Winkler Method Research Articles

Winkler Titration Assessment of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in Oka Creek, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State

Aim: The aim of study was to investigate the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in water samples from the Oka Creek. Study Design: Qualitative study design. Place and Duration of Study: Water samples were collected from the Oka Creek, located in Toru-Orua in Sagbama Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study lasted for twenty days. Methods: Water samples were collected from four different locations and depths in the Oka Creek, Toru-Orua, Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, at various times. Each sample was transferred into 250 ml bottles labeled L1, L2, L3, and L4. The temperatures of the samples were recorded before transporting them to the chemistry laboratory for treatment. Winkler titration method was employed in analyzing the samples. Results: Location L1 recorded the highest BOD value, 28.38 ppm, measured at sunset (25 °C), from a relatively stagnant region. The high BOD at this location is attributed to minimal photosynthetic activity and significant oxygen consumption by microorganisms. In contrast, L2, collected from the same region at 35 °C during peak sunlight, exhibited a BOD value of 21.76 ppm. The lower BOD at L2 is due to increased photosynthetic activity. These high values suggest significant sludge deposits, domestic sewage and agricultural runoffs, which could lead to oxygen depletion and negatively impact aquatic life. Sample L3, taken from a deeper, stagnant region at sunset (25 °C), recorded a BOD value of 4.50 ppm. This moderate BOD level suggests the presence of moderate sludge deposits and agricultural runoff, but higher water flow speed helped mitigate these effects. Location L4, with the lowest BOD value of 3.74 ppm, was collected during peak sunlight (35 °C). Deeper location and high water flow speed contributed to reduced BOD levels, indicating better water quality and a healthier aquatic environment. Conclusion: The BOD values at L1 and L2 (28.38 ppm and 21.76 ppm) exceed acceptable limits for fish growth. Conversely, BOD values at L3 and L4 (4.50 ppm and 3.74 ppm) fall within acceptable limits, suggesting healthier aquatic environment, as evidenced by the yearly bountiful fish harvests in these sections of the Oka Creek.

Acceleration of reaction by glass magnet stirring shortens the time for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater by the Winkler method

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the core parameters in ocean investigation among various disciplines. The Winkler method, a classical approach, is extensively employed for DO determination. This method uses the reaction of Mn2+ to I3‐− as a proxy to quantitatively convert DO to iodine, followed by titration with sodium thiosulfate solution. However, this method is time-consuming and laborious due to the shaking and/or re-shaking of the DO bottle after adding the pickling reagents and waiting for the precipitate to settle. In this study, we implemented a stirring operation using a glass-coated magnetic stir bar at 1000 rpm for 1 min to replace the traditional static settling. The precision of DO measurements obtained via manual titration (coefficient of variation, CV < 0.2%) was comparable to that of the traditional method. Conversely, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated magnetic stir bar was unsuitable due to the release of pre-adsorbed oxygen. Comparative experiments conducted during an Indian Ocean cruise demonstrated that the DO measurements obtained using the improved method were in good agreement with those obtained using the traditional method. The coefficient of determination (R2) from the linear regression of the two methods was 0.999, and the ratio of the results averaged 1.00 ± 0.02. Our study also revealed that the combined effect of Mg2+, Ca2+, OH−, and HCO3− increases the settling time after the addition of pickling reagents. Overall, this modification represents a useful and labor-saving advancement in the determination of a classic oceanographic parameter, with potential for widespread adoption by scientists and technicians.

Numerical Simulation Study Considering Discontinuous Longitudinal Joints in Soft Soil under Symmetric Loading

