Gigabit Wireless Research Articles

GI-FI Technology using UWB Modulation

Abstract: Gi-Fi or Gigabit Wireless refers to wireless with data transfer rates in excess of a billion bits (Gigabit) per second. Ten times faster than other technologies. Its chip offers multi-gigabit transfer rates in a local environment up to 5 Gbit/s at a distance of 10 meters. It is the world's first transmitter integrated on a single CMOS chip and operates in the currently largely unused 60 GHz frequency band. It uses a 5mm square chip with a 1mm antenna that uses less than times to transmit data at high speed over short distances, just like Bluetooth. The exciting features and\advantages of this new technology can influence the most anticipated technologies in the huge global market\to transform large file transfers\in seconds. It should be the key wireless technology enabling the digital economy of the future. Gi-Fi speeds up wireless communication.

Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Scheduling for NR-U/WiGig Coexistence in Unlicensed mmWave Bands

This paper investigates the coexistence of the New Radio-based access to Unlicensed spectrum (NR-U) network and the Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) network in unlicensed millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands. To enable the NR-U network to achieve equitable and harmonious spectrum sharing with WiGig systems, we develop two new classes of user equipment (UE) scheduling schemes by exploiting the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technique. Specifically, we first propose the distributed deep reinforcement learning scheduling (DeepDS) scheme, wherein multiple deep neural networks (DNNs) are used to make decisions for different panels in an independent fashion. Thereafter, to reduce the computational cost of adopting multiple DNNs, we design the centralized deep reinforcement learning scheduling (DeepCS) scheme that introduces the shared DNN framework to perform decisions for all panels in parallel at one time. The objective of both DeepDS and DeepCS is to maximize the total data rate of the NR-U network with as little interference to WiGig systems as possible, while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirement for each UE. We first formulate this problem into the constrained Markov decision process framework. To address the multi-constraint issue, we put forth a new DRL algorithm that incorporates the Lagrangian primal-dual optimization into the deep Q-network framework, referred to as adaptive multi-constraint deep Q-network (AMC-DQN). With AMC-DQN, both DeepDS and DeepCS can achieve their goals even without acquiring prior operations about the WiGig network. Simulation results show that compared with the state-of-the-art omniLBT and dirLBT, both DeepDS and DeepCS yield significant performance benefits in terms of the total network data rate. We also demonstrate the ability of DeepDS and DeepCS to satisfy the QoS requirements of different UEs and their robustness against various simulation setups. Furthermore, compared with DeepDS, DeepCS can save a large amount of computational cost although at the expense of a slightly lower data rate.

Wideband Millimeter-Wave MIMO Antenna with a Loaded Dielectric Cover for High-Gain Broadside Radiation

In a millimeter-wave terminal device, the use of a radome degrades the radiating performance of the broadside antenna, especially for the MIMO antenna system. In this study, a dielectric cover is de-signed and investigated to enhance the broadside gain of a millimeter-wave MIMO antenna, while keeping its wideband and high isolation performance. Firstly, a compact wideband ladder-shaped slot antenna is proposed with 21.9% bandwidth. The effectiveness of the dielectric cover design criteria over the wideband antenna is investigated. Then, this wideband antenna element is expanded to a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna by forming a center-symmetric structure and isolating it via the inserted metal vias. By loading the dielectric cover, this millimeter-wave MIMO antenna is verified with enhanced broadside gain for more than 2.1 dB. With the measured impedance bandwidth of 21.9% (57.0–71.0 GHz), peak broadside gain of 12.3 dBi, and high isolation over 15 dB, the proposed MIMO antenna is suitable for wireless gigabit terminal devices.

Fair and Efficiency Coexistence Between NR-U and WiGig Networks Enabled by a Matching-Based Framework With Forbidden Pairs

Deploying the 5 G new radio network on the unlicensed mmWave band (NR-U) is a promising solution to meet the constantly increasing traffic demand of the cellular network. However, the coexistence issue on the unlicensed mmWave spectrum between NR-U and Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) networks becomes a significant concern. The coexistence schemes between LTE and Wi-Fi networks cannot be readily applied to support the coexistence between NR-U and WiGig networks due to the directional beamforming and propagation characteristic of the mmWave band. The directional transmission complicates the coexistence problem but opens up possibilities for increased system capacity via concurrent multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmission at the expense of interference management. To this end, we consider an NR-U and WiGig coexisting scenario and aim to maximize the total NR-U throughput on the unlicensed spectrum via resource allocation and inter-beam interference mitigation. The optimization problem is formulated into an integer nonlinear programming (INLP) problem and is further transformed into a many-to-one matching game for tractability. We propose a matching-based concurrent algorithm (MBCA) to solve it and the inter-beam interference is mitigated via the forbidden pairs (FPs). In comparison to the exhaustive search-based algorithm (ESA), simulation results show that FP effectively mitigates inter-beam interference and achieves near-optimal performance. The proposed algorithm also outperforms the state-of-art algorithms in existing research.

