associations between these characteristics and cognitive impairment defined by NIH Toolbox cognitive impairment criteria. Caution is warranted when assessing cognition in older adults with T1D, as a large percentage of those identified as having cognitive impairment at baseline reverted to normal after 52 weeks. There is need for future studies on the interrelationship of cognition and aging to better understand the effects of T1D on cognitive health, to improve clinical monitoring and help mitigate the risk of dementia in this population.

Semantic Communications for the Metaverse and Other Wireless Innovations

Semantic Communications for the Metaverse and Other Wireless Innovations

Statistically Adjusting for Wear Time in Randomized Trials of Continuous Glucose Monitors as a Complement to Intent-to-Treat and As-Treated Analyses: Application and Evaluation in Two Trials.

Background: Randomized trials of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) often estimate treatment effects using standard intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses. We explored how adjusting for CGM-measured wear time could complement existing analyses by estimating the effect of receiving and using CGM 100% of the time. Methods: We analyzed data from two 6-month CGM trials spanning diverse ages, the Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) and CGM Intervention in Teens and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (CITY) Studies. To adjust the ITT estimates for CGM use, as measured by wear time, we used an instrumental variable (IV) approach with the treatment assignment as an instrument. Outcomes included (1) time in range ([TIR] 70-180 mg/dL), time below range ([TBR] ≤70 mg/dL), and time above range ([TAR] ≥250 mg/dL). We estimated outcomes based on CGM use in the last 28 days of the trial and the full trial. Findings: In the WISDM study, the wear time rates over the 28-day window and full trial period were 93.1% (standard deviation [SD]: 20.4) and 94.5% (SD: 11.9), respectively. In the CITY study, the wear time rates over the 28-day window and full trial period were 82.2% (SD: 26.5) and 83.1% (SD: 21.5), respectively. IV-based estimates for the effect of CGM on TIR, TBR, and TAR suggested greater improvements in glycemic management than the ITT counterparts. The magnitude of the differences was proportional to the level of wear time observed in the trials. Interpretation: In trials of CGM use, the effect of variable wear time is non-negligible. By providing adherence-adjusted estimates, the IV approach may have additional utility for individual clinical decision-making.

Estimation of a Machine Learning-Based Decision Rule to Reduce Hypoglycemia Among Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the WISDM Study.

The Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) study demonstrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) reduced hypoglycemia over 6 months among older adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared with blood glucose monitoring (BGM). We explored heterogeneous treatment effects of CGM on hypoglycemia by formulating a data-driven decision rule that selects an intervention (ie, CGM vs BGM) to minimize percentage of time <70 mg/dL for each individual WISDM participant. The precision medicine analyses used data from participants with complete data (n = 194 older adults, including those who received CGM [n = 100] and BGM [n = 94] in the trial). Policy tree and decision list algorithms were fit with 14 baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory measures. The primary outcome was CGM-measured percentage of time spent in hypoglycemic range (<70 mg/dL), and the decision rule assigned participants to a subgroup reflecting the treatment estimated to minimize this outcome across all follow-up visits. The optimal decision rule was found to be a decision list with 3 steps. The first step moved WISDM participants with baseline time-below range >1.35% and no detectable C-peptide levels to the CGM subgroup (n = 139), and the second step moved WISDM participants with a baseline time-below range of >6.45% to the CGM subgroup (n = 18). The remaining participants (n = 37) were left in the BGM subgroup. Compared with the BGM subgroup (n = 37; 19%), the group for whom CGM minimized hypoglycemia (n = 157; 81%) had more baseline hypoglycemia, a lower proportion of detectable C-peptide, higher glycemic variability, longer disease duration, and higher proportion of insulin pump use. The decision rule underscores the benefits of CGM for older adults to reduce hypoglycemia. Diagnostic CGM and laboratory markers may inform decision-making surrounding therapeutic CGM and identify older adults for whom CGM may be a critical intervention to reduce hypoglycemia.