In shield tunneling, the joint is one of the most vulnerable parts of the segmental lining. Opening of the joint reduces the overall stiffness of the ring, leading to structural damage and issues such as water leakage. Currently, the Winkler method is commonly used to calculate structural deformation, simplifying the interaction between segments and soil as radial and tangential Winkler springs. However, when introducing connection springs or reduction factors to simulate the joint stiffness of segments, the challenge lies in determining the reduction coefficient and the stiffness of the springs. Currently, the hyperstatic reflection method cannot simulate the discontinuity effect at the connection of the tunnel segments, while the state space method overlooks the nonlinear interaction between the tunnel and the soil. Therefore, this paper proposes a numerical simulation method considering the interaction between the tunnel and the soil, which is subjected to compression rather than tension, and the discontinuity of the joints between the segments. The model structure and external load are symmetrical, resulting in symmetrical calculation results. This method is based on the soft soil layers and shield tunnel structures of the Shanghai Metro, and the applicability of the model is verified through deformation calculations using three-dimensional laser scanning point clouds of sections from the Shanghai Metro Line 5. When the subgrade reaction coefficient is 5000 kN/m3, the model can effectively simulate the deformation of operational tunnels. By adjusting the bending stiffness of individual connection springs, we investigate the influence of bending stiffness reduction on the bending moment, radial displacement, and rotational displacement of the ring. The results indicate that a decrease in joint bending stiffness significantly affects the mechanical response of the ring, and the extent and degree of this influence are correlated with the joint position and the magnitude of joint bending stiffness.

Weaknesses and Strengths of the Winkler Method in Designing Foundations

The reaction between the foundation and the soil below it is one of the important issues in civil engineering, and this factor has a significant effect on the behavior of the structure. In this article, first, the basic principles of this method and the simplifications introduced in it are introduced, and then the concept of the most important input parameter of this model, the substrate reaction coefficient, determination relationships, and factors affecting it are discussed. The main goal of this article is to understand the concept of the Winkler method and the bed reaction coefficient so that engineers can choose this model with full knowledge of its weaknesses and strengths and the theories used in it. Also, by studying the factors affecting the bed reaction coefficient, it is possible to estimate More realistic values should be provided so that the results of this method are more correct and accurate.

Single Laboratory Validation of Four Methods for Quantification of HMF in Honey

Hydroxymethylfurfural or 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF) has been absent or found in honey naturally at very low amount. It is formed in honey mainly by heating process and improper storage conditions. HMF has been reported to have cytotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects and thus regulatory agencies in many countries impose restrictions on its maximum levels in honey. Validated methods have been required for effective and specific detection and quantification of HMF in food samples. In this study, a single laboratory validation study was conducted on four quantification methods: direct spectral analysis, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, Seliwanoff and Winkler methods. All methods showed linearity with the lowest R2 value of 0.992. Two method performance parameters, accuracy, and precision were satisfied by each four methods with recovery values at 98.2%, 100.2%, 102.5% and 103.3% and RSDr (relative standard deviation) % values at 6.97%, 6.19%, 2.87% and 0.90% for spectral analysis, Seliwanoff, HPLC and Winkler methods, respectively. Based on the measurement uncertainties of four quantification methods, honey samples spiked with HMF at the final concentration of 0.004mg/0.1g were reported as 0.004 mg/0.1g ± 0.00025 mg/0.1g by spectral analysis, 0.0036 mg/0.1g ± 0.000691 mg/0.1g by Seliwanoff method, 0.004 mg/0.1g ± 0.00045 mg/0.1g by HPLC and 0.0039 mg/0.1g ± 0.00022 mg/0.1g by Winkler methods (k=2, confidence level of 95%). The validated methods can quantify HMF in honey with a target concentration of 0.004 mg/0.1g, specifically and accurately.

Effect of soil types on nonlinear earthquake behavior of buildings

The Winkler method, which is widely used today, assumes that the soil behaves elastically and does not take into account the soil shear stress values, it is insufficient to reflect the actual soil behavior. Especially in the earthquake calculations of rigid and massive structures such as high-rise buildings, dams, suspension bridges, viaducts, it is necessary to consider soil as a dynamic system that changes shape and affects the behavior of the structure in terms of inertia. In response to the effect of soil on the structure, the structure also affects soil both kinematically and dynamically. Thus, in the absence of the structure, the earthquake data, which is only a result of the dynamic behavior of the soil in its internal structure, now acquires a more complex soil motion characteristic that is also affected by the presence of the structure. The observations made in some earthquakes show that the changes between the records taken simultaneously on the building foundation and at soil surface not a point far from foundation, show that the structure also affects soil therefore soil motion in response to the effect of the earthquake on the structure. In this study, the effect of soil types on the nonlinear seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structures was investigated. For this purpose, 7-storey building models with different plans and rigidities were created. The behavior of these models under 11 different earthquake loads for the ZA, ZB, ZC, ZD, ZE soil types specified in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code has been investigated. Analyzes were made using the time history method with the help of the SAP2000 program. As a result of the analysis, the displacements, plastic hinge formation, Effective inter-storey drift and period values obtained for different models were compared.

