Broadband Wireless Technology Research Articles

Reviewing wireless broadband technologies in the peak smartphone era: 6G versus Wi-Fi 7 and 8

With the arrival of the peak smartphone era, users are upgrading their smartphones less frequently, and data growth is decelerating. To ensure effective spectrum management decisions, policy makers require a thorough understanding of prospective wireless broadband technologies, current trends and emerging issues. Here, we review the sixth cellular generation (‘6G’), in comparison to two new Wi-Fi standards, including IEEE 802.11be (‘Wi-Fi 7’) and IEEE 802.11bn (‘Wi-Fi 8’). We identify three emerging issues necessary for successful telecommunication policy. Firstly, evidenced-based policy making needs to be able to measure effectively how much demand takes place where and how. Thus, new datasets are needed reflecting real usage by different wireless broadband technologies, for indoor and outdoor users. Secondly, with data consumption growth slowing, there needs to be an urgent reassessment of spectrum demand versus allocation. Past forecasts do not reflect recent data and regulators urgently need to re-evaluate the implications for spectrum management. Finally, regulators need new and improved Lifecycle Impact Assessment metrics of cellular versus Wi-Fi architectures, to support successful policy decisions which mitigate energy and emissions impacts.

A Critical Review of Gain Enhancement Methods for Microstrip Antenna

Abstract: In the recent years, the development in communication system has grown rapidly, especially for the growth of broadband wireless technologies. This technology has some advantages, for instance, flexibility for the transmission of data with very high data rate communications. Antenna is one of the crucial components of broadband wireless systems because it has ability to emit and receive radio waves. There are various types of antennas and microstrip is one of the most popular designs nowadays. This antenna has some advantages and disadvantages. Low gain is known as one of the disadvantages of microstrip antenna. However, there are numerous methods which can be used to enhance gain. Some researches have been done by numerous researchers throughout the world in tackling this disadvantage. This paper presents a critical review of different methods employed to alleviate this problem. For ease of understanding, this paper is classified into five approaches: array configuration approaches, air substrate approaches, metamaterial approaches, yagiuda approaches, and other approaches.

Transparent ultrawideband polarization-insensitive absorber with optimal thickness based on a grid ITO structure

With the large-scale commercialization of broadband wireless communication technologies, interference between spatial electromagnetic waves (EMWs) is becoming increasingly serious. As devices for solving electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems, microwave absorbers (MAs) have become increasingly mature with the rapid development of artificial electromagnetic structures. However, current MAs still face challenges in terms of wideband absorption, wide-angle absorption, thickness, etc., which limits their application scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a transparent ultrawideband polarization-insensitive absorber based on a grid indium tin oxide (ITO) structure. This design adopts a multilayer structure with a total thickness of 3.525 mm (0.114λ L ), close to the predicted minimum thickness, to expand the bandwidth. The grid-patterned ITO film resonant structure and ITO film ground plane are designed to further improve optical transmittance by increasing duty ratios. Simulation results demonstrate over 90% absorption from 9.7 GHz to 69.2 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 150.8%. The absorber has good incident angle stability and polarization insensitivity. When the incident angle varies within 0-60°, the proposed absorber maintains an absorption close to 80% over an ultrawideband range, and the absorption remains nearly constant when the polarization angle changes from 0° to 90°. The fabricated sample shows a visible light transmittance of approximately 73.2%, and shows an absorption performance consistent with simulations in the 6-38 GHz frequency range, validating the effectiveness of the proposed design. Due to its transparent, ultrawideband absorption, wide incident angle stability and polarization insensitivity properties, this proposed absorber has important guiding significance for applications in high-frequency transparent electronics, radars, communications systems and other devices working in the microwave frequency band.

