Wingate Peak Power Research Articles

Characterization of muscle oxygenation response in well-trained handcyclists.

Peripheral responses might be important in handcycling, given the involvement of smallmusclescompared to other exercise modalities. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare changes in muscle oxygen saturation (∆SmO2) and deoxyhemoglobin level (∆[HHb]) between different efforts and muscles. Handcyclists participated in a Wingate, a maximal incremental test and a 20-min time-trial (TT). Oxygen uptake (VO2)as well as ∆SmO2, ∆[HHb], deoxygenation and reoxygenation rates in the triceps brachii (TB), biceps brachii (BB), anterior deltoid (AD) and extensor carpi radialis brevis (ER) were measured. ER ∆[HHb]max was 37% greater in the incremental test than in the Wingate (ES = 0.392, P = 0.031). TT mean power (W/kg) was associated with BB ∆SmO2min measured in the incremental test (r = -0.998 [-1.190, -0.806], P = 0.002) and in the Wingate (r = -0.994 [-1.327, -0.661], P = 0.006). MAP (W/kg) was associated with Wingate BB ∆SmO2min (r = -0.983 [-0.999, -0.839], P = 0.003), and Wingate peak (r = 0.649 [0.379, 0.895], P = 0.008) and mean power(W/kg) (r = 0.925 [0.752, 0.972], P = 0.003) was associated with right handgrip force. The strongest physiological predictor for TT performance was BB ∆SmO2min in the incremental test (P = 0.002, r2= 0.993, SEE 0.016W/kg), Wingate BB ∆SmO2min for MAP (P = 0.003, r2= 0.956, SEE 0.058W/kg) and right handgrip force for Wingate peak power (P = 0.005, r2= 0.856, SEE 0.551W/kg). Peripheral aerobic responses (muscle oxygenation) were predictiveof handcycling performance.

Influence of Second-Generation Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Recovery after Repeated Resistance Exercise in Trained Females.

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are commonly used by female athletes, but their effects on skeletal muscle are still poorly understood. We investigated if physically trained females using second-generation OCs differed from nonusers of OCs in the recovery of muscle function and muscle damage markers after repeated resistance exercise sessions. We recruited 20 trained second-generation OC users and 20 trained nonusers to perform three strenuous resistance exercise sessions. Before, and 3, 24, and 48 h after exercise, blood samples were collected, and participants were evaluated for muscle soreness, maximal isometric and isokinetic muscle strength, vertical jump height, Wingate power performance, leg press strength, and intermittent recovery capacity (yo-yo test). All participants were provided with an energy-macronutrient-balanced diet during the experimental period. After resistance exercise, maximal isometric and isokinetic muscle strength, rate of force development, vertical jump height, and Wingate peak and average power were reduced, whereas markers of muscle damage were increased in both groups (P < 0.05). OC users experienced a greater reduction in isokinetic strength 3, 24, and 48 h after exercise compared with nonusers of OCs (interaction: P < 0.05). No other interactions were observed. We demonstrate that measures of muscle strength recovery after three strenuous resistance exercise sessions are comparable between trained females using second-generation OCs and nonusers of OCs. However, group differences were observed for isolated dynamic (isokinetic) muscle strength, suggesting a marginal benefit of not using OCs when accelerated recovery is needed.

Seven-Week Accommodating Resistance Training Improves Wingate Peak Power But Not Muscular Strength or Endurance in Strength-Trained Females.