The Effects of Social Media Networking on the Academic Performances of Students

While there are more subtle functional contrasts between current cell phones and exemplary PCs, one distinction is still there: cells are almost consistently with you and allow you to interface with different administrations and organizations at practically anytime and any place. Present-day young people, who are oftentimes alluded to be “advanced locals” or “Homo Zappiens” because of their ability to all the while interacting with different enlightening channels, are being depicted as evolving. All in all, advanced youngsters are multitaskers. Undergraduates and postgraduates are supposedly the quickest adopters of wireless innovation, as per the reports taken in Indonesian Colleges and Universities. Moreover, new information recommends that incessant utilization of mobile phones might adversely affect youngsters’ well-being and conduct. In this way, utilizing an enormous example of undergraduate and postgraduate students in Indonesia (N = 298) and messaging (N = 298), we investigated the impacts of mobile phone use overall (N = 298) and messaging (N = 298). It was anticipated that nervousness and Scholastic Execution (GPA) would go about as go-between in the relationship. Two distinct way models showed that the messaging and mobile phone use models fit the information well in general. Thusly, GPA was well associated with SWL while tension was antagonistically connected with SWL. PDA use and messaging were adversely connected with GPA and emphatically connected with uneasiness. These outcomes add to the conversation around the utilization of phones by undergraduates and postgraduates and how this utilization might adversely affect learning, emotional wellness, and abstract prosperity or joy.

Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Longitudinal data from the Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) Study

AbstractBackgroundAdults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk for cognitive impairment, accelerated brain aging, and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). However, longitudinal data on cognitive aging, cognitive impairment and ADRD in adults with T1D are still scarce. The aim of this study was to characterize cognitive impairment in a longitudinal sample of older adults with T1D.MethodWe analyzed data collected as part of the Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) Study (Pratley et al., JAMA, 2020; 323(23):2397‐2406), in which 22 endocrinology practices in the United States participated. Participants with T1D ≥ 60 years of age who completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at two time points (baseline and one year follow up) were included in this study (n = 171). Cognitive impairment was classified using recommendations from Holdnack et al, 2017 (Holdnack et al., Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 2017; 32(5):574‐584).ResultAt baseline, 50% of the participants (N = 86/171) met criteria for cognitive impairment. Of those, 56% (N = 48/86) were still classified as having cognitive impairment a year later (28% of the total sample, N = 48/171). Conversely, 44% (N = 38/86) of the participants classified with impairment at baseline reverted to no impairment by a year. Of those classified as having normal cognition during the baseline assessment, 20% converted to impaired at the follow up (N = 17/85), while 80% (N = 68/85) remained normal.ConclusionThese data indicate that caution is warranted when assessing cognition in older adults with T1D, as a large percentage of those identified as having cognitive impairment at baseline reverted to normal after a year. Serial cognitive assessment is suggested. Longitudinal research with more diverse samples of older adults with T1D is needed to better understand the clinical utility of the NIH toolbox cognition battery and other neuropsychological assessments in older individuals with T1D.

Machine Learning Based Industrial Engineering With 6G Technology

The "Ubiquitous Wireless Intelligence" concept of 6G opens up a variety of technological innovation paths, some of which are aided by machine learning and artificial intelligence, the two topics on which this work focuses. However, this advancement in ICT comes at a time when people are more driven than ever to use digital inclusion to reduce social and economic inequality while also giving the UN Sustainable Development Goals priority (SDGs). The document is divided into four sections: what 6G offers, the gaps and technical hurdles now present, the role of machine learning in many aspects, and finally the difficulties associated with incorporating AI/ML For the first time, a brand-new theoretical framework, denoted as 6GIIoE, was developed for the 6G-enabled IIoE system. This paper presents the vision of future 6G wireless correspondence and its network design. We talk about the emerging advances such as artificial intelligence, terahertz correspondences, optical wireless innovation, free space optic organization, blockchain, three dimensional networking, quantum correspondences, automated ethereal vehicle, without cell correspondences, integration of wireless information and energy move, integration of sensing and correspondence, integration of access-backhaul networks, dynamic organization slicing, holographic beamforming, and enormous information examination that can help the 6G design improvement in guaranteeing the QoS. We present the normal applications with the prerequisites and the potential innovations for 6Gcorrespondence. We likewise outline the potential difficulties and research headings to arrive at this objective.