The complex temporal dynamics of an emerging infrastructure innovation: revisiting the ‘failure’ of the ‘successful’ innovation of Wireless Broadband (WiBro) in South Korea

ABSTRACT This paper explores the complex temporal dynamics of innovation through a longitudinal study encompassing the dramatic ‘failure’ of South Korea’s flagship WiBro (wireless broadband) technology and services to achieve widespread uptake, following their apparently ‘successful’ development and launch. WiBro emerged in Korea by enrolling diverse actors with diverging orientations around a compelling broad vision and expected national and international markets. Launched in 2006, with buoyant expectations, WiBro failed to establish critical mass in mainstream markets in the face of growing competition from rapidly evolving mobile telephone technologies. Though players committed to WiBro managed to establish some specific niche markets, the service was finally terminated in 2018. This eventual failure was rooted in a sequence of decisions as orientations shifted over the course of WiBro’s innovation. Generic and largely untested expectations were initially productive in enrolling a wide range of players in developing WiBro. However, tensions became acute as roll-out approached when the growing investments required to install a novel telecommunications infrastructure and launch WiBro services provoked more stringent assessment of specific options. As the stakes became higher, alignments shifted in a changing sociotechnical landscape; submerged differences in orientation resurfaced and commitments unravelled.

AN ENHANCED RESOURCE ALLOCATION SCHEME FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION ADVANCED NETWORK

The emerging Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is an extended version of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) fourth-generation (4G) wireless broadband technologies that supports high speed transmission of multimedia applications, like video streaming, multimedia online game, Voice over IP (VoIP), browsing over the web etc. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not define a standard packet scheduling strategy in LTE-A. Therefore, it is expected for researchers and network service providers to design efficient schemes. This paper proposed an Enhanced Resource Allocation Scheme (E-RAS) that improves the packet scheduling strategy of LTE-A by addressing issues related to delay and fairness of users with both high and low channel conditions, for both Real Time (RT) and Non-Real Time (NRT) flows. The aim was achieved by using a fair spectrum allocation mechanism that consider the priority of RT flows of cell-centre users, without neglecting the throughput requirements of edge-centre users. Moreover, the proposed algorithm introduces an efficient traffic load balancing mechanism to efficiently regulate traffic load in LTE-A network. To evaluate the proposed scheme, simulation was conducted using the MATLAB programming with LTE-A system level simulator. The result obtained shows that the proposed scheme achieves better delay for RT and NRT traffics by 7% and 11% respectively as against the Resource Allocation Scheme to Optimize the Throughput (RASOT) scheme.

A systematic literature review on channel estimation in MIMO-OFDM system: performance analysis and future direction

Abstract Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is a familiar modern wireless broadband technology due to its resistance against multipath fading, high data transmission rate, and spectral efficiency. This technology delivers dependable communication as well as a large range of coverage. The precise recovery of Channel State Information (CSI) and synchronization among the receiver and transmitter are two major challenges for MIMO-OFDM systems. Several estimate procedures, like blind, pilot-aided, and semi-blind channel estimating, are used to recover channel state information. Yet, those systems have several flaws that cause them to perform poorly. Hence, this paper describes the basic introduction of the Channel Estimation (CE) process in the MIMO-OFDM system. The main goal of this survey is to study analyzing and categorizing the channel estimation algorithms, and simulation tools in different contributions. Further, the performance analysis with different performance metrics from diverse contributions is pointed out. Thus, this review article presents a detailed overview of the various channel estimation schemes that have been exploited in the OFDM channel to enhance the estimation of the CSI in the MIMO-OFDM systems. This work presents and discusses the relevant comparative results and computational complexity for all of these CE systems. Furthermore, there is a list of open study directions for further exploration.

Analysis of the Future of Ultra-Wideband

UWB (ultra broadband wireless communication technology) is the core of the impact radio technology. It has become the focus of attention in the field of wireless communication. This paper aims to analyze the future of ultra-wideband. The definition, principles, and performance characteristics of UWB technology are introduced. The result shows that its bandwidth is greater than all other communication technologies’ bandwidth, and it has the advantages of anti-interference performance, high transmission rate. It has shown great application potential not only in military applications, but also in civil and other fields. UWB shows its advantages in some small and medium-sized enterprises and home environments. It meets the social demands. The research result demonstrates the popularization and prospects of this technology.