Parten, AL, Barker, GA, O'Neal, EK, and Waldman, HS. Seven-week accommodating resistance training improves Wingate peak power but not muscular strength or endurance in strength-trained females. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1789-1794, 2023-Accommodating resistance (AR) is a training technique that includes attaching elastic bands or chains to a loaded barbell to alter the resistance profile throughout the barbell movement. This study was the first to quantify the effects of AR versus a traditional resistance (TR) training program on changes in strength and power profiles in a trained female cohort. Resistance-trained (training history: 2.4 ± 1.4 years) females (age: 22.1 ± 3.0 years) completed baseline and postintervention tasks which included 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing in the back squat (BS) and bench press (BP), a repetitions to failure in the BP (60% of 1RM), and 1 30-s Wingate test. After baseline testing, subjects were stratified (based on relative strength) into either the AR ( n = 9) or TR ( n = 10) group and then completed a supervised, 7-week training intervention. Both groups improved their 1RM in both lifts, but no statistical differences were found between groups in 1RM for BS, BP, or BP to failure ( p > 0.05). However, the AR group increased Wingate peak power (837 ± 221 to 901 ± 215 W; p = 0.04), whereas TR (868 ± 244 to 8,343 ± 182 W; p = 0.47) did not. This study supports AR with lighter relative barbell load incurs similar strength adaptations as TR. For coaches training athletes concerned with power, AR may be advantageous for improving rate of force development as demonstrated by large increases in peak Wingate power.

Effects of a paddling-based high-intensity interval training prescribed using anaerobic speed reserve on sprint kayak performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate physiological and performance adaptations to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed as a proportion of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) compared to HIIT prescribed using maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Twenty-four highly trained sprint kayak athletes were randomly allocated to one of three 4-weak conditions (N = 8) (ASR-HIIT) two sets of 6 × 60s intervals at ∆%20ASR (MAS-HIIT) six 2min paddling intervals at 100% maximal aerobic speed (MAS); or controls (CON) who performed six sessions/week of 1-h traditional endurance paddling at 70%-80% maximum HR. A graded exercise test was performed on a kayak ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), MAS, V̇O2/HR, and ventilatory threshold. Also, participants completed four consecutive upper-body wingate tests to asses peak and average power output. Significant increases in V̇O2peak (ASR-HIIT = 6.9%, MAS-HIIT = 4.8%), MAS (ASR-HIIT = 7.2%, MAS-HIIT = 4.8%), ASR (ASR-HIIT = -25.1%, MAS-HIIT = -15.9%), upper-body Wingate peak power output and average power output (p < 0.05 for both HIIT groups) were seen compared with pre-training. Also, ASR-HIIT resulted in a significant decrease in 500-m , and paddling time. Lower coefficient of variation values were observed for the percent changes of the aforementioned factors in response to ASR-HIIT compared to MAS-HIIT. Overall, a short period of ASR-HIIT improves 500-m and 1,000-m paddling performances in highly trained sprint kayak athletes. Importantly, inter-subject variability (CV) of physiological adaptations to ASR-HIIT was lower than MAS-HIIT. Individualized prescription of HIIT using ASR ensures similar physiological demands across individuals and potentially facilitates similar degrees of physiological adaptation.

Profiling The Physiological Parameters of Boxers in The Parachute Regiment. ‘Every Man an Emperor’

This study aimed to collect and identify the physiological parameters that are required to produce winning performances in an army boxing competition. Army boxing competitions are sanctioned and governed by ‘England Boxing’ and consist of three rounds of two minutes with one-minute restorative periods. The Parachute Regiment are an elite infantry fighting force within the British military, with a continued success in the inter-army boxing championships. 22 male participants were recruited (mean ± SD age 28 ± 2 years, stature 178 ± 8.1cm, body mass 79 ± 7.1 kg, BMI 24.9 ±2.5).Body fat %. V̇O2max, lower limb power, and 1RM max strength test protocols for back squat and bench press were performed. Additionally, impact punch power measured from rear hand cross strikes, and punching velocities were measured using a linear positional transducer. Countermovement (CMJ) and repetitive (n=10) jump data were collected using a jump mat. The physiological parameters in mean scores; body composition showed body fat 11.8±8.1%: CMJ height 35.5±5cm: Repetitive jump 28.5±5.6cm: Wingate peak power (body mass to power ratio) 11.5±1.6W/kg: Wingate average power, 8.1±1.4W/kg: V̇O2max 53±4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1: Back squat (body mass to weight lifted ratio) 1.95±0.2kg: Bench press 1.1±0.1kg/BW: Rear cross strike velocity 8.47±0.8m/s: Impact power 15227±2250W. Significant relationships were observed between anthropometric data and power, strike velocity and V̇O2max in addition to relationships being evident between some strength and power variables. by the participants in this study. Although punch impact power is an essential performance indicator in boxing, other physiological factors, such as lower limb power and strength have been demonstrated to attribute to the continued winning performances by 3PARA boxing team.