An efficacy investigation of combining Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with Filters as a Bioremediation for Leachate Contaminated Water

Pollution occurs everywhere and threatens rice field that require good quality water. Leachate is a pollutant from the Final Disposal Site (TPA) and flows into irrigation in the surrounding area. This study aims to experimentally analyse using a combination of Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes and filter media (zeolite, charcoal, and gravel) to improve irrigation water quality and performance in a limited time. Samples were obtained from TPA Pakusari, Jember, East Java, Indonesia (-8,16956, 113.76129). There were three treatments: control, Water Hyacinth (WH), and Water Hyacinth + Filter (WHF). Multiparameter Aquacombo HM 3070 was used to test the parameters of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Conductivity, and pH. Determination of DO levels was done by the Winkler Method. Sample tests were performed every day (0-14 days). TDS and pH measurements showed that WH was a treatment that significantly reduced the effect. OD measurements showed significant increases in WH and WHF on the 7th day but not significant again on the 14th day. BOD measurements showed that control and WH decreased significantly starting the seventh day. Only the control treatment differed significantly on day 14 for conductivity measurements. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the WH and WHF treatments differed significantly, as a set of measured parameters between treatments formed different clusters on days 7 and 14. The significance of this study lies in its potential contribution to developing effective and sustainable methods to mitigate water pollution in agricultural settings, particularly in regions affected by leachate from disposal sites. The findings could be pivotal in improving irrigation water quality, thereby supporting healthier crop growth and sustainable agricultural practices.

EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL PECAN SHELL (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd) WITH VARIATIONS IN SULFURIC ACID CONCENTRATION ON DECREASED COD AND BOD LEVELS OF LAUNDRY LIQUID WASTE

Pecan shells are organic waste that can be decomposed but the texture is hard enough that it takes a long time to decompose it naturally. Various efforts to utilize pecan shell waste (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd), one of which is as a raw material for making activated charcoal. This study aims to find out how the effect of pecan shell activated charcoal (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd) with variations in the concentration of sulfuric acid against a decrease in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels of laundry liquid waste, as well as the effectiveness of the concentration of sulfuric acid activators. The manufacture of pecan shell activated charcoal (Aleurites moluccanus L. Willd) as an adsorbent is carried out through two stages, namely the authoring stage and the activation stage. BOD testing is carried out by the Winkler titration method while COD is carried out by the closed reflux method. The concentration of sulfuric acid used is 0.5 N; 1.0 N; 1.5 N; 2.0 N; and 2.5 N with a soaking time of 2 hours. The results showed that the sulfuric acid activator that was most effective in reducing laundry liquid waste was at a concentration of 1.5 N with the largest decrease value for BOD, namely 955.56 mg/L (25.44 %) and for COD which was 1648.69 mg/L (18.56 %).

A comparative study of the saproxylic diversity of a natural and a reforested forest in Morocco: Implications for conservation and ecosystem management

Moroccan forest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity. However, they are threatened by deforestation. To reduce this, the country has adopted plans involving reforestation. This study compares the diversity of saproxylic litter beetles in two forests in the province of El Jadida, Morocco: the natural Haouzia matorral and the reforested Chiadma forest. The Winkler method and Tullgren funnel were used to assess saproxylic beetles, which serve as bioindicators to evaluate the effectiveness of reforestation efforts. A total of 160 specimens were sampled in the natural forest, symmetrically and concentratedly distributed, with 3% being saproxylic. In the natural bushes, anthropogenic activities have caused a low percentage of species richness. Conversely, the reforested forest has a similar abundance and richness, with 85 specimens and 7% saproxylic. However, the distribution of specimens in the reforested forest is less symmetrical and concentrated than in the natural forest. The differences in species richness are attributed to the different systems present at each site. The natural scrub has an endemism rate of 33%, which is higher than that of Chiadma (13%). These results highlight the significance of management, planning, and protection efforts to conserve these natural ecosystems, which are a national heritage.

