Winter Oil Research Articles

A study on the efficacy of hydrogen cyanamide and winter oil applications on male and female pistachio bloom and yield

A study on the efficacy of hydrogen cyanamide and winter oil applications on male and female pistachio bloom and yield

Biomass yield, crude protein yield and nitrogen use efficiency over nine years in annual and perennial cropping systems

Emerging biorefinery technologies can lead to new applications and new markets for various types of crop biomass. This may allow significant changes in agricultural production from crop rotations dominated by annual grain and seed crops towards annual or perennial cropping systems composed with the aims of higher biomass yield and environmental sustainability. In this study, we investigated 7 annual and 7 perennial cropping systems on a sandy loam soil, with large differences in N fertilization. Yield of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was measured over nine growing seasons from 2013 to 2021. A conventional four-year cash crop rotation with cereals and winter oil seed rape served as a reference and achieved mean annual yields of DM and CP of 10.5 and 0.85 Mg ha−1 y−1, respectively, across the nine years. Continuous maize and triticale had significantly higher DM and CP yields, with 57 and 15 % increases in DM yield compared to the reference crop rotation, respectively. Optimized four-year crop rotations with various annual crops including triticale, maize, beet, hemp or faba bean and various intermediate crops achieved 51–84 % and 42–78 % higher yield of DM and CP, respectively. Perennial cropping systems with festulolium and tall fescue with three or four harvests per year achieved 63–65 % higher DM yield and 192–200 % higher CP yield (2.47–2.55 Mg ha−1 y−1) compared to the cash crop rotation. Perennial cropping systems with miscanthus and willow had high DM but low CP yield. As a measure of nitrogen use efficiency, partial factor productivity of DM yield (PFPDM) and CP yield (PFPCP) were calculated, and both varied significantly between cropping systems, with highest PFPDM for M. × giganteus and willow (114–192 kg DM kg N−1) and lowest for festulolium and tall fescue (38–40 kg DM kg N−1). PFPCP was highest for the optimized crop rotations (6.88–7.94 kg CP kg N−1) and lowest for miscanthus (2.94–4.98 kg CP kg N−1). Across 12 of the cropping systems, which included both protein crops and lignocellulosic crops, there was a non-linear DM yield response to N fertilization rate with PFPDM decreasing from 134.9 to 37.2 kg DM kg N−1 when increasing the N rate from 50 to 500 kg ha−1 y−1. On the other hand, there was a linear CP yield response and, therefore, a constant PFPCP of 5.94 kg CP kg−1 N across N fertilization rates. The results clearly indicate that cropping systems can be modified to achieve higher DM and CP yields but also that choice of cropping system and optimal N fertilization may need adjustment depending on the use of the harvested biomass, the possibilities for biorefining into various components and products as well as the economic value of the components.

The Results of a Pre-study to Determine The Effects of Zinc and Iron Foliar Fertilizer on Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Increasing canola yield, a winter oil crop, is important for its cultivation in the product pattern of the Mediterranean climate zone. Therefore, a study was planned to determine the impact of foliar application zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and Zn + Fe combination on the yield and quality of canola. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Zinc (3.0% v/v), iron (7.5% w/w), and their combination were foliar sprayed at rosette and flowering stages. The highest number of siliques per plant, number of seeds per silique, seed index, and seed yield were recorded in the Fe application. Zn + Fe combination significantly increased the oil and protein content, whereas Zn application exhibited higher oil and protein yield performance. It was concluded that using iron and zinc separately regarding yield and quality is economically beneficial.

Changes in the nitrogen concentration in the organs of winter wheat varieties depending on the agricultural production system

Our aim was to characterize the changes in N% by organs of Tr. aestivum L. varieties, grown in transition to organic production (TOP) and conventional production (CP) during the period 2018-2020. The varieties - Dragana, Rada, Pchelina, Kocara and Kalina were grown after predecessors - winter oil rape, spring peas, sunflower and maize for grain. At CP, fertilization was on a PK background of P60 K 60 and after peas 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha, and after the others - 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha. In TOP, the leaves N% is influenced to the maximum extent by the type of the predecessor. In CP however, mineral fertilization has a determining role for the dynamics of N% in leaves, stems and grain, while that in the non-grain part of the spike - the conditions of the year. Cultivation after a maize predecessor results in higher N% remaining in the organs of the noneconomic part of the crop. At CP, wheat forms a grain with the highest protein content after winter oil rape. As with TOP, the varieties Pchelina and Rada are distinguished by a higher protein content compared to the others. Nitrogen concentration in the organs of wheat grown under CP is higher than the same under TOP. Significant dynamics by year was found in the N% in the leaves, where the excess was respectively 87.85% (2018), 78.89% (2019) and 18.47 (2020). For grain, these values are respectively - 38.15%, 25.40% and 9.03%.

