Winter Corn Research Articles

Kreacje kobiecych bohaterek w „Nauczycielu” i „Przy niedzieli” Wacława Berenta

The author analyzes female heroines from two early works by Wacław Berent: The Teacher and On Sunday. Zosia and Józka contain a whole range of contradictions in their character and manner – they are both shy and self-confident, modest and seductive, but above all they are the ones who organize the entire reality for their husbands. Men, on the other hand, although physically strong, seem to be completely defenseless when it comes to feelings and love relationships with their partners. In the features of Zosia and Józka, the writer enchanted the attributes and images of women that appear on the pages of his subsequent works: The Professional, Touchwood and Winter Corn.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Activities of (Thio)Urea Benzothiazole Derivatives.

(Thio)ureas ((T)Us) and benzothiazoles (BTs) each have demonstrated to have a great variety of biological activities. When these groups come together, the 2-(thio)ureabenzothizoles [(T)UBTs] are formed, improving the physicochemical as well as the biological properties, making these compounds very interesting in medicinal chemistry. Frentizole, bentaluron and methabenzthiazuron are examples of UBTs used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and as wood preservatives and herbicides in winter corn crops, respectively. With this antecedent, we recently reported a bibliographic review about the synthesis of this class of compounds, from the reaction of substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles (ABTs) with iso(thio)cyanates, (thio)phosgenes, (thio)carbamoyl chlorides, 1,1'-(thio)carbonyldiimidazoles, and carbon disulfide. Herein, we prepared a bibliographic review about those features of design, chemical synthesis, and biological activities relating to (T)UBTs as potential therapeutic agents. This review is about synthetic methodologies generated from 1968 to the present day, highlighting the focus to transform (T)UBTs to compounds containing a range substituents, as illustrated with 37 schemes and 11 figures and concluded with 148 references. In this topic, the scientists dedicated to medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical industry will find useful information for the design and synthesis of this interesting group of compounds with the aim of repurposing these compounds.

Plants and Other Materials Used for Dyeing in the Present Territory of Poland, Belarus and Ukraine according to Rostafiński's Questionnaire from 1883.

Traditional dyeing methods are practically forgotten in Poland. Józef Rostafiński included questions on the use of dyes in his ethnobotanical survey from 1883. 126 questionnaires contained information on dye plants. They were identified by the respondents using folk names or sometimes even Latin names. Folk names were analyzed by comparison with other literature. Several voucher specimens were also present. 74 plant taxa were identified to genus or species level. The most commonly used were: onion (Allium cepa), brazilwood (Caesalpinia brasiliensis or Paubrasilia echinata), winter corn (mainly rye Secale cereale), black alder (Alnus glutinosa), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), apple (Malus domestica), birch (Betula pendula), oak (Quercus robur), and violet flowering spring flowers (mainly Hepatica nobilis and Pulsatilla spp.). Most species are well known in the literature about plant dyeing, but the paper provides extra details on the picture of dyeing traditions in Eastern Europe.

The effect of the expansion of the Brazilian winter corn crop on spot price seasonality

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o efeito da expansão da safra de inverno de milho no Brasil sobre a sazonalidade do preço spot dessa commodity em diferentes praças de comercialização no país. Para tal, verificou-se a existência de quebras estruturais nas séries de preços de diferentes regiões (Cascavel-PR, Chapecó-SC, Mogiana-SP, Rio Verde-GO e Triângulo Mineiro-MG) por meio do procedimento endógeno de Bai & Perron (2003). Para cada um dos períodos formados, parâmetros harmônicos foram obtidos com o método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, devido ao crescimento da safra de inverno de milho no Brasil, a variação dos preços desse grão passou a depender em menor proporção do seu padrão sazonal, com exceção de Rio Verde-GO. Além disso, verificou-se uma mudança do comportamento sazonal das cotações nos anos de 2010, observando-se, em geral, preços menores durante a colheita dessa safra (maio a agosto) e maiores na entressafra (janeiro a março). Tais evidências têm o potencial de auxiliar as estratégias de comercialização e gerenciamento do risco de preços dos agentes do setor, bem como podem contribuir para formulação e execução de políticas atreladas à estabilidade da renda dos produtores.