An Explorement of the Implications of Dumpsite Leachate on Surface Water Quality in Muenene River, Mutare, Zimbabwe

Background: Solid waste is one of biggest challenges of the urban areas of all sizes, from mega cities to small towns and large villages, which are home to the majority of mankind. In addition, the non-industrialised countries have low levels of refuse collection rates of 30 to 60% in low income countries and 50-60% in middle income countries. Globally, there are ongoing campaigns encouraging the use of the environment in a sustainable manner, which implies that the negative impacts on the environment and climate change must be taken into consideration. Methodology: The researchers instituted an experimental design. The researchers collected leachate samples from Mutare Open Dump site for laboratory analysis. Water samples were also collected from Muenene River for physico-chemical parameter analysis, heavy metal analysis and nutrient for laboratory analysis. The results were compared with the WHO standards and the Environmental Management Agency standards. The Winkler method was used for determination of Dissolved Oxygen, the multi-parameter brand 40HQD was used to test for the physico-chemical parameters [pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)]. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used for the determination of iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, manganese, chromium, calcium, Magnesium and lead from samples The Spectrophotometer was used to measure the nutrients of phosphate, nitrates, sulphates, and ammonia. The broad objective of the study being to assess the impacts of dumpsite leachate in surface water quality in Muenene River in Mutare. The specific objectives were, to determine the levels and variations of the following physico-chemical parameters in Muenene River: pH, TDS, EC, and Salinity.to analyse the nutrient levels in leachate and leachate-contaminated Muenene River water in terms of nitrate, ammonia, sulphate, and phosphate and to measure the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Pb, Mg, Cu, and Ni) in Mutare dumpsite leachate. Results: Nutrients such as ammonia, phosphate, nitrates were found to be above the permissible levels, subsequently leading pollution of the Muenene River. The heavy metals include Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd were found to be above permissible levels in terms of S.I 6 of 2007 for wastewater discharge regulations in Zimbabwe. Zn, Ni and Cr were detected but were at normal range that is not harmful to the environment. The leachate generated from dump site finally flows into a stream used to irrigate vegetables and fruits. The water quality analysis revealed unsatisfactory results due to the elevated concentrations of phosphorus, ammonia, and the biochemical oxygen demand ratio (BOD). Conclusion: Results of the physico-chemical parameters analysis indicated that untreated leachate and unsegregated solid waste leads to deterioration of water quality. The nutrient quality of the water was also compromised as ammonia, phosphate, nitrates were found to be above the permissible. The heavy metals include Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd that were found to be above permissible levels in terms of S.I 6 of 2007 for wastewater discharge regulations in Zimbabwe. Zn, Ni and Cr were detected but were at normal range that is not harmful to the environment.

Influences of zonation on water fertility and structure communities of phytoplankton and benthos in Batukaras Mangrove Forest, Pangandaran District, Indonesia

