Broadband Wireless Access Networks Research Articles

Frequency migration challenges and strategic decisions-making in broadband wireless access networks

Purpose: The impetus for this study lies in the pressing need for telecommunication companies to adapt to the rapidly evolving technological landscape and regulatory environment to maintain competitiveness and meet increasing consumer demands. Method: This study conducted a comprehensive analysis using SWOT analysis, Qualitative Data Analysis, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the best course of action. Results: This study navigates through the initial stages of identifying the strategic, operational, and financial implications of PT. XYZ Frequency Migration. It delves into the background of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology, the significance of the 3.3 GHz and 10 GHz bands in telecommunications, and the broader context of industry trends necessitating this shift. Methodologically, this research integrates SWOT, stakeholder, qualitative data analysis (QDA), and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to provide a holistic understanding of the complexities of migration. This multi-faceted approach facilitates a comprehensive evaluation of the technological, operational, and strategic aspects of migration and offers nuanced insights into the challenges and opportunities inherent in the transition to the 10 GHz band. The study proposes that the convergence of various factors necessitates a strategic realignment that encompasses operational efficiency, technical excellence, financial prudence, regulatory compliance, and customer focus to effectively adapt to the 10 GHz spectrum. Contributions: This study contributes to the academic and practical understanding of network migration within the telecommunications sector, offering nuanced insights into the complexities of transitioning to higher frequency bands. It provides a framework for other telecommunications entities considering similar migrations, emphasizing the importance of a multifaceted strategic approach to navigating challenges and leveraging opportunities presented by such technological advancements.

Implementation of 5G Telecommunication Network Services in Indonesia based on Techno-economic Analysis

The 2300 MHz spectrum is a medium band that telco operators will not pay much attention to when they deploy 5G. They are more comfortable at 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and 28 GHz, in addition to 700 MHz for the breadth of coverage. The performance of cellular telecommunications services based on 5G technology is possible for new operators, although it will be carried out as stand-alone services. This opportunity will be taken by looking at internet subscriber data/data communication from existing operators as active internet users, which is quite large and has a potential of over 250 million users. There has been no previous study regarding the feasibility of deploying this 5G technology-based Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Network. Based on the experience of implementing previous generations of telecommunication service technology, the government and operators need to be careful in determining the right moment to deploy this 5G technology service, which is predicted to be able to provide broadband services with streaming capabilities of 10 to 100 times the streaming speed of 4G technology. It should be noted that the lack of success of 3G performances in 2006 from 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75 G. Almost all operators who were expected to be very lucky turned out to be not optimal; even now, only 4 operators are playing on 3G. where they have not been able to force users of the 2G generation to switch to 3G, including in big cities where the performance of the 3G network is not yet optimal and evenly distributed. Still, many areas are blank spots from 3G networks and services. From this experience, scientific studies are needed to ensure the feasibility of the upcoming 5G BWA business and identify business opportunities that can be implemented. The feasibility analysis must be viewed from various aspects, namely aspects of technical readiness, market aspects, and financial aspects in terms of the techno-economics of the operators who will provide 5G telecommunications services by calculating several essential parameters as a measure of business feasibility, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP).

Implementation of 5G Telecommunication Network Services in Indonesia based on Techno-economic Analysis

The 2300 MHz spectrum is a medium band that telco operators will not pay much attention to when they deploy 5G. They are more comfortable at 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and 28 GHz, in addition to 700 MHz for the breadth of coverage. The performance of cellular telecommunications services based on 5G technology is possible for new operators, although it will be carried out as stand-alone services. This opportunity will be taken by looking at internet subscriber data/data communication from existing operators as active internet users, which is quite large and has a potential of over 250 million users. There has been no previous study regarding the feasibility of deploying this 5G technology-based Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Network. Based on the experience of implementing previous generations of telecommunication service technology, the government and operators need to be careful in determining the right moment to deploy this 5G technology service, which is predicted to be able to provide broadband services with streaming capabilities of 10 to 100 times the streaming speed of 4G technology. It should be noted that the lack of success of 3G performances in 2006 from 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75 G. Almost all operators who were expected to be very lucky turned out to be not optimal; even now, only 4 operators are playing on 3G. where they have not been able to force users of the 2G generation to switch to 3G, including in big cities where the performance of the 3G network is not yet optimal and evenly distributed. Still, many areas are blank spots from 3G networks and services. From this experience, scientific studies are needed to ensure the feasibility of the upcoming 5G BWA business and identify business opportunities that can be implemented. The feasibility analysis must be viewed from various aspects, namely aspects of technical readiness, market aspects, and financial aspects in terms of the techno-economics of the operators who will provide 5G telecommunications services by calculating several essential parameters as a measure of business feasibility, namely Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP).