Biology of Apricot Bud Gall Mite, Acalitus phloeocoptes Determining the Emergence Time of the First Generation Using the Degree Day Model and Its Control

Nourpour, F., S. Aramideh, S. Mirfakhraie and H. Kamali. 2024. Biology of Apricot Bud Gall Mite, Acalitus phloeocoptes Determining the Emergence Time of the First Generation Using the Degree Day Model and Its Control. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(3): 275-280. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001255 The plum bud gall mite, Acalitus phloeocopte Nalepa (Acari: Trombidiformes) is one of the important pests of plum trees. The biology and control of this mite during the 2021-2022 period was investigated. The results obtained showed that this mite had four generations a year and spends the winter as adult female mite. The estimated degree days (DD) for the emergence of 50% of wintering mites with two temperature thresholds of 6.2 and 5.8°C degrees were calculated as 68.50 and 88.00 DD in 2021 and 72.00 and 90.50 DD in 2022, respectively. The number of new galls formed by this mite following different treatments such as volck oil (as winter oil), liquid sulfur, propargit, phenpyroxymit, abamectin, tetradifon and sunmite along with water as a control treatment was determined. The results showed that in 2021, the sulfur treatment led to the least number of new galls 14.22±0.53, whereas in 2022 abamectin gave the least number of new galls 17.70±1.32. The integrated pest/crop management including pruning and removing infested branches in winter, a foliar spray with 80% liquid sulfur at the end of winter before budding or spraying with abamectin using degree-days following 50% overwintering mite emergence from galls, gave the best results and is recommended for adoption by farmers. Keywords: Biology, degree day, plum bud mite, control, acaricides.

Chemical composition, seasonal variation and antiaging activities of essential oil from Callistemon subulatus leaves growing in Egypt

Callistemon is an aromatic genus of flowering plants belonging to family Myrtaceae. The essential oils of C. subulatus leaves were collected in four seasons and analyzed using GC/MS. The oils demonstrated monoterpenes as the predominant class. Eucalyptol was the main component in all seasons; summer (66.87%), autumn (58.33%), winter (46.74%) and spring (44.63%), followed by α-pinene; spring (31.41%), winter (28.69%), summer (26.34%) and autumn (24.68%). Winter oil, the highest yield (0.53 mL/100g), was further investigated for its inhibitory activity against enzymes associated with ageing; elastase and acetylcholinesterase. It remarkably inhibited elastase and acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 1.05 and 0.20 µg/ml, respectively. A molecular docking study was conducted for the major oil components on the active sites of target enzymes. Eucalyptol revealed the best binding affinity for both enzymes. C. subualtus oil could be used as supplement for management of ageing disorders like skin wrinkles and dementia.

Assimilation apparatus indices of maize plants under conditions of the right bank forest steppe of Ukraine

The influence of different methods of basic tillage and post-harvest sowing of oil radish and winter oil rape seeds on maize productivity has been studied. Improving the photosynthetic properties of crops, including corn for grain, is one way to increase their productivity, as today in production are widespread varieties and hybrids that use to form their harvest is not a significant part of its potential (about 6% of possible (Nychyporovych 1955, 1961). Therefore, optimizing the conditions of their growth and development for positive changes in this direction is important. mp3download.link Best YouTube to MP3 converter. Download MP3 from YouTube for Free. one would honestly have expected more on the track mp3-go.net Download Mp3 songs for free Given the legendary pedigree of the man behind the sound downloadmp3-gratis.biz Download mp3 songs online at Mp3 Converter, watch high quality online music videos download-mp3gratis.me watch and download free songs of the highest quality. Listen to songs online here comfortably without any annoying advertisements. metrolagu.com Easy to use and free MP3 downloader. YouTube To MP3 download in seconds using the best YouTube to MP3 converter. YouTube Mp3 Get the latest song by simply typing the latest artist or song title in the Search menu. Mp3 file format with 128 - 320 Kbps bitrate converted from YouTube videos. read at this blog All those artist performances are still available on YouTube today find more here

FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Origanum oil, thyme oil and related phenol derivative-containing flavoring ingredients

In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients, mostly consisting of a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. This publication, seventh in the series, re-evaluates NFCs with constituent profiles dominated by phenolic derivatives including carvacrol, thymol and related compounds using a constituent-based procedure first published in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure is based on the chemical characterization of each NFC as intended for commerce and the estimated intake of the constituent congeneric groups. The procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology of the constituent congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. Herein, the FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of seven phenolic derivative-based NFCs, Origanum Oil (Extractive) (FEMA 2828), Savory Summer Oil (FEMA 3013), Savory Summer Oleoresin (FEMA 3014), Savory Winter Oil (FEMA 3016), Savory Winter Oleoresin (FEMA 3017), Thyme Oil (FEMA 3064) and Thyme White Oil (FEMA 3065) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.

Effect of immigration time and beetle density on development of the cabbage stem flea beetle, (Psylliodes chrysocephala L.) and damage potential in winter oilseed rape

In a semi-field net cage experiment set up in three growing seasons (2015–2018) at Julius-Kühn Institute Braunschweig, Germany, the influence of different release times of adult cabbage stem flea beetles, Psylliodes chrysocephala (early September, mid-September, early October) and different beetle densities (6.7, 13.3 and 20 beetles/m2) on reproduction and damage potential in winter oil seed rape was investigated. In parallel to the cage trials, the number of deposited eggs was assessed in small boxes exposed in the field. Beetles released in early September laid significantly more eggs compared to beetles released early October, with a maximum of 270 eggs per female. The early release of beetles resulted in significantly higher numbers of larvae in autumn, but this differed significantly between the years. Warm autumn or winter conditions led to continued egg laying and development, whereas cold conditions stopped the reproduction. Significant yield losses (25%) and significant plant losses during winter were only found in 2016/17 in treatments with an early release of high numbers of beetles (20 beetles /m2). The German damage threshold of 3–5 larvae per plant was reached when 13 beetles/m2 were released before 20th September and 20 beetles per m2 after 20th September. Data of this study can be used for a better damage prediction and a more targeted beetle control.

Complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of winter oil rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.)

Winter oil rapeseed ‘18 R-1’ (Brassica rapa L.) is a new variety that can survive in northern China where the extreme low temperature is −20 °C to −32 °C. It is different from traditional B. rapa and Brassica napus. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of ‘18 R-1’ was sequenced and analyzed to assess the genetic relationship. The size of cp genome is 153,494 bp, including one large single copy (LSC) region of 83,280 bp and one small single copy (SSC) region of 17,776 bp, separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,219 bp. The GC content of the whole genome is 36.35%, while those of LSC, SSC, and IR are 34.12%, 29.20%, and 42.32%, respectively. The cp genome encodes 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. In repeat structure analysis, 288 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. Cp genome of ‘18 R-1’ was closely related to Brassica chinensis, B. rapa and Brassica pekinesis.

Зимующий сорт масличного льна Снегурок

Based on the use of our own original technology of polyploid genome recombination (PGR), at VNIIMK, Krasnodar, frost-resistant parental reploid germplasm was obtained, and then a line k-4207 highly resistant to negative winter temperatures was isolated. In 2019, the frost-resistant line of oil flax k4207, under the commercial name "Snegurok", was submitted to the State variety testing. Four-year field trials during winter sowing have shown that the new winter oil flax variety Snegurok is highly resistant to winter, including snowless frosts, and can withstand negative temperatures down to 20-23 °C without significant cryo-damages. In the conditions of the Krasnodar region, the flowering phase of this variety begins after 20th of April. Ripening of plants begins after 10th of June, when the spring sowing varieties of oil flax are in the flowering phase. The growing season of the variety, taking into account the winter period, is 238–244 days. The yield of the variety, on average for 2018–2019, was 2.27 t/ha, which exceeded the same indicator for the standard variety FLIZ of the spring sowing period, on average by 0.61 t/ha. The winter variety of oil flax Snegurok may be of commercial interest for agricultural producers in the dry steppe regions of southern Russia with rainfall up to 250–350 mm/year. It is developed for cultivation in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and Lower Volga regions of Russian Federation.

Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rapid detection of blackleg pathogens in Swedish winter oil seed rape

Blackleg is a devastating disease of winter oil seed rape (WOSR) caused by the two species Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa “brassicae”. In this study, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assays were developed using two primer sets, SirP and PKS5, to identify and monitor L. maculans “brassicae”, and one primer set PKS21 to monitor L. biglobosa “brassicae”. The three primer sets were tested in real-time LAMP with DNA templates from 38 Leptosphaeria spp. reference isolates. The SirP and PKS5 primer sets exclusively amplified DNA from L. maculans isolates whereas, the PKS21 primers amplified DNA solely from L. biglobosa. Further specificity tests with DNA templates from other ascomycetes showed that both PKS primers were highly specific to Leptosphaeria. The SirP primer set produced in a few cases non-specific amplifications, but they were easily differentiated from the positive reactions by the differences in melting curve temperatures. The detection limits of LAMP assays with PKS21, PKS5 and SirP primers were at 100 fg, 30 pg and 180 fg DNA, respectively. DNA from leaf segments with typical L. maculans lesions was successfully amplified using primer set SirP, as was visually indicated by the colour change of phenol red from pink to yellow. This feature makes the method suitable for simple screening of L. maculans in WOSR leaves and in spores collected by spore traps.

Application of rapeseed residue increases soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity and mitigates cadmium pollution risk in paddy fields

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a winter oil crop and biodiesel resource that has been widely cultivated in the southern part of China. Applying rapeseed residue (RSD) to summer rice fields is a common agricultural practice under rice−rapeseed double cropping systems. However, in Cd−contaminated paddy fields, the influence mechanisms of this agricultural practice on the migration and distribution of Cd fractions in soil are not clear. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to analyse the changes in soil pH, organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), enzyme activity (urease (UA), acid phosphatase (ACP), and dehydrogenase (DH)), Cd distribution fractions, and Cd concentration in rice tissues after RSD application. The results showed that RSD treatment significantly increased the soil OM and MBC concentrations and UA, ACP, and DH activities, decreased the soil acetic acid−extractable fraction of Cd (ACI–Cd), and increased the reducible fraction of Cd (Red–Cd). The formation of stable organic complexes and chelates upon application of RSD is a result of the high affinity of Cd for soil OM. The activities of soil ACP, DH and MBC can well reflect Cd ecotoxicity in soil, particularly the DH activity. In addition, RSD application was helpful in inducing iron plaque formation. The “barrier” effect of iron plaque resulted in reduced Cd accumulation in different tissues of rice. The health risk of rice consumption also decreased as a result of RSD application; it decreased by 0.89–30.0% and 24.1–51.7% in the two tested fields. Overall, the application of RSD was increased soil OM, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity, and these changes was instrumental in reduce the risk of cadmium pollution in rice fields.

Фотосинтетична продуктивність рослин ріпака озимого залежно від норм висіву та застосування регулятора росту «Вермийодіс»

