Wireframe Model Research Articles

A comprehensive study on PnP-based pipeline for pose estimation of noncooperative satellite

The monocular 6D pose estimation of a noncooperative satellite is essential in various on-orbit automatic operations. Nevertheless, the application of this technology still faces challenges, such as heavy model parameters and high latency. In this study, we comprehensively explored the critical components of satellite pose estimation, including landmark description, localisation, and the PnP algorithm, and we introduce a high-precision, real-time, and robust pipeline. Existing methods adopt external convex landmarks, such as 11 landmarks for the SPEED dataset, which are insufficient to describe the geometric structure of the satellite. This study adopted a wireframe-based landmark description, encompassing all visually prominent satellite joints connected directly into the satellite’s wireframe model. In addition, unlike most existing methods that rely on heatmap-based landmark localisation, which incurs high computational costs and quantisation errors, we adopt direct coordinate classification for satellite landmark localisation, which is lightweight, fast, and accurate. Experimental results on the SPEED dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms the current state-of-the-art technique, with an accuracy increase of 28% and parameter number decrease of 78%. In particular, our method is very lightweight and robust, and it runs in real-time, making it well-suited for on-orbit real-time satellite pose estimation.

Формирование цифровой модели угольного месторождения в горно-геологической информационной системе МАЙНФРЭЙМ

Digitalization of enterprise management using Russian software is the main trend in the development of the country's mining sector. Sharp fluctuations in demand and prices in the mineral markets, as well as the development of technical tools for mechanization and automation of technological processes along with a systematic increase in their cost affect the financial performance of mining companies. This determines the need for a rapid adoption of technical, technological and organizational decisions, which, along with the requirements of the company's owners and regulators to obtain prompt, reliable and the most complete information about the production process explains the urgent need for the prompt introduction of digital control systems for mining operations. In the article the authors describe an algorithm to design a digital model of the mining and geological system, including a digital geological model of the deposit, digital models of mine workings and the surface topography, based on the experience of creating three-dimensional digital models of complex-structured coal deposits. The basic software suite for designing a digital management system for mining operations is the MINEFRAME mining and geological information system developed at the Mining Institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. MINEFRAME allows to perform a full range of tasks aimed at creation of a digital 3D model of the mining and geological system for a coal deposit with the possibility to account for the complex bedding in the modelling. High accuracy and correctness of the input geological sampling data is achieved by means of tools to check for errors in the tables of borehole collar coordinates, inclinometry and sampling. The wireframe modelling methods implemented in MINEFRAME provide the possibility to create wireframe models of seams with high detail in the fracture zones.

Storage estimation in morphology modeling of the human whole brain at the nanoscale

The human brain is an enormous scientific challenge. Knowledge of the complete map of neuronal connections (connectome) is essential for understanding how neuronal circuits encode information and the brain works in health and disease. Nanoscale connectomes are created for a few small animals but not yet for the human. The key challenges in the development of a whole human brain model at the nanoscale are data acquisition and computing including big data and high performance computing. This work focuses on big data and volumetric and geometric modeling of brain morphology at the micro- and nanoscales. It presents the volumetric and four geometric neuronal models and estimates the storage required for them. It introduces four geometric neuronal models: straight wireframe, enhanced wireframe, straight polygonal, and enhanced polygonal. The volumetric model requires approximately from 4.2 to 33.6 petabytes (PB) at the microscale up to 5,600,000 exabytes (EB) at the nanoscale. The straight wireframe model requires 18 PB at the microscale and 24 PB at the nanoscale. The enhanced parabolic wireframe model needs 36 PB at the microscale and 48 PB at the nanoscale, whereas the enhanced cubic model requires 54 PB at the microscale and 72 PB at the nanoscale. The straight polygonal model requires 24 PB at the microscale and 32 PB at the nanoscale. The enhanced parabolic polygonal model needs 48 PB at the microscale and 64 PB at the nanoscale, while the enhanced cubic model needs 72 PB at the microscale and 96 PB at the nanoscale. The straight wireframe model of 18 PB is sufficient to enable computing of the human synaptome and subsequently the connectome. The only operational supercomputer able to provide such storage is the world’s first exascale supercomputer Frontier. The sizes of the volumetric and geometric models are comparable at the microscale, however, their difference is dramatic at the nanoscale; for the 10 nm resolution the geometric models are smaller approximately from 58 to 233 thousand times, and for the 1 nm resolution from 58 to 233 million times. This novel work is an extended version of a conference paper [15] and it represents a step forward toward the development of the human whole brain model at the nanoscale.