A Novel Kernel Algorithm for Finite Impulse Response Channel Identification


 
 
 
 Over the last few years, kernel adaptive filters have gained in importance as the kernel trick started to be used in classic linear adaptive filters in order to address various regression and time-series prediction issues in nonlinear environments.In this paper, we study a recursive method for identifying finite impulse response (FIR) nonlinear systems based on binary-value observation systems. We also apply the kernel trick to the recursive projection (RP) algorithm, yielding a novel recursive algorithm based on a positive definite kernel. For purposes, our approach is compared with the recursive projection (RP) algorithm in the process of identifying the parameters of two channels, with the first of them being a frequency-selective fading channel, called a broadband radio access network (BRAN B) channel, and the other being a a theoretical frequency-selective channel, known as the Macchi channel. Monte Carlo simulation results are presented to show the performance of the proposed algorithm.
 
 
 

Higher Order Cumulants for Identification and Equalization of Multicarrier Spreading Spectrum Systems

This paper describes two blind algorithms for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system equalization. In order to identify, blindly, the impulse response of two practical selective frequency fading channels called broadband radio access network (BRAN A and BRAN E) normalized for MC-CDMA systems, we have used higher order cumulants (HOC) to build our algorithms. For that, we have focussed on the experimental channels to develop our blind algorithms able to simulate the measured data with high accuracy. The simulation results in noisy environment and for different signal to noise ratio (SNR) demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are able to estimate the impulse response of these channels blindly (i.e., without any information about the input), except that the input excitation is i.i.d. (identically and independent distributed) and non-Gaussian. In the part of MC-CDMA, we use the zero forcing and the minimum mean square error equalizers to perform our algorithms. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Energy-Aware Virtual Network Migration for Internet of Things Over Fiber Wireless Broadband Access Network

The virtualized fiber wireless broadband access networks (V-FiWi) paradigm, effectively embedding heterogeneous virtual networks (VNs) originated from the service provider (SP) into shared substrate network (SN) provided by infrastructure provider (InP), plays a tremendous role in meeting the differentiated requirements between wireless frontend subnetwork and fiber backhaul subnetwork to achieve the interoperability of heterogeneous resource allocation. However, most of the existing V-FiWi integration systems mainly focused on the virtual network request (VNR) acceptance ratio, InP revenue, and substrate resource utilization, and they ignored the crucial issue called higher energy consumption cost, which was resulted from the imbalanced consumption of the substrate resource between the arrival and departure of VNR. In this article, we devote to exploring the energy-aware virtual network migration (EA-VNM) problem over the FiWi access technology, aiming to reoptimize the energy consumption while maintaining the high InP revenue and the large substrate resource utilization. In response to this issue, we first represent the service-oriented V-FiWi broadband access network architecture from the perspective of computing, storage, and network resource constraints, in which a migration model consisting of migration node and migration time is explained in detail. Then, we propose an enhanced KM-based energy-aware node migration (EKM-ENM) algorithm to economize on more bandwidth resource. More specially, the EA-VNM technology consists of network topology attributes and global network resources-based node-ranking measurement (NRM) phase, maximum weight matching-based node migration phase, and energy-aware link migration phase via Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. Finally, a rather large number of simulations are analyzed and evaluated numerically. Simulation results suggest that the proposed EKM-ENM algorithm outperforms the traditional embedding algorithms in terms of saving energy cost, decreasing time complexity, and improving VNR acceptance ratio.

Non-line-of-sight outdoor channel identifcation for wireless sensor networks based on impluse radio ultra wide band

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have become increasingly popular in a variety of fields in recent years. This is due to the development of their capabilities, which include remote environmental monitoring, process automation, telemedicine, and many other domains. Besides, among the widely used modern WSN radio technologies, we find impluse radio ultra wide band (IR-UWB) that is recognized by their advantages regarding low power consumption, low cost, low complexity and high resistance to multipath fading in outdoor wireless networks. Energy consumption minimization, packet delivery ratio improvement and latency minimization are the main objectives in this work. The chosen performance metrics (energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and latency) are justified by the direct impact of these three parameters on the network’s efficiency. Accordingly, we proposed and introduced an outdoor non-line-of-sight (NLOS) packet delivery ratio using broadband radio access network (BRAN) channel to improve WSN’s based on IR-UWB performance in terms of energy consumption, packets delivery ratio (PDR) and latency.