Abstract. Pratiwi D, Oktavia D, Sumiarsa D, Sunardi S. 2023. Influences of zonation on water fertility and structure communities of phytoplankton and benthos in Batukaras Mangrove Forest, Pangandaran District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4978-4988. Mangrove forests are coastal areas with several advantages, including access to natural resources that other regions do not provide. Pangandaran has mangrove forest areas, namely Batukaras mangroves, located in Batukaras Village, Pangandaran, West Java, Indonesia. This study aims to identify the primary productivity and community structure of phytoplankton and benthos as one of the natural resources in the Batukaras mangrove with different zone patterns of mangrove (seaward and landward). The purposive sampling method determined the observation stations based on the vegetation density. The obtained data of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) was analyzed with the light and dark bottle (Winkler method). In addition, the data community structure of phytoplankton and benthos was analyzed using the Shannon Wienner diversity index (H'), equitability index (E), and Simpson dominance index (D). The results show that the NPP in seaward and landward are mesotrophic with values of 105.833 mgC/m3/h and 36.463 mgC/m3/h. The abundance of phytoplankton and benthos in seaward is 560 ind/m3 and 387 ind, while landward ranges from 1140 ind/m3 and 135 ind. Planktoniella sp. and Faunus ater dominated the community structure of phytoplankton and benthos seaward, while the landward location consisted of Oscillatoria sp. and Terebralia sulcata. The community structure of phytoplankton and benthos in seaward and landward has significant differences (&lt;0.05). The seaward and landward zone shows relatively stable and non-polluted waters.

Estimation of Physicochemical Properties in the Estuarine Water of Mithbav Tidal Mud Flats (Downstream Part), Coastal Maharashtra

Estuarine environments have become crucial in coastal areas nowadays. Mangrove swamps, mudflats and related estuarine environments provide a habitat for animals and encourage plant growth. For the people of coastal areas, estuaries are one of the vital sources of food and other economic activity. The imbalance in the quality and quantity of Estuarine water in terms of its physicochemical parameters causes adverse effects on marine life. In the present study, an attempt has been made to estimate the physicochemical properties of the estuarine water of Mithbav tidal mud flats (downstream part) of coastal Maharashtra. Several methods have been used to evaluate the variations in physical and chemical properties of estuarine water in Mithbav including standard water testing,1 the titration method and Winkler's method. Salinity, turbidity, pH, total hardness, DO, TDS, EC, nitrate, fluoride, phosphate, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, carbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium and sulphate were examined for the seven cross-sectional sites of Mithbav estuarine water. Some parameters show levels of contamination that exceed the maximum limit. For instance, during the post-monsoon season, the average value of dissolved oxygen (DO) was recorded as 11.57mg/L whereas it has been recorded as 8.07mg/L during the summer season. The total dissolved solids (TDS) showed an average increase from 141.54 to 348.57ppt between pre and post-monsoon seasons. The electrical conductivity (EC) also increased from 45558.17μ S/Cm to 31445.85 μ S/Cm respectively from the dry to the wet season. The fluoride levels during the post-monsoon season ranged from 1.07 mg/L at CS-1 to 4.2 mg/L at CS-6. The study shows that the Mithbav coastal ecosystem and nearby areas are at significant risk of contamination from physiochemical parameters that could harm the environment.

KUMLU ZEMİN ÜZERİNDEKİ RADYE TEMELLERİN WİNKLER VE PSÜDO-EŞLENİK YÖNTEMLERİ İLE ANALİZİ

The settlements occurred in building foundations depend on many soil parameters. Thus, these parameters make the solution both difficult and complex during the calculating process. Therefore, finite element programs use the subgrade reaction coefficient to facilitate the foundation solution. Two different methods, which are Winkler method and Pseudo coupled method, are used in the basic solutions with the coefficient of subgrade reaction. While the Winkler method can be solved with a single field, the pseudo method can be solved with 2 or more fields. In this study, a 10 story building with a 36 m x 36 m square foundation was separately designed on four different sand soils. Two of these soils are classified as C and the others are classified as D according to Eurocode 8. The foundation of this building built on four different soils was divided into six different areas (one region, two regions, three regions, five regions, seven regions, 10 regions). Consequently, 24 analyzes were performed by using the ETABS program. According to the results obtained from these analyzes, while it is appropriate to use the Winkler method in weak sand soils for rigid foundation acceptance, it is more appropriate to use the Pseudo-coupled method in dense sand soils. Pseudo-coupled method should be used in flexible foundation solutions built on weak sand soils. The Winkler method should be used for flexible foundations built on dense sand soils. In the Pseudo-coupled method, the highest settlements were obtained in the two-region solutions. An optimum number of fields was found to be 7 for Pseudo-coupled method.