Which Performance Tests Best Define the Special Judo Fitness Test Classification in Elite Judo Athletes?

The normative values of the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) are used to evaluate judo athletes, and the question arises of which performance tests from crucial motor abilities best define the SJFT classification in elite judo athletes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between elite judo athletes' physical performance and the evaluation using SJFT index norms. Nineteen judo athletes (11 females) (22.8 ± 2.5 years old) from the senior judo national team voluntarily participated in this study. Body composition, reaction time, balance, flexibility, agility, hand grip strength, 20 m sprint, vertical jump, SJFT, and Wingate tests were performed by athletes on four separate days at one-day intervals. Athletes were classified as regular and above (≥regular) or poor and below (≤poor) according to their SJFT index scores. Simple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate this classification's consistency with performance test results. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals related to each possible factor and Wald test statistics were calculated. The SJFT index classification was associated with Wingate peak and mean power, vertical jump, and sprint performance results (p &lt; 0.05), whereas it was not associated with body fat percentage, agility, reaction time, hand grip strength, flexibility, and balance performances (p &gt; 0.05). SJFT index classificatory norms are mainly related to athletes' anaerobic power. Higher anaerobic power increases athletes' possibility of being classified as ≥regular.

Muscle Performance during the Menstrual Cycle Correlates with Psychological Well-Being, but Not Fluctuations in Sex Hormones.

ABSTRACTPurposeWe aimed to study variations in strength and power performance during the menstrual cycle (MC) in eumenorrheic young women and during the pill cycle in oral contraceptives (OC) users.MethodsForty healthy, normal-weight women between 18 and 35 yr (n = 30 eumenorrheic women; n = 10 OC users) completed this prospective cohort study. Seven to nine times during the MC/pill-cycle, the participants completed a physical performance test series, a questionnaire about psychological well-being, blood sampling, and determination of body mass. The physical tests included isometric handgrip strength, elbow flexor strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and a 10-s Wingate bike test.ResultsNo direct correlation was observed between the variations in sex hormones and physical performance parameters. However, positive correlations were observed between physical performance outcomes and self-reported motivation, perception of own physical performance level, pleasure level, and arousal level. CMJ was 6% lower in the late luteal phase (LL) compared with the midluteal phase (ML) (P = 0.04). Wingate peak power was 3% lower in early follicular (EF) compared with the ML (P = 0.04). Furthermore, Wingate average power was 2%–5% lower in LL compared with all other MC phases. In line with these observations, physical pain was higher in EF and LL, and the pleasure level was lower in EF compared with the other MC phases. In OC users, we observed no variation in performance and self-reported parameters between the placebo-pill phase and the OC-pill phase.ConclusionsImpairments in CMJ and Wingate performance were observed at the end and start of MC compared with other MC phases, which were associated with lower psychological well-being, but not the sex hormone fluctuations.