An Extended Version of the Proportional Adaptive Algorithm Based on Kernel Methods for Channel Identification with Binary Measurements

In recent years, kernel methods have provided an important alternative solution, as they offer a simple way of expanding linear algorithms to cover the non-linear mode as well. In this paper, we propose a novel recursive kernel approach allowing to identify the finite impulse response (FIR) in non-linear systems, with binary value output observations. This approach employs a kernel function to perform implicit data mapping. The transformation is performed by changing the basis of the data In a high-dimensional feature space in which the relations between the different variables become linearized. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, we have compared it with two other algorithms, such as proportionate normalized least-meansquare (PNLMS) and improved PNLMS (IPNLMS). For this purpose, we used three measurable frequency-selective fading radio channels, known as the broadband radio access Network (BRAN C, BRAN D, and BRAN E), which are standardized by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and one theoretical frequency selective channel, known as the Macchi’s channel. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers better results, even in high noise environments, and generates a lower mean square error (MSE) compared with PNLMS and IPNLMS.

Front-End Survivability in Wireless Optical Broadband Access Network

Background: Survivability is the one of the key issue of wireless optical broadband (WOBAN) access network. Survivability means to provide continuous services to users if a device/link failure occurs in the network Objective: The component link failure can occur in the network due to any reason. In this condition huge data loss will occur in the network. Methods: In this paper, we consider the front-end survivability in WOBAN. We propose a novel maximum protection minimum link cost routing algorithm (MPMLC) that provides path protection with minimum link cost to front-end of the WOBAN. The proposed MPMLC algorithm assigns weight/cost to wireless link using link state prediction (LSP). Results: The path with minimum cost is selected to route the traffic (actual/affected due to failure) of front end network. The proposed algorithm outperforms in terms of reduced network delay and wireless link cost Conclusion: It is also observed from simulation results that when the multiple link failures occur in the network, proposed MPMLC algorithm exhibit better results in terms of reduced wireless link cost as compared to existing algorithm.

Performance Evaluation of MC-CDMA Systems with Single User Detection Technique using Kernel and Linear Adaptive Method

Among all the techniques combining multi-carrier modulation and spread spectrum, the multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system is by far the most widely studied. In this paper, we present the performance of the MC-CDMA system associated with key single-user detection techniques. We are interested in problems related to identification and equalization of mobile radio channels, using the kernel method in Hilbert space with a reproducing kernel, and a linear adaptive algorithm, for MC-CDMA systems. In this context, we tested the efficiency of these algorithms, considering practical frequency selective fading channels, called broadband radio access network (BRAN), standardized for MC-CDMA systems. As far as the equalization problem encountered after channel identification is concerned, we use the orthogonality restoration combination (ORC) and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer techniques to correct the distortion of the channel. Simulation results demonstrate that the kernel algorithm is efficient for practical channels.

Channel Identification Based on Cumulants, Binary Measurements, and Kernels

In this paper, we discuss the problem of channel identification by using eight algorithms. The first three algorithms are based on higher-order cumulants, the next three algorithms are based on binary output measurement, and the last two algorithms are based on reproducing kernels. The principal objective of this paper is to study the performance of the presented algorithms in different situations, such as with different sizes of the data input or different signal-to-noise ratios. The presented algorithms are applied to the estimation of the channel parameters of the broadband radio access network (BRAN). The simulation results confirm that the presented algorithms are able to estimate the channel parameters with different accuracies, and each algorithm has its advantages and disadvantages for a given situation, such as for a given SNR and data input. Finally, this study provides an idea of which algorithms can be selected in a given situation. The study presented in this paper demonstrates that the cumulant-based algorithms are more adequate if the data inputs are not available (blind identification), but the kernel- and binary-measurement-based methods are more adequate if the noise is not important (SNR≥16 dB).

Toward 5G High Utilizations: A survey on OFDMA-based Resource Allocation Techniques in Next-Generation Broadband Wireless Access Networks

LTE is marketed as 4G standard for wireless communication services. LTE network technologies provide a high speed triple play services like data, voice, and video with QoS provision. The resource allocation techniques primary concerns are the QoS support that aims to sat

Multiplexing scheme for digital signal processing-assisted coherent radio over fiber system

In this paper, a multiplexing scheme, involving optical tandem single-sideband modulation, orthogonal optical single-sideband multiplexing, and digital signal processing (DSP)-assisted optical coherent detection, is proposed. Based on the design, a coherent radio-over-fiber (RoF) optical transmission system is established, which improves channel capacity and spectrum efficiency. Phase-modulated radio frequency signals with different bit rates are carried on an optical single-carrier, transmitted, received after 40 km transmission, and recovered by the DSP algorithm. System performances for all binary phase-shift keying channels are verified by simulation and experiment. Thus, the proposed multiplexing scheme is feasible to improve channel capacity and spectrum efficiency without increasing the system complexity. The work in this paper brings potential applications to coherent RoF systems and hybrid optical wireless communications for future broadband wireless access networks.