Synthesis and Biological Importance of 2-(thio)ureabenzothiazoles.

The (thio)urea and benzothiazole (BT) derivatives have been shown to have a broad spectrum of biological activities. These groups, when bonded, result in the 2-(thio)ureabenzothizoles (TBT and UBT), which could favor the physicochemical and biological properties. UBTs and TBTs are compounds of great importance in medicinal chemistry. For instance, Frentizole is a UBT derivative used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The UBTs Bentaluron and Bethabenthiazuron are commercial fungicides used as wood preservatives and herbicides in winter corn crops. On these bases, we prepared this bibliography review, which covers chemical aspects of UBTs and TBTs as potential therapeutic agents as well as their studies on the mechanisms of a variety of pharmacological activities. This work covers synthetic methodologies from 1935 to nowadays, highlighting the most recent approaches to afford UBTs and TBTs with a variety of substituents as illustrated in 42 schemes and 13 figures and concluded with 187 references. In addition, this interesting review is designed on chemical reactions of 2-aminobenzothiazoles (2ABTs) with (thio)phosgenes, iso(thio)cyanates, 1,1′-(thio)carbonyldiimidazoles [(T)CDI]s, (thio)carbamoyl chlorides, and carbon disulfide. This topic will provide information of utility for medicinal chemists dedicated to the design and synthesis of this class of compounds to be tested with respect to their biological activities and be proposed as new pharmacophores.

Distribution characteristics of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) winter populations in typical Mountain agricultural area of Southwest China

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most damaging crop pests worldwide and has become a significant threat to the food security in many countries. The Lancang River (Mekong) valley and Nujiang River (Salween) valley, which are typical mountain agricultural areas located in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) mountain range, are the key channels for the south to north migration of FAW in southwestern China. The purpose of this study was to analyze the population structure and distribution of FAW winter populations in the Lancang River and Nujiang River basins and relate these findings with respect to altitude, latitude, and mean monthly winter temperature in order to explore the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the winter population. Our results indicated that overwintering populations of FAW mainly appeared in winter cornfields with a few pupae found in summer cornfields near the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River basin (south 26.04° N and below 1600 m) and the Nujiang River basin (south of 26.80° N and below 1500 m). Winter corn appeared to be a prerequisite for the occurrence of FAW in winter. The mean monthly temperature of the coldest month being greater than 10 °C is one critical factor determining where FAW populations will occur in winter. Some control options that could be used in these river basins include adjusting crop planting patterns and developing a large-scale non-host isolation band.

37 Evaluation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production in Growing and Finishing Cattle Raised in Conventional or Confinement-based Herds

Abstract Cattle originating from 2 different herds were used during growing and finishing programs to evaluate differences in CH4 and CO2 production. The conventional (CONV) herd used spring calving, summer grass grazing, and winter corn residue grazing. An alternate (ALT) herd housed cows in confinement pens during summer, calved in summer, grazed cover crops in fall and grazed corn residue before returning to confinement pens in spring. Each herd had 4 groups of 20 cows. For 2 years calves from each herd were weaned at the same age and then fed ad libitum for a 120-d growing (GR) period and fed a forage-based diet (NEg 1.23 Mcal/kg). Cattle were then adapted to a grain-based finishing (FIN) diet (NEg 1.51 Mcal/kg) and fed until reaching 1.27 cm backfat. Both CH4 and CO2 were collected in two pen-scale chambers by collecting air samples continuously from each pen ambient air. Each group was evaluated in the pen-scale chambers for 5 days during both the GR and FIN phases. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with day in barn as a repeated measure. Whether cattle originated from CONV or ALT had no impact (P > 0.25) on CH4 or CO2 production. Feeding GR resulted in greater (P < 0.03) CH4 than FIN in grams per day (125.4 vs 117.5), grams per kg of intake (16.1 vs 11.5), or g per kg of body weight (0.50 vs 0.24). Greater CO2 production was observed for FIN as compared to GR which is due to greater size and energy intake. Diet impacts CH4 more so than cow-calf production system cattle originate from.

Does the residual effect of n-fertilization applied on corn phase maintain forage production of the following pasture phase in an integrated crop-livestock system?