Bi-Directional All-Optical Wireless Gigabit Ethernet Communication System Using Automatic Self-Aligned Beam Steering

Bi-Directional All-Optical Wireless Gigabit Ethernet Communication System Using Automatic Self-Aligned Beam Steering

Enabling WiGig Communications Using Quantum-Dash Laser Source Under Smoky Weather Conditions

Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) is a recent wireless local area network that operates at the 60-GHz band and supports a transmission data rate of up to 20 Gbps. This paper demonstrates the generation of a V-band millimeter-wave (mmWave) signal using a new class of InAs/InP quantum-dash laser-based comb source operating in the L-band region. A 62.5-GHz mmWave signal is generated with electrical linewidth and phase noise characterization of 1 kHz and −65 dBc/Hz, respectively. Then, the transmission of the 6-Gbaud quadrature phase-shift keying (12 Gbps) signal is experimentally achieved over a hybrid radio-over-fiber (RoF) and radio-over-free-space (RoFSO) architecture comprising an 11.6-km single-mode fiber (SMF), 6-m FSO, and up to 2-m wireless link. Moreover, we also report this WiGig signal's transmission performance in terms of the measured bit error rate and error vector magnitude under various density smoke FSO channels, exhibiting a visibility range of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula> 100 m for error-free transmission.

Multi Gigabit Wireless Data Transfer in Detectors at Future Colliders

The WADAPT (Wireless Allowing Data And Power Transmission) consortium has been formed to identify the specific needs of different projects that might benefit from wireless communication technologies with the objective of providing a common platform for research and development in order to optimize effectiveness and cost. Wireless technologies have developed extremely fast over the last decade and are now mature enough to be a promising alternative to cables and optical links, with a possibility of revolutionizing detector design. Although wireless readout has the qualities and properties to be used in many collider detectors, this article focuses on the transmission of large amount of data from vertex detectors at high rate, low power budget and in potential high radiation environment. For vertex detectors, the 60 GHz band has proven to be adequate and commercial products are already available, providing 6 Gbps data links. This technology allows efficient partitioning of detectors in topological regions of interest, with the possibility of adding intelligence on the detector to perform four-dimensional reconstruction of the tracks and vertices online, in order to attach the tracks to their vertex with great efficiency even in difficult experimental conditions, and conveniently substitutes a mass of materials (cables and connectors). Early transceiver module products have been successfully tested for signal confinement, crosstalk, electromagnetic immunity and resistance to radiation. In the long run, emerging 140 GHz bands could also be used for higher data rates (&amp;gt;100 Gbps) at future high energy and luminosity hadron colliders.

High Power Eye-Safe Optical Wireless Gigabit Link Employing a Freeform Multipath Lens

This work experimentally demonstrates for the first time the practical feasibility of a freeform multipath lens (MPL) for optical wireless communications (OWC). The MPL is able to increase the eye safety laser power limit. Our transmitter is laser class 1M and features 190 mW optical output. We transmit 1.289 Gbit/s on-off keying (OOK) data and achieve a bit error ratio (BER) of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−10</sup> for an optical receiver power of −31.2 dBm. The link range is more than 5 m, depending on the targeted BER. We discuss the pros and cons of MPLs and compare them with diffusers.

Highly efficient microstrip patch antenna for wireless gigabit alliance applications

A &lt;span&gt;wireless gigabit alliance (WiGig) is widely known for higher bandwidth which operates at 60GHz unlicensed spectrum for super-fast data speed over short distances for millimeter-wave band application. This study offers an efficient, compact microstrip patch antenna for WiGig with a lesser return loss -50.45 dB (60 GHz). The gain and directivity of the proposed antenna are 13.01 dB and 13.42 dBi. It provides higher efficiency of around 91%. The proposed antenna also covers another mm-wave band that is at 95 GHz. The U.S. military uses electromagnetic radiation of 95 GHz as a non-lethal weapon. So, the anticipated antenna can be used for a miniaturized active denial system. The proposed antenna has a good gain, directivity, and efficiency for the multigigabits/s data rate. The aforesaid properties imply that it can be used for wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) applications too.&lt;/span&gt;