Channel Identification of Non-linear Systems with Binary-Valued Output Observations Based on Positive Definite Kernels

Nowadays, the kernel methods are increasingly developed, they are a significant source of advances, not only in terms of computational cost but also in terms of the obtained efficiencies in solving complex tasks, they are founded on the theory of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). In this paper, we propose an algorithm for recursive identification of finite impulse response (FIR) nonlinear systems, whose outputs are detected by binary value sensors. This algorithm is based on a nonlinear transformation of the data using a kernel function. This transformation performs a basic change that allows the data to be projected into a new space where the relationships between the variables are linear. To test the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, we have compared it with another algorithm proposed in the literature, for that, we employ the practical frequency selective fading channel, called Broadband Radio Access Network (BRAN). Monte Carlo simulation results, in noisy environment and for various data length, demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can give better precision.

Synthesis of a Radiator for Wireless Broadband Access Networks Based on Decelerating Electrodynamic Structures

The paper describes the main requirements for antenna systems operating in modern ultra-wideband radio communication networks, considers the main advantages and features of a rib-rod emitter, and justifies the choice of such an emitter as an object of research. Analytical expressions of the main electrodynamic characteristics are described, on the basis of which a mathematical model of a rib-rod emitter is compiled, which is necessary for the synthesis of a computer model with characteristics as close as possible to the real emitter. The method of synthesis of antenna structures without the use of full-scale modeling is selected and justified. An improvement of the emitter supply line is developed, which consists in using a regular coaxial line for the place of the waveguide channel, which greatly simplifies the use of several such emitters in the antenna array, and makes it possible to operate one emitter in two polarizations. Based on the obtained mathematical model, the optimal geometric dimensions of the emitter for the selected frequency range were calculated and computer simulations were performed to determine the optimal electrodynamic characteristics of this type of emitter, providing stable and maximum permissible coverage for operation in the frequency range of fifth-generation networks. The analysis of the simulation results is carried out, the simulation of the channel operation is carried out, according to the results of which it can be concluded that this type of emitter, when used as part of more complex antenna structures and with appropriate modifications, can be used in networks deployed according to the fifth generation standard, as well as in older generation networks, provided that the geometric dimensions of the antenna are improved. The result of this work is a designed model of a rib-rod emitter that is fully suitable for use in antenna structures operating in 5G networks.

Radio over Fiber: An Alternative Broadband Network Technology for IoT

Wireless broadband access networks have been positioning themselves as a good solution for manufacturers and users of IoT (internet of things) devices, due mainly to the high data transfer rate required over terminal devices without restriction of information format. In this work, a review of two Radio over Fiber strategies is presented. Both have excellent performance and even offer the possibility to extend wireless area coverage where mobile networks do not reach, or the 802.11 network presents issues. Radio Frequency over Fiber (RFoF) and intermediate Frequency over Fiber (IFoF) are two transmission strategies compatible with the required new broadband services and both play a key role in the design of the next generation integrated optical–wireless networks, such as 5G and Satcom networks, including on RAU (Remote Antenna Unit) new functionalities to improve their physical dimensions, employing a microelectronic layout over nanometric technologies.

Radio over Fiber: An Alternative Broadband Network Technology for IoT

Wireless broadband access networks have been positioning themselves as a good solution for manufacturers and users of IoT (internet of things) devices, due mainly to the high data transfer rate required over terminal devices without restriction of information format. In this work, a review of two Radio over Fiber strategies is presented. Both have excellent performance and even offer the possibility to extend wireless area coverage where mobile networks do not reach or the 802.11 network presents issues. Radio Frequency over Fiber (RFoF) and intermediate Frequency over Fiber (IFoF) are two transmission strategies compatible with the required new broadband services and both play a key role in the design of the next generation integrated optical–wireless networks, such as 5G and Satcom networks, including on RAU (Remote Antenna Unit) new functionalities to improve their physical dimensions, employing a microelectronic layout over nanometric technologies.