The Agglomeration Mechanism of Network Emerging E-Eommerce Industry Based on Social Science

Network emerging e-commerce refers to the development of wireless broadband technology, smart terminal technology, near-field network, etc. as the driving force. It is the emerging e-commerce represented by the continuous development of modern e-commerce and the integration of commerce. This paper proposes to use Michael Porter’s cluster theory method, income increasing algorithm, and spatial Gini coefficient method to sort out and analyze the research results of industrial agglomeration problems, further study the relationship of e-commerce industry agglomeration mechanism, and build agglomeration simulation model , the construction of the centripetal force model of the industrial agglomeration area, through the analysis of the production factors of the e-commerce industry, and then study the influence of each factor on the development of the e-commerce industry. Finally, this paper selects and uses 16 standard mechanical data sets to investigate and analyze the agglomeration mechanism of the e-commerce industry, which verifies the accuracy and overall applicability of the method.

Improved calendar disc scheduler for LTE advanced networks with HARQ

Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is a broadband wireless technology that supports variety of services with different data rate. In order to achieve this the evolved Node B (eNB) uses different features provided in the 3GPP standards. Features like Carrier Aggregation (CA), Multiple input and Multiple output (MIMO) and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) help to increase the throughput and spectral efficiency. In this paper, a novel two-level calendar disc algorithm with HARQ is introduced at the eNB for effectively scheduling real time and non-real time traffic with different service types. The algorithm also uses a burst profile management module that analyzes the current user profile and notifies the scheduler about the need to change in profile based on power boosting. The Calendar Disc Scheduler (CDS) is improved by adding HARQ retransmission index as a parameter in calculating the metric weight. The scheduler was tested for both adaptive and non-adaptive methods of HARQ in both synchronous and asynchronous modes. The proposed improved CDS scheduler was simulated with LTESim simulator and compared with calendar disc algorithm without HARQ improvements. Results show that the proposed scheduling method provides increased performance in terms of goodput, delay and spectral efficiency.

EFFECT OF WI-FI RADIOFREQUENCIES ON THE CONTENT OF FATTY ACID AND ERGOSTEROL, A PRECURSOR OF VITAMIN D, IN IN VITRO CULTURES OF THE FUNGUS Serpula himantioides

In the microwave-radiofrequency spectrum, Wi-Fi is a short-range wireless broadband technology, which transmits at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. This type of technology has been positioned itself as one of the most widely used technological advances in recent years. It has been reported that direct exposition to radiofrequencies can induce physiological changes in different animals and plants species. One of the degenerative effects Wi-Fi can cause is the production of reactive oxygen species, inducing tissue damage and DNA alterations. In fungi, the effect of exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the UV spectrum has been extensively studied, the physiological effect that exposure to radiofrequencies such as Wi-Fi might have is unknown. In that sense, the aim of this study was to detect the main changes in metabolism of some acid fatty and ergosterol of the fungus Serpula himantioides, using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and evaluate the antioxidant activity of metabolites obtained from in vitro cultures of S. himantioides exposed to Wi-Fi at 2.5 GHz. The results showed an increment in the content of some the fatty acids and ergosterol, in total extracts from the fungus mycelium. Antioxidant analysis revealed that the total extracts of S. himantioides culture medium showed antioxidant capacity associated with an increment in the content of phenolic compounds. Our results suggest that direct exposition to Wi-Fi radiation produces oxidative damage by modifying cellular components in the fungus S. himantioides.

BER And PAPR Performance Analysis Of Mimo-Ofdm Systems Using Equalizers

MIMO-OFDM (multiple input and multiple output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is a new wireless broadband technology which became famous for being capable of high data rate transmission & robustness against multi-path fading.

Quad band operated microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX application

The paper describes a light-weight monopole planar antenna with a rectangular radiating patch and a slotted ground plane for WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) applications. WiMAX is a wireless broadband communication technology based around the IEEE 802.16 that provides point-to-multipoint wireless networking system and high-speed data across a wide range. The antenna designed for the aforementioned applications shows operation at 2.5 (lower WiMAX) / 3.7, 4.5 (middle WiMAX) / 5.5 (upper WiMAX) GHz with total bandwidth of about 110 MHz / 150 MHz / 160 MHz / 120 MHz. With its appealing characteristics, the planar monopole patch antenna meets the requirements of low weight, low cost, less complex structure and standard pattern of omnidirectional radiation.