A Method for Roof Wireframe Reconstruction Based on Self-Supervised Pretraining

Abstract. In this paper, we present a two-stage method for roof wireframe reconstruction employing a self-supervised pretraining technique. The initial stage utilizes a multi-scale mask autoencoder to generate point-wise features. The subsequent stage involves three steps for edge parameter regression. Firstly, the initial edge directions are generated under the guidance of edge point identification. The next step employs edge parameter regression and matching modules to extract the parameters (namely, direction vector and length) of edge representation from the obtained edge features. Finally, a specifically designed edge non-maximum suppression and an edge similarity loss function are employed to optimize the representation of the final wireframe models and eliminate redundant edges. Experimental results indicate that the pre-trained self-supervised model, enriched by the roof wireframe reconstruction task, demonstrates superior performance on both the publicly available Building3D dataset and its post-processed iterations, specifically the Dense dataset, outperforming even traditional methods.

Virtual-Trim: A parametric geometric modeling method for heterogeneous strut-based lattice structures

Abstract Geometric modeling has been integral to the design process with the introduction of Computer-Aided Design. With additive manufacturing (AM), design freedom has reached new heights, allowing for the production of complex lattice structures not feasible with traditional manufacturing methods. However, there remains a significant challenge in the geometric modeling of these lattice structures, especially for heterogeneous strut-based lattice structures. Current methods show limitations in accuracy or geometric control. This paper presents the Virtual-Trim, a novel method for the geometric modeling of heterogeneous strut-based lattice structures that is both efficient and robust. Virtual-Trim begins with user-defined wireframe models and geometric information to create STL (STereoLithography) models ready for AM, eliminating the need for labor-intensive Boolean operations. The fundamental principles and steps involved in Virtual-Trim are extensively described within. Additionally, various models using Virtual-Trim method are designed, and the performance of Virtual-Trim in terms of generation time and model size is analyzed. The successful printing of these models attests to the method’s excellent manufacturability.

Rapid Design of a Student-Centred App for Musculoskeletal Clinical Skills: An Example of a Theoretically Informed Approach to Developing Apps for Learning.

The process to design mobile apps for learning are infrequently reported and focus more on evaluation than process. This lack of clear process for health professional education mobile apps may explain the lack of quality mobile apps to support medical student learning. The goal of this project was to develop a student informed ready for production wireframe model of a minimally viable mobile app to support learning of musculoskeletal (MSK) clinical skills. The Information Systems Research (ISR) framework and Design Thinking were combined for the mobile app design. The process followed the cycles and modes of the combined framework to; systematically review available apps, use a focus group to identify attributes of the app valued by students, define the initial plan for the mobile app, develop an app prototype, and test and refine it with students. The student focus group data had five themes: 1) interactive usability, 2) environment, 3) clear and concise layout, 4) anatomy and pathology, 5) cultural safety and 'red flags'. The prototyping of the app went through three cycles of student review and improvement to produce a final design ready for app development. We used a student-centred approach guided by design frameworks to design a minimally viable product mobile app to support learning of MSK clinical skills in ten weeks with a small team. The framework supported nonlinear, iterative, rapid prototyping. Student data converged and diverged with the MSK teaching methods literature. Of note our students requested cultural safety learning in the app design, suggesting mobile apps could support cultural safety learning.

Инструмент оптимизации выемочных единиц на открытых горных работах для блочных моделей месторождений

The MINEFRAME mining and geological information system features an algorithm and a software module to create bench-wise mining units for surface mining operations, which optimizes losses and dilution with due account for the spatial variability of the ore and gangue rock composition. The software module is based on both wireframe and pure block models, and takes into account a given development direction. The algorithm defines the mineable reserves of the deposit as a set of mining unit models. The module determines the expected levels of rational loss and dilution for each mining units of the bench, for each ore body, for the bench and for the open pit in general. The mining units also become the reference points for the design of blasting operations and the basis for the development of special measures to modify the parameters of the mining system locally. The obtained mineable reserves can be used in defining the pit boundaries and planning mining operations, and the contours of mining units will guide the design of the blast blocks. The algorithm can also be used to clarify the pit boundaries in the footwall of a sloping deposit and for economic comparison of the development options.