Relationship Between Strength And Power In Elite Short Track Speed Skaters

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between strength and power in elite short track speed skaters. METHODS: Ten males (mean ± SD; age 21.1 ± 1.9 y; height = 177.2 ± 5.3 cm; mass = 71.3 ± 4.8 kg) and five females (age 22.8 ± 1.3 y; height 169.1 ± 4.3 cm; mass = 60.4 ± 1.3 kg) elite short track speed skaters volunteered and consented to an IRB approved informed consent to participate. Anthropometric measurements were recorded followed by a dynamic warm-up. The athletes completed four assessments: isometric (ISOM) torque, isokinetic (ISOK) torque, vertical jump (VJ), and Wingate testing. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess ISOM and ISOK torque for both right and left knee extensors and flexors. For ISOK torque, participants completed one set of five repetitions at a velocity of 60°/s. ISOM assessment used a stationary 60-degree knee angle, where participants completed three repetitions for three seconds each. Peak torque for quadriceps (QUAD) and hamstrings (HAM) for both right leg (RL) and left leg (LL) were used for analysis. The VJ test was completed on an AMTI force plate, where peak power (PP) output was used for analysis. Lastly, participants conducted a Wingate anaerobic cycling test at a load of 9 g/kg of body mass, where PP output was used for analysis. SPSS 24 was used to analyze Pearson r correlations between strength and power variables. RESULTS: There was a moderately strong significant (p = 0.006) correlation (r = .669) between VJ PP and ISOK RL HAM PT. There was a moderately strong significant correlation between Wingate PP and ISOK LL QUAD PT (p = 0.004; r = .695) and ISOK RL HAM PT (p = 0.002; r = .721). There was a moderate significant correlation between Wingate PP and ISOK RL QUAD PT (p = 0.029; r = .562), ISOK LL HAM PT (p = 0.028; r = .565), and ISOM LL QUAD PT (p = 0.037; r = .542). CONCLUSIONS:Short track speed skaters train to focus on repeatable explosive movement during competition which corresponds to their lower extremity strength. During a race, short track speed skaters’ LL is in a more fixed position while the RL is isokinetically moving, which relates to our findings that the ISOM LL QUAD was correlated with PP and RL HAM and QUAD ISOK were correlated with PP. Practitioners may use this as a reference to gain insight on the benefits of training for power and strength to enhance performance.

Testosterone Undecanoate Administration Prevents Fat-Free Mass Loss During Strenuous Multi-Stressor Military Operations

PURPOSE: The efficacy of administering testosterone (T) to restore eugonadal concentrations during multi-stressor, sustained military operations (SUSOPS) that suppress endogenous T synthesis to prevent declines in lean mass and physical performance is not well described. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the effects of T on androgen status, body composition, and physical performance during a simulated SUSOPS. METHODS: After a baseline phase (P1), 32 healthy young males (26.5 ± 4.4 y) received a single injection of either T undecanoate (750 mg; TEST) or placebo (PLA) before completing four consecutive, 5-d simulated SUSOPS cycles (P2). Each cycle consisted of two low-stress days (~1230 kcal/d exercise-induced energy deficit [EDef]; 8 h sleep/night) and three high-stress days (~2800 kcal/d EDef; 4 h sleep/night). P2 was followed by a 23-d recovery period (P3). Circulating hormones, 4-compartment measures of body composition, and physical performance (vertical jump, 3-repetition maximum [RM] deadlift, Wingate anaerobic test, treadmill VO2peak, and 2.5-mile weighted ruck march) were examined at the end of each phase. RESULTS: Total T in TEST was greater by the end of P2 than P1 (mean ± SE between group difference at the end of P2: 6.7 ± 2.6 nmol/L, p < 0.001), which returned to P1 values in P3, but total T did not change in PLA. Despite increases in free T in TEST throughout P2, free T at the end of P2 was not different from P1, but decreased from P1 to P2 in PLA (-1.2 ± 0.6 pmol/L, p = 0.04) and was greater at the end of P3 compared to P1 in PLA (p < 0.05). FFM was maintained across phases in TEST, but decreased from P1 to P2 in PLA (-2.3 ± 1.0 kg, p = 0.02) and recovered in P3. Total body mass and fat mass decreased from P1 to P2 (p < 0.05) and recovered by P3 regardless of treatment. Vertical jump height, 3-RM deadlift, and Wingate peak power decreased, and 2.5-mile ruck march time increased from P1 to P2 (all p < 0.05) and recovered by P3 regardless of treatment. CONCLUSION: Administering T before a 20-d, simulated SUSOPS maintained eugonadal T concentrations and prevented FFM loss without impacting androgen status in recovery. However, T use did not attenuate performance decrements in response to the multi-stressor SUSOPS.