Benefit of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Reducing Hypoglycemia Is Sustained Through 12 Months of Use Among Older Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate glycemic outcomes in the Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) randomized clinical trial (RCT) participants during an observational extension phase. Research Design and Methods: WISDM RCT was a 26-week RCT comparing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with blood glucose monitoring (BGM) in 203 adults aged ≥60 years with type 1 diabetes. Of the 198 participants who completed the RCT, 100 (98%) CGM group participants continued CGM (CGM-CGM cohort) and 94 (98%) BGM group participants initiated CGM (BGM-CGM cohort) for an additional 26 weeks. Results: CGM was used a median of >90% of the time at 52 weeks in both cohorts. In the CGM-CGM cohort, median time <70 mg/dL decreased from 5.0% at baseline to 2.6% at 26 weeks and remained stable with a median of 2.8% at 52 weeks (P < 0.001 baseline to 52 weeks). Participants spent more time in range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR) (mean 56% vs. 64%; P < 0.001) and had lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (mean 7.6% [59 mmol/mol] vs. 7.4% [57 mmol/mol]; P = 0.01) from baseline to 52 weeks. In BGM-CGM, from 26 to 52 weeks median time <70 mg/dL decreased from 3.9% to 1.9% (P < 0.001), TIR increased from 56% to 60% (P = 0.006) and HbA1c decreased from 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) to 7.3% (57 mmol/mol) (P = 0.025). In BGM-CGM, a severe hypoglycemic event was reported for nine participants while using BGM during the RCT and for two participants during the extension phase with CGM (P = 0.02). Conclusions: CGM use reduced hypoglycemia without increasing hyperglycemia in older adults with type 1 diabetes. These data provide further evidence for fully integrating CGM into clinical practice. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03240432).

Spectrum and Wireless Innovation enabled by Future Technologies (NSF)

Spectrum and Wireless Innovation enabled by Future Technologies (NSF)

ICT based best practices in the medical college libraries

Data and correspondence innovations (ICTs) are a different arrangement of mechanical devices and assets — utilized for making, putting away, overseeing and conveying data. For instructive purposes, ICTs can be utilized to help educating and learning just as exploration exercises including cooperative learning and inquisitive. One of the fundamental utilizations of the ICTs in advanced education is instructing and learning dependent on these new advances. The advancement of ICT has changed the conventional ideas of libraries, changed the idea of assortments and the necessities of clients. The structure of ICT incorporates PCs (Hardware and Software), Internet, Wireless innovation, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and utilization of different library assets in ICT for example digital books, E-diary, Library organization, Web OPACs, According to their requirements client can get to wide assortment of, for example, data assets text, sound, picture, Video and so forth.This paper includes traditional best practices, information technology based best practices like web page, institutional repositories, e-mail alerting services, extension services and general best practices also.

A survey of Sybil attack countermeasures in IoT-based wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been among the most prevalent wireless innovations over the years exciting new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT based WSN integrated with Internet Protocol IP allows any physical objects with sensors to be connected ubiquitously and send real-time data to the server connected to the Internet gate. Security in WSN remains an ongoing research trend that falls under the IoT paradigm. A WSN node deployed in a hostile environment is likely to open security attacks such as Sybil attack due to its distributed architecture and network contention implemented in the routing protocol. In a Sybil attack, an adversary illegally advertises several false identities or a single identity that may occur at several locations called Sybil nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we give a survey of the most up-to-date assured methods to defend from the Sybil attack. The Sybil attack countermeasures includes encryption, trust, received signal indicator (RSSI), encryption and artificial intelligence. Specifically, we survey different methods, along with their advantages and disadvantages, to mitigate the Sybil attack. We discussed the lesson learned and the future avenues of study and open issues in WSN security analysis.