Развитие горно-геологической информационной системы в современных реалиях российской горнодобывающей отрасли

The article presents an approach to the development of the MINEFRAME mining and geological information system. The current situation in the mining industry, the foreign policy challenges require to use digital technologies as a driver to improve labor productivity and industrial safety. One of the most important classes of software used at mining enterprises are mining and geological information systems, i.e. the information systems that offer complex automation in solving geological, mine surveying and technological tasks when working with the vector, wireframe and block models of mining system facilities. The mining and geological information systems make it possible to have reliable knowledge of the deposit at each stage of exploration, design and operation of the mine through the use of 3D geological and geomechanical models, determination of distribution patterns for useful and harmful components of minerals for comprehensive analysis of scenarios of the sequence of field development, selection of the most efficient mining technologies and equipment, assessment of the risk level for design solutions and their economic efficiency. This approach fully corresponds to the trends of digital transformation declared by the government of the Russian Federation and represents a new stage of automation and informatization of economic activities and transition to digital technologies.

Near-fault ground motion effect on self-centering modular bracing panels considering soil-structure interaction

This study investigates the nonlinear seismic response behavior of self-centering modular steel bracing panel (SCMBP) systems subjected to near-fault ground motion records, considering the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect. Analytical formulas for the load-displacement relationship of an SCMBP were validated through nonlinear 3D continuum finite element analysis while a simplified 2D wireframe model utilizing a constitutive spring model was verified by the 2D refined finite element model and subsequently adopted for time history analysis of the SCMBP structures with SSI effect. Based on the nonlinear time history analysis of a 6-story prototype building subjected to a suite of near-fault ground motions, the prototype structure is found to be able to re-center itself even under near-fault ground motion scaled to the design basis earthquake (DBE) level while frame members remain undamaged, except for fuse devices. Additionally, SSI reduces inter-story drift ratios under both far-field and near-fault ground motions. The findings provide insights into the promising performance of using SCMBP systems as a seismic strengthening system for sites with potential SSI effects and near-fault earthquake impact. The findings of this study can be insightful to other self-centering systems with flag-shaped story shear hysteresis.

3D geological modeling of ore zones in the Sedefche deposit, Bulgaria

In this study, several geostatistical tools have been employed for the spatial analysis and prediction of the ore body contents in the Sedefche deposit, which is located in the easternmost part of the Zvezdel-Pcheloyad ore field. To test the conditions of stationary and to define a domain reflecting this stationarity, the following approach was applied: modeling of the ore bodies (Wireframe modeling); analysis of domain boundaries, and estimation (Variogram models). The resulted three-dimensional model illustrates the spatial characteristics of Au content distribution and the morphology of the ore body within the Sedefche deposit.

Rare Earth Elements in the Shok-Karagay Ore Fields (Syrymbet Ore District, Northern Kazakhstan) and Visualisation of the Deposits Using the Geography Information System

Rare earth elements deposited in ion-adsorption clay-type deposits in Northern Kazakhstan were recognised using mineralogical and geochemical methods. The diversity and mineralogical properties of the Shok-Karagay deposit and Syrymbet ore fields under investigation in this study are closely related to the process of the formation of the deposits as well as the deposits’ architecture. A combination of mineralogical research and digital technology (GIS) was used to characterise the deposits. Rare earth elements from the cerium series were found in the following quantities: La (in ppm), 43–200; Ce, 57–206; Sm, 100–300; Eu, 22–100. Yttrium-series elements were found in the following quantities: Y, 31–106; Gd, 100–200; Tb, 100–200; Dy, 0–300; Ho, 0–20; Er, 0–364; Tm, 0.28–0.85; Yb, 2.2–39; Lu, 0–200. The wireframe and block models indicated that the bodies’ forms were 1800 m wide, 3500 m long, and 20–40 m thick. The major REE group minerals in both bodies were monazite and xenotime, whereas the minor minerals included yttrium parisite, silicorabdophanite, thorite, and orangite; moreover, ilmenite and titanomagnetite were found. The 3D models that were constructed indicated that the mineralogy and geochemistry of the ore bodies played a determining role in the deposits’ architecture.