Millimeter-Wave NR-U and WiGig Coexistence: Joint User Grouping, Beam Coordination, and Power Control

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication is a promising New Radio in Unlicensed (NR-U) technology to meet with the ever-increasing data rate and connectivity requirements in future wireless networks. However, the development of NR-U networks should consider the coexistence with the incumbent Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) networks. In this paper, we introduce a novel multiple-input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-NOMA) based mmWave NR-U and WiGig coexistence network for uplink transmission. Our aim for the proposed coexistence network is to maximize the spectral efficiency while ensuring the strict NR-U delay requirement and the WiGig transmission performance in real time environments. A joint user grouping, hybrid beam coordination and power control strategy is proposed, which is formulated as a Lyapunov optimization based mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) with unit-modulus and nonconvex coupling constraints. Hence, we introduce a penalty dual decomposition (PDD) framework, which first transfers the formulated MINLP into a tractable augmented Lagrangian (AL) problem. Thereafter, we integrate both convex-concave procedure (CCCP) and inexact block coordinate update (BCU) methods to approximately decompose the AL problem into multiple nested convex subproblems, which can be iteratively solved under the PDD framework. Numerical results illustrate the performance improvement ability of the proposed strategy, as well as demonstrating the effectiveness to guarantee the NR-U traffic delay and WiGig network performance.

Gi-Fi technology

Cables governed the globe for many years. Because of the higher bit rates and quicker transmission, optical fibres played a significant role. However, the installation of cables was more complex, leading in wireless access. The first is Bluetooth, which has a range of 9–10 m. It was followed by Wi-Fi, which had a 91-meter coverage area Yazdanipur et al. [1]. Without a doubt, the advent of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) has provided a transformative resolution to the issue of the “last mile.” However, the standard's original limitations in terms of data transfer rate and range, channel count, and infrastructure cost have prevented Wi-Fi from being a complete challenge to cellular networks on the one hand, and cellular networks on the other. However, despite the significant advantages of prevent technologies, man’s constant search for better technology led to the implementation of new, more up-to-date standards for data exchange rate, i.e., Gi-Fi, which would continue to push wireless communication to a faster drive. Gigabit Wireless, or Gi-Fi, which is ten times faster than other technologies, and the chip allows for short-range multigigabit data transfer in a local environment. The advantages and features of this new technology could be useful in the production of future devices and locations. The integrated transceiver can be inserted into devices due to its small size. The breakthrough would allow for the networking of office and home equipment without the use of wires. We present a low-cost, low-power, high-broadband chip in this paper, which will be critical in enabling the future digital economy. Gi-Fi is expected to become the dominant wireless technology in the home and workplace in the future, because to its extremely fast wide file transfers in seconds.

Spectrum Allocation and Reuse in 5G New Radio on Licensed and Unlicensed Millimeter-Wave Bands in Indoor Environments

In this paper, by exploiting the frequency-domain, we propose a countrywide millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum allocation and reuse technique to allocate and reuse spatially the countrywide 28 GHz licensed spectrum and 60 GHz unlicensed spectrum to small cells (SCs) on each floor of a building of each Fifth-Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) of an arbitrary country. We develop an interference management scheme, model user statistics per SC, and interferer statistics per apartment and formulate the amount of the 28 GHz and 60 GHz spectra per MNO. We derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE), and cost efficiency (CE) when employing the proposed technique, as well as the traditional static licensed spectrum allocation technique. We discuss the implementation of the proposed technique and evaluate the performance under two scenarios, namely, SCs operate only in the 28 GHz in scenario 1, and both 28 GHz and 60 GHz in scenario 2. Extensive results and analyses are carried out for four MNOs, i.e., MNOs 1, 2, 3, and 4, in scenario 1. However, in scenario 2, in addition to MNOs 1, 2, 3, and 4, an incumbent Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) operator is considered. It is shown that the proposed technique with no co-channel interference can improve average capacity, SE, EE, and CE of MNO 1 by 3 times, 1.65 times, 75%, and 60%, respectively, in scenario 1, whereas 6.12 times, 5.104 times, 85.8%, and 83.15%, respectively, in scenario 2. Moreover, with an increase in reuse factors, SE increases linearly and EE increases negative exponentially. Further, we show that the proposed technique can satisfy SE and EE requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems. Finally, we discuss offered benefits and point out key issues of the proposed technique for further studies.