Nutrient cycling represents an important nutrient source in the Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS). In general, only the crop phase of the ICLS is fertilized, however little is known about this residual effect of nitrogen fertilization from summer crop to succeeding winter pasture. This research aimed to evaluate the forage growth dynamic and botanical composition of a mixed pasture of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) affected by two canopy height managements (high and low) and nitrogen fertilization applied to either the summer crop (corn) or winter pasture phase of an ICLS. The experiment was established in 2012 in southern Brazil. Black oat and ryegrass were growing during winter season and corn (Zea mays L.) during summer season, being this paper related to the 2014 pasture period. Treatments were composed by two canopy heights (25 and 10 cm) and two N-Fertilization Times (N-Pasture or N-Corn) of 200 kg of N ha-1. Canopy height was regulated by beef steers grazing through continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate. Forage mass was lower in the 10 cm canopy height on average, however this forage mass was composed by greater proportion of ryegrass leaves and lower proportion of dead material in relation to the treatment with 25 cm canopy height. The N-fertilization applied directly on pasture phase (N-Pasture) increased forage mass, tiller population density, participation of ryegrass and ryegrass leaf proportion in the forage mass. Furthermore, when pasture was fertilized with N, the forage accumulation rate increased about 69%, highlighting that the corn N-fertilization did not present significant effect on forage productivity. The residual effect of corn N-fertilization was not enough to maintain high forage accumulation. Thus, the pasture N-fertilization is fundamental to keep high-productive crop-livestock system.

Satellite-based system of area estimation for main agricultural crops of Ukraine

The article studies one of the most important issues of agricultural production maintenance – development of a system of crops area estimation in Ukraine. The objective of this paper is to describe the similar system that uses high resolution satellite data and operational agrometeorological data from the network of the Hydrometeorological Centre of Ukraine as input information. The system is based on step-by-step solving of the following tasks: obtaining geoinformation data for individual agricultural crops; development of methods for multispectral satellite images classification; development of software applications to automate the process of these images classification with subsequent classification of crop areas. The research uses the following algorithms (or classifiers) to classify the agricultural land: SVM (support vector machine), RF ("random forest") and NN (neural networks). The choice of the most accurate of them formed the basis of the general method of classification. The values of spectral characteristics of red and infrared channels of a complete set of cloudless satellite images during the growing period were used as input data (features). As a result, in 2018 some test calculations were conducted to estimate the area of agricultural crops in Kyiv Region. The results of evaluation of accuracy of the satellite-based agricultural crops area estimation using the statistical data showed that the lowest accuracy is typical for winter wheat and corn. The accuracy of soybeans and spring barley classification is quite low for most of the tested fields. Sunflower and rapeseed crops showed the highest accuracy. In order to improve the accuracy of classification, it is necessary to introduce more classification features (in a temporary aspect) by processing more satellite images during the growing period, and to increase the number of test samples through systematic sampling of ground data across the regions in Ukraine. We suggest using the scheme of main agricultural crops area estimation satellite-based system by the Hydrometeorological Centre of Ukraine.

Effect of the water regime, crop rotation and fertilizers in biogenic matters leaching into ground water and surface water

The purpose of our work was to establish features of formation of filtration processes and to define prevention measures towards the nutrients leaching from drainage soils into the ground waters. Our researches were carried out on typical drained floodplain soils of Panfil Research Station, Institute of Agriculture of National Academy of Agrarian Science (floodplain of Supiy River, Yahotyn district, Kiev region, Ukraine) in 2016-2018. The arable layer of peatlands had high level of decomposition (50-60%) with gross nitrogen contamination of 1.9%, phosphorus

Плодородие почвы и урожайность озимой пшеницы и кукурузы на зерно в короткоротационном севообороте при различных технологиях выращивания

Плодородие почвы и урожайность озимой пшеницы и кукурузы на зерно в короткоротационном севообороте при различных технологиях выращивания

The influence of biological growth regulator Stivin on the productivity of agricultural crops