Optimization of Citizen Broadband Radio Service Frequency Allocation for Dynamic Spectrum Access System

With the increase in mobile broadband utilization, more spectrum release is recommended by the Federal Communications Commission for spectrum sharing under a three-tire system called Citizens Broadband Radio Service. The standardization, functional and operational necessities of this framework are defined by the Wireless Innovation Forum. If an unavoidable shipborne radar appears on the channel, the channel must be vacated by the lower tier users. The timing constraints on CBRS is also stringent. Wireless stations transmit short beacon frames termed as heartbeat signals. These signals consist of the wireless channel encryption data, Service Set Identifier (SSID) and other credential data. These signals also transmit commands to vacate a channel. The heartbeat interval, timing constraint and domain proxy features are analyzed in this paper. CBSD renunciation and spectrum acquisition is performed with the help of domain proxy based communication. The CBRS-SAS channel allocation algorithm is further investigated. The communication interoperability and network robustness can improved with the introduction of secondary SAS and secondary domain proxy respectively.

Spectrum and Wireless Innovation enabled by Future Technologies (NSF)

Spectrum and Wireless Innovation enabled by Future Technologies (NSF)

Mapping the 5G Leadership Landscape: The Impact of Global Telecommunications Standard Setting on U.S. Strategy and Policy

This paper explores global 5G and wireless innovation leadership in standard setting organizations, analyzing declared patents, the number of standards submissions, and activity and leadership in international standards-setting bodies, specifically the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). U.S. policymakers appear wary of the potential for unfair strategic gamesmanship in standards setting organizations by Chinese actors, and with good reason. The United States and U.S.-based technology companies throughout the wireless ecosystem have benefited from years of global technology standards grounded in fair process rewarding successful innovation. Chinese policy aims to dominate the industries of the future, not necessarily through fair processes. Understanding the scope and scale of China’s standards setting activities will help to inform policymakers on when, where, and how to direct resources to ensure effective standards creation and continued U.S. leadership in high-technology innovation. 3GPP, the primary driving force behind the development of 5G specifications, is designed with transparency, consensus, and fairness in mind. Both analysis and anecdote indicate its governance mechanisms are generally working well. Conflict is rare, representation does not appear dramatically skewed, and outcomes mostly appear fair. However, this does not mean this will always be the case, or that other standards-setting bodies, particularly in smaller bodies or those with weaker structures might not be undermined. Analysis of standard-setting organizations’ governance models, informal observation, and support for good governance mechanisms across standard setting bodies, ideally in partnership with like-minded allies would all be helpful policy actions. However, these efforts can go too far: explicit government coordination or identification of strategic standards priorities risk an acceleration of unfair tactics or balkanization of otherwise global standards. A narrow focus on standards bodies themselves would miss rich opportunities for boosting future U.S. standards leadership. Continued U.S. competitiveness in technological innovation requires a coherent set of policies to support the STEM talent pool and advanced research and development. Policymakers should look to support the beginning of the innovation road, versus fixating on the near-end of the journey at standards-setting bodies. Supporting standards-setting activity is important, but in order to maintain true competitiveness, policymakers must help enable the activity that allows firms to lead in fair standards bodies.

