Ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Survey of Connectivity Restoration in 3D Wireless Ad Hoc/Sensor Networks

Wireless ad hoc/sensor networks (WASN) have seen increased application in three-dimensional (3D) environments, such as underwater and aerial scenarios. However, WASN may be fragmented or unable to connect continuously due to the harsh surrounding environment or high mobility. Therefore, restoring the network connectivity and transmit data in real time is very important. This paper focuses on the critical task of restoring network connectivity in 3D WASN, a complex issue given that existing connectivity restoration algorithms for two-dimensional environments are not directly applicable or become overly complicated in 3D contexts. We present a comprehensive analysis of the current research landscape, summarizing key findings related to various aspects of 3D WASN connectivity restoration. These aspects include the application environment (underwater, in the sky, and recovery disaster), opportunities for restoration (active, passive, and active/passive), implementation strategies (clustering and sleep scheduling), and resource constraints (node deployment and movement control). Our study also proposes a classification of connectivity restoration solutions for 3D WASN, identifying existing gaps and suggesting potential future research directions. By providing specific insights and a structured overview of the field, we aim to contribute to the ongoing development of robust and resilient 3D WASN.

Energy efficient gateway based routing with maximized node coverage in a UAV assisted wireless sensor network.

Ad-hoc wireless sensor networks face challenges of optimized node deployment for maximizing coverage and efficiently routing data to control centers in post disaster events. These challenges impact the outcome for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. This study presents a uav assisted reactive zone based EHGR (energy efficient hierarchical gateway routing protocol) that is deployed in a situation where the natural calamity has caused communication and infrastructure damage to a major portion of the sensor network. EHGR is a hybrid multi layer routing protocol for large heterogeneous sensor nodes (smart nodes, basic nodes, user handheld devices etc.) EHGR is tailored to meet two important concerns for a disaster hit wsn ie. optimized deployment and energy efficient routing. The first part of EGHR focuses on maximized coverage during node deployments. Maximized coverage is an important aspect to be considered during the event of disaster since most of the nodes loose coverage and are detached from the wireless sensor network. The first part of EHGR uses state of the art game theory approach to build a model that maximizes the coverage of nodes during the deployment phase from all participating entities i.e. nodes and uavs. Rather than fixing the cluster head as is the case in traditional cluster-based approaches EHGR uses the energy centroid nodes. Energy centroid nodes evolve on the basis of aggregated energy of the zone. This approach is superior to simply electing cluster head nodes on the basis of some probability function. The nodes that fail to achieve any successful outcome from the game theory matching model fail to get any association. These nodes will use multi hop d2d relay approach to reach the energy centroid nodes. Gateway relay nodes used with the game theory approach during the deployment of the uav assisted wsn improves the overall coverage by 25% against traditional leach based hierarchical approaches. Once the optimum deployment phase is completed the routing phase is initiated. Aggregated data is sent by the energy centroid nodes from the ECN nodes to the servicing micro controller enabled un manned aerial vehicles. The routing process places partial burden of zone formation and data transmission to the control center for each phase on the servicing uavs. Energy centroid nodes engage only in the data aggregation process and transmission of data to servicing uav. Servicing-uavs reduce energy dissipated of the entire zone which result in gradual decrease of energy for the zone thus increasing the network lifetime. Node deployment phase and the routing phase of EHGR utilize the computations provide by the mirco controller enabled unmanned aerial vehicles such that the computationally intensive calculations are offloaded to the servicing uav. Experiment results indicate an increase in the first dead node report, half dead node report, and last dead node report. Network lifetime is extended to approximately 1800 rounds which is an increase by ratio of 100% against the traditional leach approach and increase by 50% percent against the latest approaches as highlighted in the literature.