Similar ergogenic effect of caffeine on anaerobic performance in men and women athletes

Caffeine is widely considered an ergogenic aid to increase anaerobic performance although most of this evidence is supported by investigations with only male samples. To date, it is unknown if the ergogenic effect of caffeine on anaerobic performance is of similar magnitude in men and women athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on the Wingate test in men and women. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over experimental trial, ten women athletes and ten men athletes performed a 15-s adapted version of the Wingate test after ingesting 3mg of caffeine per kg of body mass or a placebo (cellulose). In comparison to the performance obtained in the 15-s Wingate test with a placebo, caffeine increased peak power in men (9.9 ± 0.8 vs. 10.1 ± 0.8W/kg, p < 0.01, d = 0.26) and in women (8.8 ± 0.9 vs. 9.1 ± 0.8W/kg, p = 0.04, d = 0.30). Caffeine was also effective to increase the mean power in men (8.9 ± 0.7 vs. 9.0 ± 0.7W/kg, p = 0.01, d = 0.21) and women (8.1 ± 0.7 vs. 8.3 ± 0.7W/kg, p = 0.01, d = 0.27). The ergogenic effect of caffeine on the 15-s Wingate peak power (2.3 ± 3.2% in men and 3.2 ± 2.8% in women; p = 0.46) and mean power (2.0 ± 1.7% and 2.4 ± 2.3%, respectively; p = 0.93) was of similar magnitude in both sexes. Acute ingestion of 3mgkg-1 of caffeine enhanced peak and mean cycling power during a 15-s adapted version of the Wingate test in men and women and the ergogenic effect was of similar magnitude in both sexes. This information suggests that both men and women athletes might obtain similar benefits from caffeine supplementation during anaerobic exercise.

Effects of Sprint Interval Training at Different Altitudes on Cycling Performance at Sea-Level.

Background: Benefits of sprint interval training performed in hypoxia (SIH) compared to normoxia (SIN) have been assessed by studies mostly conducted around 3000 m of simulated altitude. The present study aims to determine whether SIH at an altitude as high as 4000 m can elicit greater adaptations than the same training at 2000 m, 3000 m or sea-level. Methods: Thirty well-trained endurance male athletes (18–35 years old) participated in a six-week repeated sprint interval training program (30 s all-out sprint, 4 min 30 s recovery; 4–9 repetitions, 2 sessions/week) at sea-level (SL, n = 8), 2000 m (FiO2 16.7%, n = 8), 3000 m (FiO2 14.5%, n = 7) or 4000 m (FiO2 13.0%, n = 7). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise components were evaluated by an incremental exercise test, a 600 kJ time trial and a Wingate test before and after the training program. Results: After training, peak power output (PPO) during the incremental exercise test increased (~6%) without differences between groups. The lactate threshold assessed by Dmax increased at 2000 m (+14 ± 12 W) and 4000 m (+12 ± 11 W) but did not change at SL and 3000 m. Mean power during the Wingate test increased at SL, 2000 m and 4000 m, although peak power increased only at 4000 m (+38 ± 38 W). Conclusions: The present study indicates that SIH using 30 s sprints is as efficient as SIN for improving aerobic and anaerobic qualities. Additional benefits such as lactate-related adaptations were found only in SIH and Wingate peak power only increased at 4000 m. This finding is of particular interest for disciplines requiring high power output, such as in very explosive sports.

Off-Ice Resisted Sprints Best Predict All-Out Skating Performance in Varsity Hockey Players.