In order to further increase the productivity of crop production under modern environments, there is a need to change the overall strategy of agronomic and phytosanitary technologies, such as strengthening their environmental orientation with a constant increase in the adaptive capabilities of plants. The purpose of the research was to study the features of the action of the new multifunctional plant growth regulator Stivin created on the basis of components of plant origin, and to evaluate its eff ectiveness when used on major crops such as: winter wheat, spring barley, corn, soy, sugar beet, potatoes and sunfl ower. A multifunctional drug based on a complex of plant-derived elicitors (extracts of active substances from the fruit elements of grapes and sugar beet) has been created. The main active physiologically active substances of the drug have been established: 16 proteinogenic amino acids, resveratrol, abscisic acid, macro- and microelements in dosages typical for signaling substances. On the base of assessment of biochemical predictors of immunity and the establishment of its prolonged eff ect on the immune status of plants, the elicitor principle of the new growth regulator has been established. When processing vegetative plants with Stivin in the spring during the tillering phase, high values of the approximation coeffi cient (from 0,67 to 0,92) of the dependencies of the studied indicators on the norm of use of the drug have been established for 11 signs out of 15 (73 %). New knowledge has been obtained that the main factor determining the direction and eff ects of the drug Stivin on plants is the rate of its use. On the example of the created drug, the methodological basis for evaluating the eff ect of growth regulators on plants has been developed.

Humus balance in short-term crop rotation

The results of studies of humus dynamics under five-field field rotation (2013–2017) are presented. It was investigated that among four crop rotations, deficient humus balance for rotation was provided only by winter wheat and corn for grain in all three variants of fertilizing system. In the non-fertilizer version, winter wheat accumulated 7.27 t/ha of surface-root residues, which, in the process of humification, provided 1.45 t/ha of humus in the soil. Thus, humus supply exceeded the losses by 0.20 t/ha. In the version with applying only mineral fertilizers (N90P60K60), the excess of the humus yield over losses was 0.32 t/ha, and the additional by-products — 2.04 t/ha. Similar results were obtained for maize on grain. Humus deficiency is observed in all fertilizer variants for soybeans and sunflowers. The highest humus losses (–0.82 t/ha) of soybeans and (–1.06 t/ha) of sunflower are recorded in the version without fertilizer. Humus losses on the steam field variant averaged 2.0 t/ha and, when applying the sidereal crop (corn in the milky-waxy phase), they decreased to — 0.62 t/ha. Applying of mineral fertilizers contributed to a slight decrease in humus losses in both cultures, whereas when adding by-products, humus losses were at the level of error. In short field crop rotation with the cultivation of winter wheat, corn soybeans for grain, sunflower, and the inclusion of the steam field, a deficient humus balance is achieved only when optimal doses of fertilizers are applied to each crop, combined with by-product yield of each crop.

Evaluating of soil sulphur forms changes in long-term field experiments of Látókép

The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes of different sulphur forms (soluble, adsorbed) in chernozem soil in a long-term field experiment supplied with increasing doses of NPK fertilizers for a long time. In addition, other objective of this study included the examination of the applicability of recommended extractants of the different sulphate fraction in Hungarian soils. A long-term field experiment was established at the Research Station of Látókép of the University of Debrecen in 1984. In addition to control, two levels of NPK fertilizer doses have been used with irrigated and non-irrigated variants. Winter wheat and corn were cropped in a crop rotation on plots. Soil samples were collected in three different development stages of winter wheat, at the stage of stem elongation (April), flowering (May) and ripening (June of 2018) from the topsoil (0–20 cm) of experiment plots. Water-soluble inorganic sulphate was extracted with 0.01M CaCl2 solutions. The soluble plus adsorbed sulphate was extracted with 0.016M KH2PO4 solution. Sulphate was measured by turbidimetric method. 0.01M CaCl2-SO42— ranged between 0.293–1.896 mg kg-1 and the 0.016 M KH2PO4-SO42- varied between 5.087–10.261 mg kg-1. The values of KH2PO4 SO42- was higher than that of CaCl2-SO42-, because KH2PO4 extracted the adsorbed and soluble fractions of sulphate, while CaCl2 extracted the soluble sulphate fraction. The amount of absorbed sulphate was calculated by the differences of KH2PO4- SO4 and CaCl2-SO4. The KH2PO4 characterizes mainly the adsorbed sulphate fraction much more than the water-soluble fraction. KCl is the most widely used extractant for the determination of plant available sulphate content of soil in Hungary; therefore, KCl-SO42- fraction also was determined. The KCl-SO42- ranged between 0.328–2.152 mg kg-1. The CaCl2-SO42- and KCl-SO42- fractions were compared and based on Pearson's linear correlation, moderate correlation was established (r=0.511) between them. In all three extractant (0.01M CaCl2, 1M KCl, 0.016 M KH2PO4) higher sulphate fractions were measured in the fertilized plots where superphosphate had been supplied for ages until 2010. The arylsulphatase activity of soil also was determined and ranged between 9.284 and 26.860 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 h-1. The lowest value was observed in the treatment with highest NPK2 dose, both in irrigated and non-irrigated areas.