Investigation of weather effects toward convergence of wired and wireless gigabit services over hybrid free-space optical link

We investigate hybrid free-space optical (FSO) link in converged baseband and 60-GHz radio-frequency signals under adverse climate conditions. In this approach, optical double-sideband with carrier method is utilized. The adoption of such an FSO system can be contributed to existing fiber-optic architecture. Managing the signal strength by erbium-doped fiber amplifier, deployment of the system serves the data rate of 2.5 Gb / s to fiber-optic and pico/femto-cellular users concurrently. Our paper studies the impact of rainfall, snowfall, and fog-visibility with the maximum value of 250 mm / h, 10 mm / h, and 1.5 km, respectively. System performance is relatively evaluated for an optical wireless range of 1 km and back-to-back connection. For the bit error rate (BER) of ∼10 − 9, the receiver sensitivity in range of −25.06 to −24.86 dBm for wired and −23.48 to −23.06 dBm for wireless is obtained. The BER analysis shows effective FSO transmission up to 1 km in the rainy season and up to half a kilometer in frequent fog and snow events. The investigation reports the notable power margin for deploying a hybrid optical link in areas where fog or snow impact is higher than rain.

On Assessing the Performance of IEEE 802.11ad Beamforming Training

In the race for Gigabit wireless links, IEEE introduced 802.11ad, an amendment aimed at delivering Gbps capacities in a WLAN setting by leveraging the 60 GHz band. The key innovation of the standard is its beamforming training protocol. Executed periodically at the beginning of every beacon interval, it enables the formation of directional links. To address contention during the uplink part of beamforming training, 802.11ad introduced A-BFT (Association BeamForming Training), an Aloha-inspired, two-level backoff race. While central to the functionality of 802.11ad networks, the performance of A-BFT, however, remains poorly understood. In this article, we propose an analytical finite-population model for evaluating the performance of IEEE 802.11ad A-BFT under two channel models: loss-free, and a channel introducing a constant bit error rate. After using an open-source simulator to demonstrate its accuracy, we use our model to assess the performance of A-BFT. We find that a counter-intuitive, quit-easily/be-lazy approach by the stations leads to the best overall beamforming training performance.

An Overview and Mechanism for the Coexistence of 5G NR‐U (New Radio Unlicensed) in the Millimeter‐Wave Spectrum for Indoor Small Cells

In this paper, we first give an overview of the coexistence of cellular with IEEE 802.11 technologies in the unlicensed bands. We then present a coexistence mechanism for Fifth‐Generation (5G) New Radio on Unlicensed (NR‐U) small cells located within buildings to coexist with the IEEE 802.11ad/ay, also termed as Wireless Gigabit (WiGig). Small cells are dual‐band enabled operating in the 60 GHz unlicensed and 28 GHz licensed millimeter‐wave (mmW) bands. We develop an interference avoidance scheme in the time domain to avoid cochannel interference (CCI) between in‐building NR‐U small cells and WiGig access points (APs). We then derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) performance metrics of in‐building small cells. Extensive system‐level numerical and simulation results and analyses are carried out for a number of variants of NR‐U, including NR standalone, NR‐U standalone, and NR‐U anchored. We also analyze the impact of the spatial reuse of both mmW spectra of multiple NR‐U anchored operators with a WiGig operator. It is shown that NR‐U anchored provides the best average capacity and EE performances, whereas NR‐U standalone provides the best SE performance. Moreover, both vertical spatial reuse intrabuilding level and horizontal spatial reuse interbuilding level of mmW spectra in small cells of an NR‐U anchored can improve its SE and EE performances. Finally, we show that by choosing appropriate values of vertical and horizontal spatial reuse factors, the proposed coexistence mechanism can achieve the expected SE and EE requirements for the future Sixth‐Generation (6G) mobile networks.

Analysis of Intersymbol Interference Characterized by the Large Array Antennas Adopted in a 60-GHz-Band Gigabit Compact-Range Wireless Access System

A compact-range wireless access system in the 60-GHz band has been proposed for multi-Gb/s data transfer. A prototype Gigabit Access Transponder Equipment (GATE) was built to evaluate the system performance in terms of received signal strength, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and bit error rate (BER). The proposed system operates in the near-field regions of large array antennas adopted in the transmitter (Tx). The time delays due to the signals transmitted from different array elements to the receiver (Rx), or/and those due to the multiple reflections between Tx and Rx antennas become comparable with the symbol lengths in our gigabit wireless access system. In that sense, this system would be susceptible to intersymbol interference (ISI). In this study, the concept of ISI is introduced in the antenna field for the first time. An equivalent baseband communication system is newly proposed to evaluate the wireless channel, including Tx and Rx antennas. The analysis procedures and equations are provided for the calculation of ISI. The ISIs due to three potential contributions are analyzed in detail. It is verified that our proposed ISI analysis has succeeded in relating the antenna characteristic to the system performance observed in the baseband.