Quantitative analysis of the relationship between the male body shape and block pattern based on the three-dimensional human model

As consumers increasingly demand more diversified and personalized clothing options, personalized customization has become a hot topic in the garment industry. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the male body shape and block pattern by flattening the prototype surface and conducting quantitative analysis. The study established a three-dimensional box prototype wire frame model on a human body model to obtain the prototype’s characteristic size automatically. This enabled the creation of two-dimensional personalized prototypes using surface flattening and the geometric expansion principle. The study also summarized a prototype pattern correction rule by establishing a regression relationship among the human characteristic parameters and the size of the prototype site and the coordinates of the shoulder and back control points. Finally, the correction rule was validated through virtual fitting of a special body model. The result shows that the prototype generated using the flattening method presented in this paper has a high fitness degree and short time consumption and the correction rules can effectively improve the problems of prototype misfit, which can provide an idea and data reference for clothing personalized customization.

Three-dimensional changes in the cranial base associated with soft-diet feeding.

Masticatory activity affects the morphology of the maxillo-mandibular complex, however, its influence on the cranial base remains to be elucidated. The recent integration of quantitative morphometric analysis with 3D imaging enabled a comprehensive and high-resolution morphological characterization of the craniofacial complex. We aimed to investigate the influence of masticatory activity on the morphology of the growing cranial base by three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric approach using micro-CT. The micro-CT data was reanalyzed to illustrate the 3D shape of the cranial base, and wireframe models were generated by connecting landmarks on the images. In the original study, mice were fed a soft diet (SD) of powdered pellets or a conventional hard diet (HD) for 6 weeks from 3 to 9 weeks of age, immediately after weaning. A principal component (PC) analysis analyzed shape variations and assessed their significance, while canonical variate (CV) analysis facilitated the comparison and differentiation of groups based on shape, unveiling meaningful shape distinctions. Three PCs were extracted that significantly separated the SD and HD groups among those explaining variations in shape. These PCs were related to the length of the sphenoid bone, the width of the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, and the length of the cranial base. Furthermore, one CV effectively distinguished SD from HD, and CV analysis showed that the sphenoid was shortened in the length and narrowed at the border of the temporal bone in SD mice. Masticatory loading affects the skeletal development of the cranial base. The morphology of the sphenoid bone was affected in both the sagittal and transverse axes.

Design of a separator machine for oil palm fruit mesocarp and nut using computer‐aided design and linear finite element analysis

AbstractThis study addresses the inefficiencies in the current palm oil milling process, where the coexistence of mesocarp fiber and nut during pressing results in oil loss and nut breakage. To tackle this issue, the research aims to develop a machine that can separate mesocarp fibers from nuts before pressing, enhancing oil extraction and quality. The study involves designing the machine layout, creating schematic drawings, wireframe models, and assessing stress and deformation performance. Solidworks simulation was used to determine stress and deformation points within material properties, dimensions, and applied forces. The maximum stress on the rotating disc was 1.44 MPa, with a total deformation of 9.75 x 10−4 mm. Comparing this to the static component strength against cracking (0.093 MPa) revealed that the disc's material and design can safely with stand loads, preventing deformation during the mesocarp and nut separation process. This innovation promises to increase oil yields and improve oil quality in palm oil milling.Practical applicationsThe separation of mesocarp fiber and nuts using centrifugal force is a feasible method. By removing nuts from the mesh (fiber) prior digestion and oil extraction process, the issue of nut breakage will be completely omitted, and thus the pressure can be further increased to maximize oil yield at the palm oil mill industries. This suggested approach has been demonstrated to produce a large amount of oil with minimal broken kernels. The crude palm oil obtained from this separation process also satisfies industrial standards.