YIELD RESPONSE FACTOR (KY) FOR WINTER CORN CROP IN THE REGION OF DOURADOS, MS, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Plant yield is strongly influenced by the amount of water used by it. In this sense, yield response factor (Ky) allows evaluating the decrease in yield as a function of the evapotranspiration that occurs, which may be an important tool for harvest forecasting. Therefore, this study aimed to determine Ky for winter corn crop grown in the region of Dourados, MS, Brazil. The yield function analysis based on the water factor, which requires actual (Ya) and maximum (Ym) yield data, as well as actual (ETa) and maximum (ETm) evapotranspiration, was used to adjust Ky. Ym was assumed to be 8,820 kg ha−1, while Ya was obtained for each season from the database SIDRA from IBGE. ETm and ETa were estimated by sequential daily water balance, considering four different sowing dates (all in the off-season). In total, seasons from 2001 to 2013 were analyzed. The high Ky value obtained (1.22) for winter corn crop showed its high sensitivity to water deficit. Its yield is strongly influenced by water availability so that for every 1% reduction in evapotranspiration, there is a 1.22% yield reduction.

Investimentos na aplicação de defensivos agrícolas na região do Médio-Norte do estado Matogrossense

Agricultural procedures have evolved to be more efficient, with new strategies to decrease the production costs so that agriculture continues to be viable. The objective was to evaluate the best investment option for the pesticide management application in the crops of a farmers´ group buyer supplies in the north of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study includes the economic viability analyses of the aerial spraying during one crop year´ season, summer soybean and winter corn, spraying in two economically distinct systems, with an outsourced aircraft and with an own aircraft. Both projects proved positive viabilities thanks to the reduction of injuries losses caused by the tires of the terrestrial equipment over the crops (mechanical damage). However, it is noted that comparing economically both projects over the long term the purchase of the aircraft is a more interesting investment, because as the internal rate of return is higher, after the investment is paid, approximately in the third year, the net present value becomes larger and more remarkable than the rent of the aircraft.

Short Communication: Evaluating feed cost, income over feed cost, and the cost of production for milk and crops on 4 case study farms that double cropped winter annual silage and corn silage for 2 years in northern and western Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT Double cropping is used to reduce environmental impacts, increase total farm forage yields, and reduce feed costs. Whereas double cropping is common in areas with longer growing seasons, it is not common in areas with shorter growing seasons. This study evaluated the cost to produce milk and crops on 4 dairy farms in northern and western Pennsylvania, a region where double cropping is not common due to the shorter growing season relative to other parts of the state where double cropping is more common. Production and financial data were collected during farm visits. Cost of production (COP) per hundredweight (45.36 kg) of energy-corrected milk and per DM tonne of crops raised was calculated. Herd size averaged 292 cows, and farm size averaged 319 ha, with 14.1% of hectares double cropped during 2016 and 2017. Yields of winter annual silage averaged 3.7 and 3.2 t/ha for 2016 and 2017, respectively. The COP for energy-corrected milk ranged from $13.06 to $26.00/hundredweight across all farms during both years. The COP for winter annual silage ranged from $138 for one farm in 2016 to $322/t for another farm during 2017, with an average across farms and years of $252.59/t compared with an average purchased price of $210/t of winter annual silage. Overall, the COP of winter annual silage was greater than the purchase price of winter annual silage for 3 of the 4 farms in the study.