Photosynthesis is the most important biochemical process of plant life, as a result of which they absorb the energy of solar radiation and with its help synthesize organic matter from inorganic substances. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of the growth regulator "Vermiyodis" and seeding rates on the photosynthetic productivity of winter oilseed rape plants and the Mercedes hybrid in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe. The study was performed during 2017-2020 in the research field of the Precarpathian State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of NAAS on sod podzolic soils. The results of researches of photosynthetic productivity of winter oil seed rape plants and Cheremos hybrid at different sowing rates and application of growth regulator "Vermiyodis" are highlighted. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of rapeseed of winter variety Cheremosh with growth regulator Vermiyodis (5 l / t) and single or double spraying during the growing season with the same drug at seeding rates of 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 million / ha of similar seeds during the entire growing season had a significant impact on the formation of the assimilation surface. The area of leaves increased depending on the phase of plant development. At the beginning of the growing season, it grew slowly, reached its maximum during the budding-flowering period and began to decrease. In the variant of pre-sowing treatment of winter rapeseed Cheremosh with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 5 l / ha on average over the years of research at sowing rates of 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds in the stalk phase, the increase in leaf area to control was 3.5 thousand m2 / ha, in the budding phase - 6.3 thousand m2 / ha, in the flowering phase - 9.4 thousand m2 / ha. Determination of the leaf area of rapeseed plants of the winter hybrid Mercedes showed that all methods of application of the growth regulator Vermiyodis in all phases of growth and development of plants depending on seeding rates provided an increase in the leaf surface of plants of winter rapeseed. The largest leaf surface was observed in the stalk phase of 14.1 thousand m2 / ha or 2.3 thousand m2 / ha more control, in the budding phase 22.5 thousand m2 / ha or 5.9 thousand m2 / ha more control and in the flowering phase 43.7 thousand m2 / ha or 7.0 thousand m2 / ha more control was on the option, which carried out pre-sowing treatment of seeds with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 5 l / t and double spraying of rapeseed plants winter hybrid Mercedes growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at 4 l / ha at sowing rates of 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds. Studies have shown that in the variants where pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Vermiyodis growth regulator (5 l / t) and double spraying of winter oilseed rape plants during the growing season was used, the photosynthetic potential in the germination-wax ripening phase was 2 million million in winter rapeseed.6 million67. days / ha, which is 0.407 million m2 days / ha more than the sowing rate 0.8 million / ha, the Mercedes hybrid - 2.612 million m2 days / ha, which is 0.364 million m2 days / ha more than the sowing rate 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds. It was found that the highest net productivity of winter oil seed rape plants was 8.68 g / m2 per day or 1.46 g / m2 per day more than the control over sowing rates of 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds and 8.58 g / m2 per day in the hybrid Mercedes, which is 1.44 g / m2 per day at the sowing rate of 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds was on the option, which carried out pre-sowing treatment of seeds (5 l / t) and double spraying with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose 4l / ha during the growing season. It was found that the largest accumulation of dry matter in winter rapeseed crops Cheremosh in the budding phase is 2.98 t / ha or 0.38 t / ha more control, in the flowering phase 4.67 t / ha or 0.77 t / ha more control, in the phase of wax ripeness 8.22 t / ha or 1.36 t / ha more control, was on the option, which carried out pre-sowing treatment of seeds with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" (5 l / t) and carried out double spraying of rapeseed plants winter during the growing season growth regulator "Vermiyodis" - 4l / ha from sowing rate of 0.8 million / ha.

Impact of winter savory essential oil on the functioning of cardiovascular system of the elderly

Objective. To study the effects of winter savory essential oil on the functioning of cardiovascular system of the elderly. Materials and methods. The study includes 97 women of older age with increased systolic blood pressure, which were divided into control (session of relaxation therapy only), and experimental (session of relaxation therapy combined with aromatherapy of winter savory essential oil) groups. Before and after the sessions, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate of the testees were measured and the following indices were determined: pulse blood pressure, minute blood volume, mean dynamic blood pressure, total peripheral vascular resistance, heart index, systolic index, Robinson index, Kerdo index, circulatory efficiency coefficient. Results. The study found that the use of winter savory essential oil led to a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (exposure for 10 and 30 minutes) and heart rate (all time periods). The values of pulse and average dynamic blood pressure significantly decreased during aromatherapy for 10 or 30 minutes, there was also a significant decrease in the values of minute blood volume after 10 and 30-minute session of aromarelaxation. After 30-minute aromarelaxation there was an increase in the total peripheral vascular resistance. The change of Kerdo index value in the direction of parasympathetic after 30 minutes of aromatherapy was revealed. The value of the coefficient of efficiency of blood circulation significantly decreased after 10 and 30 minutes of aromarelaxation, Robinson index decreased during all time periods of exposure. Conclusion. On the basis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that the essential oil of winter savory has a pronounced normalizing effect on the circulatory function of the elderly women with systolic hypertension.

Unexpectedly high diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in fertile Chernozem croplands in Central Europe