Automatic extraction and reconstruction of a 3D wireframe of an indoor scene from semantic point clouds

ABSTRACT Accurate indoor 3D models are essential for building administration and applications in digital city construction and operation. Developing an automatic and accurate method to reconstruct an indoor model with semantics is a challenge in complex indoor environments. Our method focuses on the permanent structure based on a weak Manhattan world assumption, and we propose a pipeline to reconstruct indoor models. First, the proposed method extracts boundary primitives from semantic point clouds, such as floors, walls, ceilings, windows, and doors. The primitives of the building boundary are aligned to generate the boundaries of the indoor scene, which contains the structure of the horizontal plane and height change in the vertical direction. Then, an optimization algorithm is applied to optimize the geometric relationships among all features based on their categories after the classification process. The heights of feature points are captured and optimized according to their neighborhoods. Finally, a 3D wireframe model of the indoor scene is reconstructed based on the 3D feature information. Experiments on three different datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to effectively reconstruct 3D wireframe models of indoor scenes with high accuracy.

Geological foundations for determination of anisotropic directions in geostatistical modeling on the example of Verkhnee orebody of the Mnogovershinnoe gold deposit

Background. When calculating reserves using geostatistical methods, variographic analysis can occasionally encounter difficulties in determining the direction of the search ellipsoid, particularly in deposits with a lognormal distribution of the useful component. The search ellipsoid defines the main directions of mineralization anisotropy, thus comprising a key element in the process of interpolating grades into a block model. The correct interpolation of grades provides a reliable estimate of reserves.Aim. To determine the influence of the orebody morphology on anisotropic directions.Materials and methods. Data from a report on the technical and economic substantiation of the resource and estimation parameters of the Mnogovershinnoe gold deposit for 1975 were used, along with a database comprising catalogues of borehole coordinates, mining outputs, inclinometry and exploratory test data. Three-dimensional computer modeling was performed in the Micromine min­ing and geological information system. Using the example of the Verkhnee orebody of the Mno­govershinnoe gold deposit, statistical and geostatistical studies were carried out to calculate the reserves. The as-calculated reserves were compared with those estimated by a polygonal method and approved by the State Commission for Mineral Reserves (GKZ) USSR in 1975.Results. The conducted comparison of the geological interpretation of the orebody under study, obtained by both wireframe modeling based on exploratory test data and the search ellipsoid constructed by variographic analysis, сonfirmed the influence of the orebody morphology on the axis directions of the minimal variability of mineralization. The orientation of the search ellipsoid was determined to be consistent with the geological interpretation of the orebody. Verification of the interpolated block model showed the estimate to be close to a reliable value. The comparison of the calculated reserves with those of 1975 showed their good convergence.

Three-Dimensional Stability Analysis of Ridge Slope Using Strength Reduction Method Based on Unified Strength Criterion

Ridge slopes often occur in highway or railway engineering. The initial stress distribution of a ridge slope is important for the original slope and an excavation slope. In this paper, a wire-frame model of ridge slope was established. Numerical simulations on the 3D stability analysis were performed using the strength reduction method based on unified strength theory. The influences of ridgeline dip angle α, flank slope angle β, and slope height H on the deformation and failure mode of ridgeline slopes were analyzed. When α was small, cracking failure easily occurred at the front edge of the ridge slope and the area near the ridge line. When α was large, shear failure was prone to occur at the trailing edge of the ridge slope. Under the same reduction coefficient, the larger the flank slope angle β, the larger the slope displacement of the ridge. The plastic zone gradually concentrated near the ridge. When H was small, the displacement mainly occurred at the trailing edge of the slope, and the slopes were generally prone to cracking damage at the trailing edge. The front edge of the slope experienced a large displacement when the height of the ridge slope increased. The bottom of the flank slope was also displaced, and a plastic zone was observed at the foot of the slope. When the excavation slope ratio of the ridge slope was small, the plastic zone was mainly located on the side slope. When the excavation rate increased, the plastic zone appeared on the excavation slope surface, and its stability decreased significantly.