Performance Impact of Coexistence Groups in a GAA-GAA Coexistence Scheme in the CBRS Band

The General Authorized Access (GAA) users in the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band are the lowest priority users. They must make sure that they do not cause harmful interference to the higher tier users while cooperating with each other to minimize potential interference among themselves. Thus, efficient GAA coexistence scheme is essential for the operation of GAA users and to obtain high spectrum utilization. Towards this goal, the Wireless Innovation Forum (WInnForum) has recommended three schemes to facilitate GAA-GAA coexistence. We had reported a performance study of one of these schemes (called Approach 1), but that study did not have any Coexistence Group (CxG). A CxG is responsible for managing interference among its CBRS devices (CBSDs). In this paper, we study the performance of Approach 1 without CxGs as well as with different number of CxGs, in various configurations. We conduct our study around two locations in the USA using actual terrain and land cover data of the continental USA. We evaluate performance of the scheme at different deployment densities, using different propagation models at those two locations with different number of CxGs. We provide some interesting insights into the costs and benefits of having CxGs in the deployment.

Hypoglycemia and Glycemic Control in Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Baseline Results From the WISDM Study.

Knowledge regarding the burden and predictors of hypoglycemia among older adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is limited. We analyzed baseline data from the Wireless Innovations for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) study, which enrolled participants at 22 sites in the United States. Eligibility included clinical diagnosis of T1D, age ≥60 years, no real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use in prior three months, and HbA1c <10.0%. Blinded CGM data from 203 participants with at least 240 hours were included in the analyses. Median age of the cohort was 68 years (52% female, 93% non-Hispanic white, and 53% used insulin pumps). Mean HbA1c was 7.5%. Median time spent in the glucose range <70 mg/dL was 5.0% (72 min/day) and <54 mg/dL was 1.6% (24 min/day). Among all factors analyzed, only reduced hypoglycemia awareness was associated with greater time spent <54 mg/dL (median time of 2.7% vs 1.3% [39 vs 19 minutes per day] for reduced awareness vs aware/uncertain, respectively, P = .03). Participants spent a mean 56% of total time in target glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL and 37% of time above 180 mg/dL. Over half of older T1D participants spent at least an hour a day with glucose levels <70 mg/dL. Those with reduced hypoglycemia awareness spent over twice as much time than those without in a serious hypoglycemia range (glucose levels <54 mg/dL). Interventions to reduce exposure to clinically significant hypoglycemia and increase time in range are urgently needed in this age group.

Implementation of Max-SNR Opportunistic Scheduling in Cross Layer Design

The spectrum efficiency in wireless networks is becoming increasingly important to satisfy the expanding need for remote services, particularly reasonable remote Internet services. Various wireless users will encounter distinct circumstances on the channel, which are time-varying and location dependent at a given time. To exploit the wireless time-varying nature, a cross-layer design method called Opportunistic scheduling is used. Opportunistic scheduling increases the overall system performance and user fairness requirements under certain Quality of Service (QoS). The main idea behind this opportunistic scheduling algorithm is to make use of the time-varying channel and a user with the highest channel condition should be scheduled at a specified moment. The progressions in Wireless innovation made opportunistic scheduling a famous research point as of late. The demand for QoS provisioning is increasing and using a scheme which allows only users with best channel conditions to transmit at high transmission power cannot be satisfied. The objective of this paper is to implement opportunistic scheduling while adhering to fairness and QoS constraints, using Max-Min fair algorithm. In brief, a wireless network has been simulated using Qualnet simulator. An opportunistic scheduler that uses Max-Min fairness scheduling has been implemented, at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer. Here, the base station gathers the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of all the nodes and then schedules the users using Max-Min algorithm, based on these SNR values. The same scenario is then implemented using Strict Priority, which is a Non-opportunistic scheduling algorithm. The resulting throughput, fairness, delay and jitter of both the algorithms are then compared.