Novel fast session transfer decision‐making algorithm using fuzzy logic for Wi‐Fi/WiGig wireless local area networks

Fast session transfer (FST) is introduced by wireless gigabit (WiGig) standards to transfer the data communication session among wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and WiGig channels based on the availability. In the conventional Wi-Fi/WiGig FST decision-making, the session of data transmission is transferred from Wi-Fi to WiGig whenever it is possible regardless of the traffic loads on both bands and the expected WiGig blocking probability. Also, WiGig to Wi-Fi FST occurs whenever the WiGig signal is lost even if the WiGig link is undergoing an instant path blocking. This results in Wi-Fi/WiGig load imbalance as well as large average delay in user data delivery. In this study, a novel Wi-Fi/WiGig FST decision-making algorithm is proposed utilising fuzzy logic while considering the coverage probability of the WiGig link, the sizes of the users' remaining messages relative to the available data rates of both bands, and the probability of WiGig path blocking. Furthermore, a WiGig interruption-classification methodology is proposed to detect the occurrence of the WiGig instant path blocking and then decide if it is better to wait for WiGig signal recovery or immediately transfer to Wi-Fi. Simulation analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed Wi-Fi/WiGig FST decision-making algorithm, over the conventional one.

Performance analysis of 802.11ac with frame aggregation using NS3

802.11ac is an interesting standard of IEEE bringing multiple advantages than its predecessor 802.11n. 802.11ac is faster and more scalable version of 802.11n offering the capabilities of wireless Gigabit Ethernet. 802.11ac will enable access points (AP) to support more STAs with a better experience for clients and more channel bonding increasing from a maximum of 40 MHz with 802.11n up to 80 or 160 MHz with 802.11ac standard. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the 802.11ac performance using NS3 simulator (v3.26) relying on several features like channel bonding, modulation and coding schemes, guard interval and frame aggregation. Then, we present the effect of the variation of distance between STAs and AP on the network performance in term of throughput. Finally, we capture the most relevant simulations outcomes and we indicate some research challenges for the future work.

High Gain and Wideband Metasurfaced Magnetoelectric Antenna for WiGig Applications

This communication presents a high gain wideband metasurfaced magnetoelectric dipole for wireless gigabit (WiGig) applications. The proposed antenna achieves wide bandwidth and low cross-polarization. In addition, peak gain is increased by employing a metasurface (MS) which is working as a partially reflective surface. The proposed idea is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. Full-wave analysis shows 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 53.47-80.26 GHz, corresponding to 40.5%, while the measured data achieve 39.3% with the frequency from 47.2 to 70.3 GHz. Meanwhile, the simulated and measured 3 dB gain bandwidth of the proposed antenna are 52.86-66.86 (23.3%) and 51.86-67 GHz (25.5%), respectively. Peak gain increased by 3.37-5.57 dB when including the MS; providing 11.9-13.65 dBi for 57-66 GHz, corresponding to the WiGig bandwidth.

An Integrated Tri-Band Antenna System With Large Frequency Ratio for WLAN and WiGig Applications

Integrated antenna systems that support multiple wireless standards (microwave and millimeter-wave bands) have become a pivotal issue in future wireless networks. The joint implementation of these frequency bands that can provide long-range and short-range radio accesses within a wireless system is desired. However, due to the large frequency difference between different bands, it is hard to realize with limited space. To solve this problem, a novel topology of combining a stacked patch antenna at 2.4/5 GHz bands and a magnetic-electric (ME) dipole antenna at 60-GHz with shared-aperture is developed in this article. Based on the methodology of aperture reuse, a highly-integrated tri-band antenna system with a large frequency ratio and good isolation is reasonably designed, featuring the same linear polarization and broadside radiation patterns. For experimental demonstration, an elaborate prototype is fabricated and tested. The measured -10-dB impedance bandwidths among the three bands can satisfy the criterions of the IEEE 802.11 b/a/ad for wireless local area networks (WLANs, 2.4-2.485 GHz and 5.15-5.85 GHz) and wireless gigabit (WiGig, 57-64 GHz) operations.