Additively Manufactured Wireless Sensors for Rugged IoT, Structural Health Monitoring, Smart Agriculture and Smart Cities Applications

In this talk, inkjet-/3D-printed antennas, interconnects, ‘smart’ encapsulation and packages, RF electronics, microfluidics and sensors fabricated on glass, PET, paper and other flexible substrates are introduced as a system-level solution for ultra-low-cost mass production of Millimeter-Wave Modules for Communication, Energy Harvesting and Sensing applications. Prof. Tentzeris will touch up the state-of-the-art area of fully-integrated printable broadband wireless modules covering characterization of 3D printed materials up to E-band, novel printable ‘ramp’ interconnects and cavities for IC embedding as well as printable structures for self-diagnostic and anti-counterfeiting packages. The presented approach could potentially set the foundation for the truly convergent wireless sensor ad-hoc networks of the future with enhanced cognitive intelligence and ‘rugged’ packaging. Prof. Tentzeris will discuss issues concerning the power sources of ‘near-perpetual’ RF modules, including flexible miniaturized batteries as well as power-scavenging approaches involving thermal, EM, vibration and solar energy forms. The final step of the presentation will involve examples from shape-changing 4D-printed (origami) packages, reflectarrays and mmW wearable (e.g. biomonitoring) antennas and RF modules. Special attention will be paid on the integration of ultrabroadband (Gb/sec) inkjet-printed nanotechnology-based backscattering communication modules as well as miniaturized printable wireless (e.g.CNT) sensors for Internet of Things (IoT), 5G and smart agriculture/biomonitoring applications. It has to be noted that the talk will review and present challenges for inkjet-printed organic active and nonlinear devices as well as future directions in the area of environmentally-friendly (‘green’) RF electronics and ‘smart-skin’ conformal sensors.

Ground Truth Validation of Sentinel-2 Data Using Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks (MWSN) in Vegetation Stands

Satellite-based remote sensing (RS) data are increasingly used to map and monitor local, regional, and global environmental phenomena and processes. Although the availability of RS data has improved significantly, especially in recent years, operational applications to derive value-added information products are still limited by close-range validation and verification deficits. This is mainly due to the gap between standardized and sufficiently available close-range and RS data in type, quality, and quantity. However, to ensure the best possible linkage of close-range and RS data, it makes sense to simultaneously record close-range data in addition to the availability of environmental models. This critical gap is filled by the presented mobile wireless ad hoc sensor network (MWSN) concept, which records sufficient close-range data automatically and in a standardized way, even at local and regional levels. This paper presents a field study conducted as part of the Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN), focusing on the information gained with respect to estimating the vegetation state with the help of multispectral data by simultaneous observation of an MWSN during a Sentinel-2A (S2A) overflight. Based on a cross-calibration of the two systems, a comparable spectral characteristic of the data sets could be achieved. Building upon this, an analysis of the data regarding the influence of solar altitude, test side topography and land cover, and sub-pixel heterogeneity was accomplished. In particular, variations due to spatial heterogeneity and dynamics in the diurnal cycle show to what extent such complementary measurement systems can improve the data from RS products concerning the vegetation type and atmospheric conditions.

Detection of Vampire Attacks in Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Network using PLGP protocol

Wireless networks are an ideal research direction in the areas of sensors and pervasive computing. Wireless ad-hoc sensor networks are a new platform in the fields of remote sensing, data collection, analysis, problem solving, and various research studies. They contain nodes that act as transmitters and receivers, and are vulnerable to various attacks and incur various types of loss. Resource exhaustion attacks, once considered just a routing problem, now fall into a new group called "vampire attacks." A resource exhaustion or vampire attack drains a node's batteries, rendering them useless. Vampire attacks are not specific protocols and are hard to spot. This paper examines the identification and protection of resource exhaustion attacks at the routing protocol layer using the PLGP protocols (Parno, Luk, Gaustad, and Perrig). This white paper focuses primarily on detecting and preventing vampire attacks. The proposed method is used to prevent network node exhaustion. This greatly reduces the problem of vampire attacks.

A Novel Similarity Measure of Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets Based on Modified Manhattan Distance and Its Applications

A single-valued neutrosophic (SVN) set contains three parameters, which can well describe three aspects of an objective thing. However, most previous similarity measures of SVN sets often encounter some counter-intuitive examples. Manhattan distance is a well-known distance, which has been applied in pattern recognition, image analysis, ad-hoc wireless sensor networks, etc. In order to develop suitable distance measures, a new distance measure of SVN sets based on modified Manhattan distance is constructed, and a new distance-based similarity measure also is put forward. Then some applications of the proposed similarity measure are introduced. First, we introduce a pattern recognition algorithm. Then a multi-attribute decision-making method is proposed, in which a weighting method is developed by building an optimal model based on the proposed similarity measure. Furthermore, a clustering algorithm is also put forward. Some examples are also used to illustrate these methods.