Comparative Analysis of Groundwater Quality near a Dumping Ground in Garchuk Area, Guwahati

Abstract: This project focuses on analyzing and comparing the water quality of a dumping ground, nearby residential area, and commercial area in Garchuk, Guwahati. Water samples were collected from these three locations using tube wells and various parameters were assessed to evaluate the water quality. The analysis included the measurement of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The Winkler method was employed for DO analysis, involving the oxidation of divalent manganese hydroxide precipitate by dissolved oxygen in the water sample. The BOD determination assessed the oxygen required for the biochemical degradation of organic material during a specified incubation period. Results from the DO analysis indicated varying levels of dissolved oxygen in the water samples collected from the dumping ground, residential site, and commercial site. BOD analysis revealed the oxygen utilization and degradation of organic material in the water samples after a 5-day incubation period. Additionally, the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (Ar), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) were analyzed in the groundwater samples. The results showed that some heavy metal concentrations were below the detectable limit, while others exhibited measurable levels. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the water quality of the studied areas, indicating potential pollution levels and the effectiveness of waste treatment processes. These results contribute to better understanding and management of water resources in the Garchuk area, helping to protect the environment and public health.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of Lake Mechefera for Fish Culture, Ethiopia

Optimum fish production is dependent on the quality of the water. Hence, an investigation on standard water quality requirements for fish culture is very important. The present study was aimed at investigating the water quality of Lake Mechefera for suitability of fish culture in Misrak Badawacho district, Southern Ethiopia. For the laboratory investigation, samples of the water from Lake Mechefera were collected according to standard laboratory guideline for the analysis of water quality parameters. The following water quality parameters were measured in the laboratory and in the field: temperature (thermometer); pH (pH meter); electrical conductivity (conductivity meter); total dissolved solids (volumetric analysis); turbidity (Secchi disk), total hardness (titration method), dissolved oxygen (winkler method), and biological oxygen demand (BOD incubator model. The mean and standard deviation of the results obtained were: pH (8.59±0.01), electrical conductivity (6.23±0.08 μs/cm), temperature (21.43±1.20C), total dissolved solids (1162mg/l to 1329 mg/l), turbidity (3.26±0.15 NTU), total hardness (98.2±0.65 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (4.09±0.51) and biological oxygen demand (4.08±0.64). Generally, most of the water quality parameters evaluated in this study were within the range recommended for fish culture. The implications are that the water sampled in the Lake Mechefera is fit for fish culture with some modification of the water parameters. Further study is needed on phytoplankton diversity and the other remaing water paramers.

Essay auto-scoring using N-Gram and Jaro Winkler based Indonesian Typos

Writing errors on e-essay exams reduce scores. Thus, detecting and correcting errors automatically in writing answers is necessary. The implementation of Levenshtein Distance and N-Gram can detect writing errors. However, this process needed a long time because of the distance method used. Therefore, this research aims to hybrid Jaro Winker and N-Gram methods to detect and correct writing errors automatically. This process required preprocessing and finding the best word recommendations by the Jaro Winkler method, which refers to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). The N-Gram method refers to the corpus. The final scoring used the Vector Space Model (VSM) method based on the similarity of words between the answer keys and the respondent’s answers. Datasets used 115 answers from 23 respondents with some writing errors. The results of Jaro Winkler and N-Gram methods are good in detecting and correcting Indonesian words with the accuracy of detection averages of 83.64% (minimum of 57.14% and maximum of 100.00%). In contrast, the error correction accuracy averages 78.44% (minimum of 40.00% and maximum of 100.00%). However, Natural Language Processing (NLP) needs to improve these results for word recommendations.