OR22-2 Exposure to Hypoglycemia in Older Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Baseline Characteristics Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data

Objectives: There are limited data on time spent in hypoglycemia range among older adults (≥ 60 yrs of age) with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We analyzed blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data collected at baseline in a randomized trial assessing the effect of CGM on hypoglycemia in older adults with T1D. Methods: Data from 203 older adults with T1D enrolled in the Wireless Innovations for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) study at 22 sites in the United States were analyzed. Eligibility criteria for the trial included age ≥60 yrs, no use of real-time CGM in the 3 months prior to enrollment and HbA1c <10.0%. All participants wore a blinded Dexcom G4 CGM at baseline for up to 21 days to collect at least 240 hours of CGM data. Associations of demographic and clinical characteristics with CGM-measured glucose levels and variability were assessed using linear regression models. Results: The analysis cohort included 203 participants; 52% female, median age of 68 years (IQR 65, 71), 93% non-Hispanic white and 53% used insulin pumps. Mean HbA1c was 7.5% (SD = 0.9%). Older adults spent a median of 5.0% of time <70 mg/dL (72 minutes per day) and 1.6% of time < 54 mg/dL (24 minutes per day). Impaired hypoglycemia awareness was associated with greater amounts of time spent with glucose levels < 70 and < 54 mg/dL, with a median % time <70 mg/dL of 7% vs. 5% (101 vs. 72 minutes per day, p=0.01) and median % time <54 mg/dL of 3% vs. 1% (43 vs. 14 minutes per day, p=0.008) in those with reduced awareness vs. those who were aware or uncertain. Participants spent a mean 56% of time in target glucose range of 70 to 180 mg/dL (13.4 hours per day), a median 35% of time above 180 mg/dL (8.4 hours per day), and a median 12% of time above 250 mg/dL (2.8 hours per day). Compared with participants who reported a status of “Employed” or “Unemployed”, participants reporting an employment status of “Retired” spent more time in target glucose range (p=0.003) and less time above 180 mg/dL (p=0.02) and above 250 mg/dL (p<0.001). Lower total daily insulin per kg was associated with having a higher percentage of glucose levels in range 70-180 mg/dL (p=0.02), a lower coefficient of variation (CV) and a lower percentage of glucose levels above 180 mg/dL (p=0.04) and above 250 mg/dL (p=0.008). Overall participants had a median CV of 42% with a higher CV observed among participants diagnosed at age <18 vs. adult onset (p=0.02). Conclusions: On review of blinded CGM data, older adults (≥60 yrs of age) with T1D spend over an hour a day in the hypoglycemic range and >100 minutes per day among those with impaired hypoglycemia awareness. Interventions to improve time in range and reduce biochemical hypoglycemia are needed to reduce the risk of severe hypoglycemia in this age group.

Bandwidth reusability by handoff management for new ONUs in passive optical networks

Abstract Optical-wireless access networks constitute a very alluring answer to meet the consistently expanding bandwidth requirements of end-clients, offering critical advantages, pervasive scope in the wireless area and immense bandwidth in the optical space. Meeting optical and wireless systems administration innovations, with Passive Optical Networks (PONs) and 4G wireless models; which involves real difficulties such as Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) requirement, high frame loss, fairness, increasing data rates of optical networks [1] and selection of an adequate portion of the available spectrum to satisfy the requested capacity [2]. Looking into these problems we have proposed a method which is capable of increasing the capacity with the increase in load. In this specific situation, outlining effective and reasonable bandwidth requirements broadcasting with Quality of Service (QoS) support is a difficult assignment because of the dependence of asset allotment procedure to both optical and wireless areas. This work uses reuse partitioning approach to govern the bandwidth allocation by distributing the optical area into group and sub group with different radii. The reconciling guard bandwidths alleviate the sizeable quantity of increase within the new Optical Network Unit (ONU) interference because of guard bandwidths. The performance of the planned theme is conferred in terms of interference chance, upstream dropping chance shows improvement of 0.14 and bandwidth utilization with improvement of 0.211 by value and 2.2686 × 10 3 in terms of latency improvement. Simulation results show that the planned theme will cut back the interference moreover a dropping considerably in extremely blown up group.