Power saving MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks: a survey

In a wireless sensor network, energy is almost always the greatest limitation. Energy sources are restricted in many of the environments where nodes are deployed, limiting them to the use of batteries for power. Therefore, conserving energy is supremely important, however, such a task poses many challenges to hardware and protocol design. One of the greatest problems faced is reducing the energy consumption of the communications systems, which represents a substantial amount of the total consumption. This paper surveys the most recent schemes designed to reduce the communications module energy consumption with a focus on novel MAC protocols for ad-hoc wireless sensor networks. It initially describes the many challenges involved, then it analyses each protocol individually. Finally, the presented protocols are compared and the issues that remain open are raised for further research.

HSORS: A Highly Secure and Optimal Route Selection Protocol to Mitigate Against Packet Drop Attack in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Network

HSORS: A Highly Secure and Optimal Route Selection Protocol to Mitigate Against Packet Drop Attack in Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Network

Communication-Efficient Tracking of Unknown, Spatially Correlated Signals in Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks: Two Machine Learning Approaches.

A low-cost machine learning (ML) algorithm is proposed and discussed for spatial tracking of unknown, correlated signals in localized, ad-hoc wireless sensor networks. Each sensor is modeled as one neuron and a selected subset of these neurons are called to identify the spatial signal. The algorithm is implemented in two phases of spatial modeling and spatial tracking. The spatial signal is modeled using its M iso-contour lines at levels and those sensors that their sensor observations are in margin of any of these levels report their sensor observations to the fusion center (FC) for spatial signal reconstruction. In spatial modeling phase, the number of these contour lines, their levels and a proper are identified. In this phase, the algorithm may either use adaptive-weight stochastic gradient or scaled stochastic gradient method to select a proper . Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean is assumed along with the sensor observations. To reduce the observation noise’s effect, each sensor applies moving average filter on its observation to drastically reduce the effect of noise. The modeling performance, the cost and the convergence of the algorithm are discussed based on extensive computer simulations and reasoning. The algorithm is proposed for climate and environmental monitoring. In this paper, the percentage of wireless sensors that initiate a communication attempt is assumed as cost. The performance evaluation results show that the proposed spatial tracking approach is low-cost and can model the spatial signal over time with the same performance as that of spatial modeling.

The Neighborhood Broadcast Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

The Neighborhood Broadcast Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

The Neighborhood Broadcast Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

The Neighborhood Broadcast Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

A secure routing scheme to mitigate attack in wireless adhoc sensor network

Due to the unattended nature and deployment of wireless sensors in the hostile environment, the networks are vulnerable to carousal and stretch attack that causes Denial of Service (DoS). In addition to that, the adversary may also inject bogus data into the network through compromised nodes. This cause the Base Station (BS) to take erroneous decisions and also affects the network's lifetime. To address these issues, the Base Station Controlled Secure Routing Protocol (BSCSRP) is introduced. The proposed work aims to detect the anti-nodes from safe nodes by a trust-based mechanism that secures the network from false data injection as well as provides an efficient route that is free from carousal and stretch attack. The effectiveness of BSCSRP is evaluated by comparing its performance with the existing AF-TNS, BTEM, RSA, and ERF methods.

A Study of The Energy Aware Routing Protocol for ADHOC Wireless Sensor Networks (EARP)

A Study of The Energy Aware Routing Protocol for ADHOC Wireless Sensor Networks (EARP)

The Neighborhood Broadcast Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

The Neighborhood Broadcast Problem in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

Implementing Physical Layer Security in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks and Wireless Sensor Networks with Reduced Outage and Bit Errors

Implementing Physical Layer Security in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks and Wireless Sensor Networks with Reduced Outage and Bit Errors

PAFF: predictive analytics on forest fire using compressed sensing based localized Ad Hoc wireless sensor networks

Early detection of a forest fire can save our flora and fauna. Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays an important role in detecting forest fire. This article proposes a model for early detection of forest fire through predictive analytics. In this approach, the forest area is divided into different zones. Status of a zone, i.e., High Active (HA), Medium Active (MA), and Low Active (LA), is predicted by applying the semi-supervised classification technique. Each zone has static sensors, mobile sensors, and an Initiator node. Initiator nodes of LA and MA zone transfer their mobile nodes (MN) to the nearer HA zone for the quick prediction of forest fire by using the Random trajectory generation (RTG) technique. This technique generates the intermediate points between LA/MA to HA zone to create the movement path of MN. Compressed sensing based Gradient descent (GD) localization technique is used to track the movement of MN by the anchor nodes. This technique reduces the energy consumption of MN that causes an increase in network lifetime. The analysis of the localization error of MN during its traveling towards the HA zone increases the accuracy of its path detection. Thus the increase of sensor nodes in the HA zone results in transferring a huge amount of data from HA zone to base station for quick prediction of a forest fire.