Assessment of Berezkinskoye ore field prospectivity using Micromine software

The use of modern computer aided methods, in particular the use of the Micromine software, is an important part of the integrated research for the determination of deposit prospects for various ores. The paper is devoted to the analysis of prospects and estimation of reserves for open-pit and underground mining in the Berezkinskoye ore field. For this purpose, silver reserves were determined as the principal valuable component. The deposit balance reserves were estimated separately for all types of ores in the optimal open pit envelope adopted in the final mining feasibility study (FS of permanent exploration conditions for ore extraction). To vectorize and verify the geological information entered into the database, graphical materials in the form of cross-sections and plans with the corresponding borehole database were georeferenced using the Micromine software. The final inspection was carried out to ensure that the sample depth information entered was consistent with the excavation depth. The database contains information on the location of boreholes and trenches, the design of boreholes, the spatial positioning of the boreholes/trenches axes, the data of sample assays for silver and copper. For underground mining, the delineation of ore bodies was carried out based on the cross-sections identified in the boreholes at a cut-off grade of 10.7 g/t, taking into account the orientation of geological structures. Reliability of the ore bodies delineation was verified in a Micromine three-dimensional model. For open-pit mining, the position of small ore bodies may be clarified by operational exploration with possible subsequent upgrading their reserve categories. The wireframe model of ore zones and bodies was constructed using the outlines obtained by the developed methodology. A wireframe model of faults was based on the Berezkinsky area plans and cross-sections. The construction of the fault wireframe model was performed in several steps. Application of modern geoinformation system (GIS) technologies makes it possible to qualitatively assess the prospects and estimate the reserves at the deposits. The Berezkinskoye deposit ore material composition, metallurgical properties, hydrogeological and geotechnical features were investigated.

Substantiating the rock mass control parameters based on the geomechanical model of the Severny Katpar deposit, Kazakhstan

Purpose. The research purpose is to develop a geomechanical model for ensuring the safety of mining operations by determining the optimal slope angles and probabilistic assessment of the stability of the open-pit walls. Methods. Three-dimensional geomechanical models for surface mining of deposits have been developed based on calculations of the stability factor (safety factor SF) of the open-pit walls in the Rocscience program to determine the rock mass stress-strain state at the end of mining using the finite element method. The geological wireframe model (GWM) has been built on the basis of the available geological sections, horizon plans and the results of the engineering-geological surveys using the Surpac geoinformation system. Findings. Strength reduction factor (SRF) has been determined taking into account the physical-mechanical properties of rocks that constitute the near-wall mass. An assessment of the stability of walls according to the selected geological sections is given, taking into account the projected contour of the Severny Katpar open-pit walls. The calculation of the projected contour stability of the open-pit walls by several different methods has revealed that the open-pit walls are generally stable. The open-pit parameters at the end of mining have been determined. Originality. For the first time, it has been determined that in the Southern and South-Western area of the Severny Katpar open-pit wall in the horizons +700…+400, there is a decrease in SF from 1.18 to 1.41 due to the predominant occurrence of siltstones and tectonic disturbances of the walls. Practical implications. The mathematical calculation results of the stability of the projected contour walls in the Severny Katpar open pit have been generalized. In addition, a geological and structural wire-frame model of the deposit has been developed, which makes it possible to ensure the safety of mining operations in the open pit.

Application of photogrammetry reconstruction for hyperthermia quality control measurements

PurposeHyperthermia is a cancer treatment in which the target region is heated to temperatures of 40–44 °C usually applying external electromagnetic field sources. The behavior of the hyperthermia applicators (antennas) in clinical practice should be periodically checked with phantom experiments to verify the applicator’s performance over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of photogrammetry reconstructions of 3D applicator position in these quality control procedure measurements. MethodsPhotogrammetry reconstruction was applied at superficial hyperthermia scenario using the Lucite cone applicator (LCA) and phased-array heating in the head and neck region using the HYPERcollar3D. Wire-frame models of the entire measurement setups were created from multiple-view images and used for recreation of the setup inside 3D electromagnetic field simulation software. We evaluated applicator relation (Ra) between measured and simulated absolute specific absorption rate (SAR) for manually created and photogrammetry reconstructed simulation setups. ResultsWe found a displacement of 7.9 mm for the LCA and 8.2 mm for the HYPERcollar3D setups when comparing manually created and photogrammetry reconstructed applicator models placements. Ra improved from 1.24 to 1.18 for the LCA and from 1.17 to 1.07 for the HYPERcollar3D when using photogrammetry reconstructed simulation setups. ConclusionPhotogrammetry reconstruction technique holds promise to improve measurement setup reconstruction and agreement between measured and simulated absolute SAR.