The Expansion of the Brazilian Winter Corn Crop and Its Impact on Price Transmission

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the growth of the Brazilian winter corn crop on the dynamics between domestic Brazilian prices and international prices as well as spot and futures prices in Brazil. Econometric time-series methods tests were applied using Brazilian spot and futures prices and U.S. futures prices. The statistical analysis found evidence that a long-run relationship between Brazilian and U.S. prices had developed, and the Brazilian futures market developed a more dominant role in the relationship between spot and futures prices domestically. These findings were particularly noticeable after 2002, when expanding corn production in Brazil was leading to greater participation in the international market (exports) and increasing trading in the Brazilian futures market.

Экологическая устойчивость в посевах основных групп сельскохозяйственных культур в Самарской области

Спрогнозировано экологическое состояние основных растений агроландшафтов Самарской области. Для этого в 2010 – 2015 гг. было отобрано 500 растительных образцов в посевах сельскохозяйственных культур, пастбищах, лесополосах. Образцы анализировали на содержание химических элементов (кадмия, свинца, меди, цинка, кобальта, марганца, хрома, железа) атомно-абсорбционным методом. Установлено, что по показателям биотичности элементов (ПБЭ) изученным растениям свойственна кадмиево-цинковая специфичность. Значимый ПБЭ кадмия (равно и более 0,3) обнаружен во всех растениях, по ПБЭ цинка исключением явились картофель, пшеница озимая, рожь озимая, твердая яровая пшеница, гречиха, житняк и козлятник. Для земляники садовой установлен высокий ПБЭ Cu (0,5), для житняка — Pb (0,3). Расчет коэффициентов перехода (Кп) элементов из корней в надземную массу (вегетативные и генеративные органы) показал, что у зерновых культур активно транспортируется Zn и Cd; зернофуражных, пропашных, однолетних и многолетних трав — Cu и Zn; зерновых бобовых — Cd; для гороха и сои — Mn (Kп = 1,1 и 1,2); земляника садовая активно транспортирует к листьям Cr и Mn, из ботвы картофеля к клубням переходят преимущественно Cd и Pb. Прочно фиксируются корнями Cd у мягкой пшеницы, гречихи, вики, житняка, Pb у озимой ржи, твердой пшеницы, овса, гороха, сои, подсолнечника, кукурузы, Fe имеет низкие Kп, очень прочно фиксируется, не переходя в надземную часть пшеницы озимой, проса, подсолнечника, земляники, картофеля, костра, житняка, козлятника, ковыля. По приведенным расчетам сделан вывод об акропетальном движении изученных элементов.

Применение регуляторов роста растений для уменьшения содержания тяжёлых металлов в сельскохозяйственной продукции

Одним из возможных путей снижения содержания тяжёлых металлов (ТМ) в сельскохозяйственной продукции может быть обработка регуляторами роста. Показано влияние некорневых обработок регуляторами роста растений (Эпин, Силк, Крезацин, Мивал, Энергия-М, Дарина, Лигногумат) на содержание ТМ в сельскохозяйственных культурах в разных почвенно-климатических условиях. Исследования проводили на обыкновенном среднемощном тяжелосуглинистом чернозёме. Применение регуляторов роста растений и гуминовых удобрений в технологиях возделывания озимой пшеницы, риса, гречихи, сои, подсолнечника, кукурузы и сахарной свёклы способствует уменьшению содержания ТМ в товарной и нетоварной частях растений. Содержание ТМ на соответствие требованиям СанПиН 2.3.2.1078–01 устанавливали в лабораториях по определению качества пищевой и сельскохозяйственной продукции. Согласно полученным данным наибольшее количество ТМ содержалось в нетоварной части зерновых культур и наименьшее — в зерне. Применение регуляторов роста растений снижало содержание ТМ в товарной продукции в 1,5 – 2 раза. У столовой свёклы содержание свинца и кадмия было одинаковым, как в ботве, так и в корнеплодах. Регуляторы роста растений и гуминовые удобрения снижали на обоих агрофонах содержание свинца и кадмия в 1,5 – 2,5 раза. Наибольший эффект по снижению содержания свинца и кадмия наблюдали при обработках растений в течение вегетационного периода кремнийорганическим препаратом Энергия-М. Содержание ТМ при некорневых обработках растений при этом снижалось в 2 – 5 раз в зависимости от культуры, как на минеральном, так и на органоминеральном агрофоне.