Study of 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol Effect on Corrosion of Boiler Low Carbon Steel Pipes in Presence of Sodium Sulfite

This paper studies the effect of 2-Amino-2-mthyl-1-propanol (C3H11NO) on corrosion behavior of boiler steel pipes with low carbon content at sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) in the additive mixtures form as oxygen scavengers in the boiler feed water. &#x0D; Experiments were done at temperatures (100 - 150) ºC and pressures (5 - 9) × 101.3 KN/m² in cylinder autoclave with 7.4 ppm dissolved oxygen in used water, then the corrosion rate is measured by weight loss technique and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in feed water was determined before and after the experiment by Winkler method (Titration). &#x0D; This analysis can provide valuable information for mixture scavengers and corrosion behavior on boiler steel pipes with range of used temperature and pressure. The better ratios found is 60 ppm for every one of amine and sulfite, with the best result in decreasing corrosion rate in acceptable way. The above mentioned ratio is optimal and recommended. This opens up the field for formulation synergetic packages of additives as O2 scavengers. &#x0D; Keywords: Oxygen Scavenger, Na2SO3, C3H11NO, Boiler Steel Pipes, NA-Sulfite &amp; 2-Amino-2-mthyl-1-propanor Additive Package&#x0D;

Effect of Inoculum Concentration on the Degradation of Diesel 2 by a Microbial Consortium

The objective was to determine the effect of inoculum concentration on the degradation of Diesel 2 by a microbial consortium called BIOT.PD001. For this, five systems were designed (in triplicate), which Contained Davis Minimum Medium, 5% Diesel 2 as a carbon source, and a suspension of the microbial consortium BIOT.PD001 (9 × 108 cells/mL) in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% of the final volume. The monitoring of the degradation of Diesel 2 was carried out indirectly through the bacterial counts by the plate count method, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) by the Winkler Method modified according to Alsterberg, and the concentration of total fats by Gerber’s method. The retention time was 15 days. It was observed that the percentage of efficiency of the process increases as the concentration of inoculum increases, obtaining the highest percentage of efficiency (94.77%) when using 10% of inoculum (v/v), while when using inoculum concentrations of 2 and 4% (v/v), the efficiency percentages are the lowest, (68.4 and 66.6%, respectively). On the other hand, the variance analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between the averages of these values. The regression analysis indicated that the inoculum concentration significantly affects the efficiency of Diesel 2 degradation and that this is 86% explained by a linear regression model. There is a linear relationship between the inoculum concentration of the BIOT.PD001 microbial consortium and the BOD5 tend to decrease as a function of time. It is concluded that the inoculum concentration significantly affects the efficiency of the degradation of Diesel 2 by the BIOT.PD001 consortium.

Investigating carbon type differentiation techniques for blast furnace dust

ABSTRACT Coal char presence in blast furnace dust, indicates the inefficiency of combustion in the raceway. A retroactive approach has been applied by investigating the presence of carbon sources in blast furnace dust via carbon type differentiation methodologies. The current state of the art in carbon type differentiation for similar applications consists of thermogravimetric analysis, however this technique does not allow for samples to be analysed in line with the ever-changing conditions of the blast furnace. Here, the TGA method has been trialled for use with blast furnace dust, with improvements offered to the heating profile, allowing for faster analysis. Moreover, alternative techniques have been trialled, in combination with characterisation methods such as XRD, SEM/EDS, total carbon and ICP-OES. The ‘Winkler Method’ originally designed to quantify charcoal in soil sediment, has been successfully optimised for carbon type differentiation in blast furnace dust, showing good correlation with the original benchmark technique.

POI POINT ENTITY MATCHING AND FUSION BASED ON MULTI SIMILARITY CALCULATION

Abstract. This paper presents a multi-source POI matching method with multi feature similarity, which can effectively solve the problem of low matching accuracy of POI data from different sources. The spherical distance method, editing distance method and Jaro Winkler method are combined to calculate the distance, name, address distance and other main attributes of POI data. Then the importance of each feature index is analyzed by using analytic hierarchy process, and the feature weight of each similarity is obtained. The candidate matching objects are screened according to the total similarity to determine the final matching object. Finally, POI points are fused by selecting spherical center coordinates, name aliasing and address normalization methods. Experiments show that the recall and accuracy of this method for POI matching point recognition are significantly higher than those based on name similarity and distance similarity. The recall rate increased by 17.43% and 5.17% respectively, and the accuracy rate increased by 4.37% and 1.22%.It provides more comprehensive and accurate data support for urban function analysis and smart city construction.