Highly fertile soils are considered to harbor low diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), since plants might not depend on the mycorrhizal symbiosis to efficiently assimilate soil nutrients. ‘Black steppe soils’ classified as Chernozems are counted among the soil types with highest natural fertility and productivity. However, information on AMF diversity from highly productive Chernozems used as croplands are extremely rare to non-existent. Our objective was to study the impact of soil tillage and fertilization intensity on AMF communities in a long-term field trial established on a silty-loamy Calcic Chernozem in the Magdeburger Börde (Central Europe). Samples were taken at harvest of maize that grew in a rotation with winter wheat, winter barley, winter oil seed rape and again winter wheat. AMF species were characterized by spore morphology. Astonishingly high spore densities (up to 41 spores g−1 soil) and species richness (19–33 species) of AMF were found in this highly productive Chernozem cropland, even under high-input conditions, which were, however, higher in reduced tillage than in regularly ploughed plots. AMF diversity decreased with increasing fertilizer input concerning N and P. These findings might re-stimulate the discussion about the significance of AM fungi in highly productive croplands, which was so far thought to be low. Several indicator AMF species were identified for reduced tillage (e.g. Ambispora fennica and Dominikia bernensis) or reduced fertilizer inputs (e.g. Dominikia aurea) or both (e.g. Diversispora celata and Scutellospora calospora), but only a few for tillage (e.g. Funneliformis fragilistratus and Pacispora dominikii). AMF indicators have to be, however, identified for each soil type and climatic condition separately, as they should be completely different from those species for instance in nutrient-poor or in acidic soils, in warmer or colder as well as in more humid or arid climates.

Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period

The Bohai Sea is a seasonal icy sea area that has the lowest latitude of any sea experiencing icing in the northern hemisphere, and simulation studies on oil spills during its sea ice period are the key to analyzing winter oil spill accidents. This study applied the three-dimensional free surface to establish a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and simulate tidal distributions in the Bohai Sea. Then, the oil spill model of the open sea area and thermodynamic model were combined to establish a numerical model for the Bohai oil spill during the winter sea ice period. The hydrodynamic model and sea ice growth and melting model were verified, and the parameters were adjusted based on the measured values, which indicate that the numerical model established in this paper is of high accuracy, stability and ubiquity. Finally, after checking the calculations repeatedly, the diffusion coefficient for the Bohai Sea was determined to be 1.0×10–7 m2/s. It is better that the comprehensive weathering attenuation coefficient is lower than that of a non-winter oil spill, with 1.3×10–7 m2/s being the most appropriate coefficient. This study can provide the reliable technical support for the operational safety and reduction in losses caused by winter oil spill accidents for the petroleum industry.

Mycovirus induced hypervirulence of Leptosphaeria biglobosa enhances systemic acquired resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica napus

Phoma stem canker is one of the most important diseases of winter oil seed rape (Brassica napus) world-wide and is caused by a complex that comprises at least two species: Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa. Screening a panel of field Leptosphaeria isolates from B. napus for the presence of mycoviruses revealed the presence of a novel double stranded (ds) RNA virus in L. biglobosa and no viruses in L. maculans. The virus forms isometric particles ca. 40–45 nm in diameter and has four genomic segments, each possessing a single open reading frame flanked by untranslated regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed modest similarities to known and suspected members of the family Quadriviridaeand therefore the virus was nominated Leptosphaeria biglobosa quadrivirus-1. Following eradication of the mycovirus, virus-infected and virus-free isogenic lines of L. biglobosa were created. A direct comparison of the growth and virulence of these isogenic lines illustrated that virus infection caused hypervirulence and resulted in induced systemic resistance towards L. maculans in B. napus following lower leaf pre-inoculation with the virus-infected isolate. Analysis of the plant transcriptome suggests that the presence of the virus leads to subtle alterations in metabolism and plant defences. For instance, transcripts involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism are enriched in plants treated with the virus-infected isolate, while pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and WRKY transcription factors are differentially expressed. These results illustrate the potential for deliberate inoculation of plants with hypervirulent L. biglobosa to decrease the severity of phoma stem canker later in the growing season.

Winter oil application in pistachio production in Australia

Winter oil application in pistachio production in Australia

Sea Ice Management for Oil and Gas Platforms in the Bohai Sea

Abstract Bohai is a typical marginal oil field in an ice region, where most of the oil and gas platforms are economical. Sea ice is the main factor that affects the safety of oil and gas platforms in Bohai. Due to the complexity of the ice load and ice-induced vibrations, there are large security risks when developing Bohai oil and gas in the winter. It is difficult to ensure the safe production of oil and gas in winter using existing sea ice disaster warning technologies. Based on winter oil and gas production in the Bohai Sea’s Liaodong Bay, a set of suitable sea ice management systems is proposed in this paper. These systems integrate sea ice monitoring, risk assessment and risk prediction technologies. Based on the risk warning system, an ice management model of a Bohai ice platform has been put into practice, which ensures the safe production of the platform in winter.