Wideband QAM-over-SMF/turbulent FSO downlinks in a PON architecture for ubiquitous connectivity

We propose and investigate for the first time a seamless millimeter-wave (mmW) radio-over-fiber (RoF) and radio-over-free-space optics (FSO)-based downlink for use in a passive optical network architecture using 4-, 16- and 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. The proposed system is implemented in both experiment and simulation to realize continuous and ubiquitous coverage in urban and rural areas. We outline, a proof-of-concept demonstration of 4-, 16- and 64-QAMs at data rates of 34, 67 and 100 Mb/s, respectively transmitted over a 15 km standard single-mode fiber (SMF), which is then optically up-converted to 25 GHz for transmission over a 10 km of SMF and a 2 m of FSO channel under a non-uniform turbulent condition. We show the measured error vector magnitude (EVM) values of 13, 9.2 and 7.3% for 4-, 16- and 64-QAM, respectively, which are below the corresponding standard EVM requirements and therefore confirm the practicality of the proposed hybrid system. Depending on the data rates, each modulation can be adaptively configured. We report a simulation of a 10 Gb/s 4- and 64-QAM hybrid RoF-FSO downlink under an extended non-uniform turbulence regime to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme for use in practical applications. By implementing the decision-directed carrier phase recovery and linear electrical equalization, EVMs can be efficiently reduced below the required limits. We further evaluate the proposed system performance in terms of the bit error rates, constellation diagrams, received optical and mmW powers. Using state-of-the-art K-band power amplifiers and conical horn antennas, the maximum wireless transmission distance is estimated to be about 135 m for use in the last-mile BWA networks.

Virtualized EAST–WEST PON architecture supporting low-latency communication for mobile functional split based on multiaccess edge computing

Ultralow latency end-to-end communication with high reliability is one of the most important requirements in 5G networks to support latency-critical applications. A recent approach toward this target is to deploy edge computing nodes with networking capabilities, known as multiaccess edge computing (MEC), which can greatly reduce the service end-to-end latency. However, the use of MEC nodes poses radical changes to the access network architecture. This requires movement from the classical point-to-multipoint (or point-to-point) structure, used to deliver residential broadband and cloud radio access network (Cloud-RAN) services, to a mesh architecture that can fully embed the MEC nodes with all other end points (i.e., mobile cells, fixed residential, businesses). In this paper, we propose what we believe to be a novel passive optical network (PON)-based mobile fronthaul transport architecture based on PON virtualization that allows EAST–WEST communication along with traditional NORTH–SOUTH communication. The architecture enables the end points of a PON tree, where usually optical networking units (ONUs) are located, to also host MEC nodes by deploying an edge optical line terminal (OLT) capable of communicating directly with adjacent ONUs, by reflecting wavelength signals from the splitter nodes. We experimentally show that signal backscattering due to the reflection at the splitter does not affect the system performance. In addition, using protocol level simulations, we show how this architecture can maintain low latency ( ≈ 100 µ s ) in varying mobile traffic conditions by offloading ONUs (i.e., where remote units of Cloud-RAN cells are located) to other edge OLTs through dynamic formation of virtual PON slices. Furthermore, our results show how an efficient migration strategy for ONUs can be chosen depending on the traffic load, different functional split configurations, and the PON capacity.

A new combination of adaptive channel estimation methods and TORC equalizer in MC‐CDMA systems

SummaryAdaptive systems identification has been widely studied, but most studies have focused on the convergence of these methods. Applications of equalization systems have also received much attention. This paper presents a new combination of adaptive Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) channel identification algorithms for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) systems downlink equalization. In fifth‐generation (5G) wireless communications, MC‐CDMA is expected to support the associated networks. The BRAN E channel parameters, representing an outdoor scenario normalized for MC‐CDMA systems, are identified using a recursive least mean pth power algorithm with logarithmic transformation (RlogLMP). For validity and test aim, this algorithm is compared with the existing recursive least square (RLS) and least mean square (LMS) algorithms. Moreover, we use the estimated coefficients in the adaptive equalization problem. We give a review of the threshold orthogonality restoring combining (TORC) equalizer, which is coupled with the presented algorithms to counteract channel fading, as evaluated by the bit error rate (BER). Our performance results show that the RlogLMP algorithm can estimate the measured BRAN E channel with good efficiency for various values of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), as compared with the classical algorithms RLS and LMS. In adaptive equalization problems, the achieved results demonstrate that two thresholds ρTH in the TORC equalizer minimize the performance degradation, in terms of the BER, of the MC‐CDMA system under multipath channel fading with very good accuracy, especially if the coefficients are estimated with the specific case of the power p in the RlogLMP algorithm.