The Research of Slot Adaptive 4D Network Clustering Algorithm Based on UAV Autonomous Formation and Reconfiguration

Being independent of any fixed equipment, Ad Hoc wireless sensor networks, a kind of acentric and self-organized wireless network, possesses some features such as easiness of deployment, strong invulnerability and flexibility of networking, which leads to a promising application prospect in terms of UAV military and civilian use. This paper proposes a new slot adaptive 4D network clustering algorithm based on UAV autonomous formation and reconfiguration to solve the problem of UAV Ad Hoc network such as networking confusion, poor network reconstruction performance, huge energy consumption and other issues. The algorithm can optimize the topology of UAVs network. We build the network topology and generate clustering network by the slot adaptive 4D network clustering algorithm in Matlab. According to the real combat of UAV, four states are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results validate the feasibility of the slot adaptive 4D network clustering algorithm. The clustering structure generated by the slot adaptive 4D network clustering algorithm is robust and the algorithm is suitable for the UAV group operation.

Mathematical study of the mean communication distances at lognormal shadow fading and Nakagami fading

<p><span>Over some few decades, the communication distance and connectivity at wireless sensor network (WSN) has got noticeable attention from the researchers. In general, the communication process in WSN ad-hoc occurs without some wired infrastructure and, the communication process done through a ‘single-hop’ transmission, where the intermediate nodes called as relay nodes are used in long distance communication and the nodes are capable to transmit and receive the data packets. In this paper, we presented a computational analysis of communication distance in WSN in the presence of fading effects such as nakagami-m fading and lognormal fading. An extensive investigation at both nakagami-m fading and lognormal fading is carried out to provide optimize communication in ad-hoc WSN. In addition, individual wireless nodes have the similar range of communication, is assumed to get the precise communication distance and coverage area in a WSN, where it is required to get mean communication distance. In result analysis section, several validation parameters such as transmitted power, attenuation constant and different number of fading factor is considered to provide proper analytical view. </span></p>

Embedded server to automatic control of wireless transducer network for irrigation based on Internet of things

The growth of the Internet of Things, as well as the optimization needs for agriculture, have opened many opportunities for projects with the integration of these two areas. This paper shows the development of a solution to monitoring crops using the Internet of Things. The sensors and actuators for this precision agriculture design are able to exchange data with an embedded server, which runs on an Intel Edison device. Therefore, an ad-hoc wireless sensor network is established among the devices, using the MQTT protocol. As a result, the monitoring and control of a watering crop project were possible using the proposed solution. In addition, the embedded server allowed the creation of a web interface for the farmer, which can interact with the whole system throughout a web browser. Keywords: Embedded server. Internet of things. Precision agriculture. Wireless sensor network.

Secure and concealed watchdog selection scheme using masked distributed selection approach in wireless sensor networks

Selecting secure and dynamic watchdogs for detecting attacks using a type of intrusion detection system (IDS). The selection procedure of watchdogs in the random ad-hoc wireless sensor network is a load creation job in the absence of a centralised controller. In this type of network, the data processing transmission for the routing process and secure watchdog selection process create overhead in each node. It drains the energy of an individual node easily. Founded on these issues, this work concentrates on the secure selection of concealed watchdogs and maintenance of optimal watchdog availability ratio. In the random ad-hoc wireless sensor network, the secure and authorised watchdogs are selected from the neighbour list of each node on-demand basis to provide security for the network. In addition to this work concentrates on dynamic uncertain conditions to build a secure and authenticated multi-watchdog system in the distributed scenario. The proposed system uses the combination of both customised layer masking techniques and secure routing and monitoring techniques for the protection of random ad-hoc wireless sensor networks.