A Collaborative Defense Protocol against Collaborative Attacks in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh network is an evolving next generation multi-hop broadband wireless technology. Collaborative attacks are more severe at the transport layer of such networks where the transmission co...

Modified Proportional Fair Scheduling Algorithm for Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks

Growing of time-sensitive applications such as streaming multimedia, voice over IP and online gaming required strongly support from mobile communication technology. So, the persistent need for wireless broadband technologies such as LTE-A is essential. LTE-A can achieve QoS in an efficient manner by using a reliable packet scheduling algorithm. It also supports good cell coverage by using heterogeneous capability. In this paper, modifications of proportional fair (PF) algorithm are proposed with different methods to compute the average throughput, which is the main and important parameter in the PF cost function. These methods are geometric mean, root mean square and arithmetic mean. Vienna simulator is used to study the performance of the proposed algorithms. A comparison between PF modifications and the most famous algorithms (the original PF and Best CQI algorithms) with various UE velocities is introduced. Average UE throughput, spectral efficiency, energy per bit, cell throughput and fairness are used as performance indicators. The results expose that QPF has best improved values for spectral efficiency, energy per bit and fairness by 8.4%, 14%, and 9.3%, respectively than original PF. However, Best CQI has a better value of average UE and cell throughput than all algorithms of 2% and 1.8% in low and medium UE velocity, respectively, but the best value of all types of throughput at high speed is gained by QPF. QPF and GMPF has the same performance in fairness with all UEs speeds.

The Evolution of GSM Technologies into 5G and the Imminent Emergence of Transformative Telemedicine Applications: A Review

Telemedicine is the delivery of health care services over a distance by health care providers using electronic technologies for the diagnosis, information exchange, treatment and disease prevention, injuries prevention, research and evaluation, and for continuing education for the health care provider. Telemedicine has been in existence since the 1960s, through telephone and video technologies. Over several decades, wireless broadband technology has become better with advancement with internet speed becoming almost ubiquitous. According to a telemedicine study by World Health Organization, 114 countries, that is, (59%) of member states, revealed that teleradiology has the highest rate of established service provision globally at (33%). Close to 70% of the countries indicated the need to know the cost and cost-effectiveness of telemedicine solutions, and above 50% needed to know about the infrastructure needed for telemedicine implementation while 60% needed clarification on clinical uses. With the evolution of Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication services into 5G, it is the objective of this study to demonstrate how a combination of faster communication at lower latencies can be used to provide clinical support that overcomes geographical barriers using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), with a goal of transforming healthcare service provision. A resultant prototype telemedicine application capable of medical diagnosis using artificial intelligence techniques demonstrates with the highest accuracy at 93.68% match. The medical similarity index of pathogens is captured from digital sources such as USB microscopes and scanners as medical images or specimens.

An Integrated e-Learning Solution for Control Systems Education and Future Perspectives

Technical characteristics of an innovative prototype e-learning platform using satellite communications for control theory courses are exposed. A detailed account of all necessary tools and mechanisms is presented enabling real time text, and audio/video based communication between tutors and learners. The provided end-user driven services include: a virtual classroom, offline operation, sharing of applications, private/public chatting, audio/video streaming. In addition a concise description of the pilot network architecture depending on the DVB-RCS standard is presented justifying further the choice of the communications platform. Simulation results concerning the teaching of fundamental issues in Networked Control Theory within the proposed architecture are provided. Connections with hybrid configurations such as wireless terrestrial broadband technologies (DVB-RCS/ WiMAX, DVB-RCS/Wi-Fi) are further analyzed and justified. Finally some conclusive anticipated directions related to the future of modern control courses education in connection with state of art technological advances are explored. AMS (classification): 97U50, 97U70, 97U80, 97D99