Efficient radar backscatter suppression

Researchers at Queen's University Belfast's Centre for Wireless Innovation (CWI) have combined expertise in on-body wireless sensors and frequency selective surfaces to solve a problem limiting the RF performance of medical sensors. Conventional frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) reflect or transmit microwave energy at particular resonant frequencies. However, there is a newer class of periodic structures, thin resistively loaded FSS absorbers, which absorb most of the incident power. This class of microwave absorber has the potential to significantly enhance the RF performance of all existing and future physical layer communication systems used in environments, hostile to propagation. Thin resistivity loaded FSS absorbers have planar, thin and lightweight metal-backed patterned screens, making them particularly suitable for suppressing wave refl ections from metal objects such as wind turbines as well as land, air or space-based vehicles. Normally, FSS arrays are simulated and measured in the ‘far field’ of the excitation antenna. This means that the separation distance is sufficiently large for the periodic absorber surface to be excited by plane waves. For all conventional RF applications this is a reasonable assumption, for example a radar system is generally positioned remotely and far from the structure that it interrogates. However, for healthcare monitoring applications, near field solutions are required as there is close contact between the absorber surface and excitation antenna. In this issue of Electronics Letters, Dr Gareth Conway and colleagues have evaluated the performance of this new class of FSS absorber when in close proximity to an excitation antenna. The thin resistivity loaded FSS consists of a 3 mm thick metal-backed patterned substrate with each unit cell composed of four hexagonal-shaped elements that are similar in size to the antenna. “So, effectively the excitation waves impinge on just one of the nested loops,” explains Conway. “Moreover, in the near field the amplitude and phase of the waves vary spatially across the unit cell. This is totally different to the conventional far field operation of these absorbers, where the wave ‘sees’ an infinite array of unit cells, and the amplitude and phase is the same across each cell.” The results reported show that no detuning is observed at the operating frequency of the antenna when the thin resistivity loaded FSS absorber is placed in very close proximity (λ/30 and λ/5), whereas at such distances a tissue phantom or metal sheet significantly reduces the radiation efficiency of the antenna.. This shows that the FSS structure greatly suppresses radar backscatter and is suitable for use in near field systems, such as wearable systems. Members of the team in the anechoic chamber at the university's Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology. From the left: Dmitry Zelenchuk, Robert Cahill, Gareth Conway and Niamh McGuigan, who is wearing a test device incorporating the FSS. A close-up of a wearable medical monitoring device with the FSS absorber positioned between the device's antenna and the body-side of the device. The human body presents a notoriously difficult propagation environment that is very specific to the individual person. Thin resistivity loaded FSS surfaces decouple the environment surrounding the antenna, such that a tailored electromagnetic barrier is formed. This opens up a large number of new applications in near field environments that were previously “unimaginable”; making wireless performance predictable and reliable regardless of the platform on which the antenna is placed. This is in stark contrast to existing solutions, which cannot deliver this behaviour. In addition to enhancing the performance of on-body wireless sensors, this technology could meet the need to suppress RF energy scattering from satellite platforms, which host large antenna farms. By selective placement of thin resistivity loaded FSS structures on the surface of the space vehicle, radiation pattern degradation and antenna coupling will be reduced, both of which currently require costly solutions. The results obtained from the reported preliminary measurement campaign in this Letter, suggest that this approach has excellent potential for isolating mobile platforms such as the human body. “However, this is only the ‘tip of the iceberg’, researchers have been tackling the problem of electromagnetic scattering from platforms for years, and still continue to do so”, says Conway. “The step change in performance capability of field deployable antennas embedded into electromagnetic control surfaces will allow greater communication link margins, hence facilitating significantly higher quality of service for medical data transfer than is currently envisioned. However, at present, the processes necessary to optimise the design and manufacture of such FSS structures are not well understood. To develop this technology to an acceptable engineering standard, the research must explore the combined spaces between state-of-the-art artificial engineered electromagnetic surface design and new multifunctional additive manufacturing technology. We would be zealous to see the synthesis and demonstration of the operation of a new innovative surface which radically accelerates the application of wireless enabled mobile communication and healthcare sensor technology.”