Spectral Efficiency of FBMC Over OFDM System

Significant wireless broadband technology used in various cellular standards is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) which will make use of Multi Carrier Modulated (MCM) systems. Even though OFDM has numerous advantages, it is hard to employ OFDM for complex networks. It is very hard to establish synchronization in mobile environments as it is difficult to predict the Doppler shifts of different users, which results in inter carrier interference (ICI). Further, filters associated with OFDM carrier have comparatively large sidebands which outcomes in Out of Band (OOB) radiations. Insufficient spectral usage is provided by CP-OFDM by using more guard band. So the problems caused by traditional OFDM/CP-OFDM can be answered by employing a new system termed as Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC) System. It is a form of MCM and it can be considered as an advanced cyclic-prefix (CP-OFDM). In OFDM, whole band gets filtered while in FBMC, each sub carrier band is independently filtered. The primary objective of this work is to relate the performance of 5G modulation technique such as FBMC against OFDM and to suggest an ideal waveform for 5G communication in regard to high spectral efficiency, spectral density, BER and less Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).

Performing Analysis of Quality of Service Parameters of 4G Long Term Evolution in Health Care System

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a leading 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. LTE is expected to provide very fast, highly responsive and cost effective data services and appears itself to be the right technology at the right time. LTE is becoming an ultimate choice for 4G services around the world due to its higher data rates and lower latency objectives. E-Health services comprise a wide range of healthcare services delivered by utilizing information and communication technology. In order to help existing and emerging e-Health services over converged next generation network (NGN) architectures, there is a need for network QoS control mechanisms that meet the often stringent requirements of such services. The mobile Health (m-health) is currently uniting major academic research worldwide to achieve innovative arrangements in the areas of healthcare. However, there are several challenges and issues that need to be addressed. In this paper we have proposed m-health care system based on 4G LTE network communication instead of existing 3G communication system. We will be monitoring QoS parameters like Delay, Throughput, Jitter, Energy Efficiency and Packet Data Rate for comparing 3G and 4G LTE usage over health care applications. We will further experiment the parameters with graph based analysis.

Performance Evaluation of Priority Load-Aware Scheduling (PLAS) Algorithm for IEEE802.16 Networks

In recent years, there has been an increase in the transmission of multimedia services due to the emergence of wireless broadband (WiBB) technologies such as WiMAX. WiMAX supports multiple QoS classes for transmission of different multimedia applications. However, satisfying the requirements of these applications with the often-limited resources has been a major challenge, which requires an efficient scheduling scheme such as PLAS. PLAS is a variant of LAWRR designed to reduce queuing delay of real-time traffics in WiBB networks. Several simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of PLAS against the LAWRR algorithm. The results revealed that PLAS outperforms the other scheme in terms of average delay for low input traffic. However, the metric (delay) used and the traffics generated for the simulation are not adequate to realistically evaluate the performance of a scheduling algorithm in a typical metropolitan area network. In this study, we further evaluated the performance of PLAS and LAWRR under varying higher input traffics, and an additional performance metric, using discrete event simulation. The results demonstrated that the PLAS achieved better results in terms of queuing delay and throughput compared to LAWRR. The improved performance will lead to better user experience, which will increase the number of subscribers and consequently increase revenue for service providers.

Wirelessly bridging the homework gap: Technical options and social challenges in getting broadband to disconnected students

As many as three million households with school-aged children in the United States do not have any Internet service at home, and 18% do not have a broadband connection, creating a “homework gap” between those who can access the Internet to support their schoolwork at home, and those who cannot. Based on a series of empirical case studies of efforts to develop wireless projects across the United States, coupled with a review of relevant spectrum and wireless regulations, this study informs academics and practitioners how different wireless broadband technologies can help bridge the gap. However, as our case studies show, wireless should not be viewed as a magic bullet to solving the homework gap. Closing this gap requires social initiatives to promote uptake and productivity enhancing usage and skills levels, and financial and regulatory support from policymakers and other stakeholders.