Thompson, KM, Safadie, A, Ford, J, and Burr, JF. Off-ice resisted sprints best predict all-out skating performance in varsity hockey players. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2597-2601, 2022-Off-ice fitness testing is commonly used to predict the physiological abilities of ice-hockey players. Although there is a notable association between certain off-ice tests of jump power and anaerobic capacity with on-ice skating acceleration ( r = 0.3-0.7), it is likely that off-ice tests which more closely resemble the demands of skating will have better predictive ability of this skill. The aim of the current study was to compare the suitability of common off-ice fitness tests and off-ice resisted sprints for predicting 15-m on-ice skate time. Male and female varsity-level hockey players performed a battery of common off-ice fitness tests, resisted sprints, and on-ice 15-m sprints over 3 testing days. At least moderate correlations between off-ice tests and on-ice sprints were observed for all common fitness tests (all p ≤ 0.002): Wingate peak power ( r = -0.65), Wingate fatigue rate ( r = -0.53), vertical jump ( r = -0.52), and broad jump ( r = -0.61), with resisted sprint tests showing the strongest associations (off-ice 15-kg resisted sprint ( r = 0.79) and off-ice 30-kg resisted sprint ( r = 0.74)). In multivariate analysis, stepwise regression revealed the 15-kg resisted sprint as the sole meaningful predictor of on-ice sprint time ( R = 0.79, R2 = 0.62; p ≤ 0.001). We conclude that resisted off-ice sprints have better predictive ability of on-ice skate time compared with commonly used off-ice tests. Resisted sprinting can be used by strength and conditioning staff as an indicator of on-ice acceleration ability during periods of limited access to on-ice facilities or as a component of fitness testing.

Validation Of The Alpine Ski Racing 90 Seconds Box Jump Field Test

Practitioners have utilized sport specific alpine ski racing field tests for lower limb power assessment for many years. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to validate the alpine ski racing 90 s box jump field test with the 90 s Wingate. METHODS: Elite alpine ski racers (n=15) were tested during their annual post-season physical testing combine. The box 90s box jump test was conducted on a foam plyo box of 0.45m x 0.75m x 0.9m (14 kg Plyosoft box from Escape Fitness). Subjects started at one side of the box and had to do a side jump and make contact with the top of the box and then jump back down to the other side back and forth. Final score being the total number of hits in 90 s. The Wingate test was conducted on a cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 894 E Monark). Subjects had to pedal with no resistance until they reached maximum RPM (about 5-10 s). The load (7.5% of bodyweight) was then manually dropped and subjects had to pedal at a maximal effort for 90 s. Wingate peak and mean power was measured in W and W/kg of bodyweight. Both tests were performed in a random order. Correlations between the different test results were calculated with a 2-tailed Pearson correlation analysis. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Subject characteristics are presented as means and standard deviations. RESULTS: Results present significant (p<0.05) correlations between the total number of hits on the 90 s box jump and Wingate peak W (r=0.73), peak W/kg (r=0.68), mean W (r=0.77) and mean W/kg (r=0.79). Results also present significant correlations with the number of hits between the following time slots: 0-15 s mean W (r=0.49), 0-15 s mean W/kg (r=0.72), 15-30 s mean W (r=0.66), 15-30 s mean W/kg (r=0.71), 30-45 s mean W (r=0.59), 30-45 s mean W/kg (r=0.66), 45-60 s mean W (r=0.82), 45-60 s mean W/kg (r=0.77), 60-75 s mean W (r=0.83), 60-75 s mean W/kg (r=0.65), 75-90 s mean W (r=0.75) and 75-90 s mean W/kg (r=0.71). A predictive regression equation using the total hits during the 90s Box Jump Test was established, where mean W/kg = 0.055*Total Hits + 1.080 (r=0.79, p<0.01; Total Hits with mean W/kg). CONCLUSIONS: The 90s box jump test is well correlated to the power output obtained with the Wingate test. Nonetheless, further research should include subjects at the national and international level in order to update the formula.

Mild Hypohydration Following 24-hour Water Intake Reduction Does Not Affect Anaerobic Power Performance

Hypohydration is common among athletes and can be the result of a failure to maintain hydration between exercise bouts. The negative impact of hypohydration on aerobic performance is well characterized. However, little is known about the effect of hypohydration on anaerobic performance particularly when the hypohydration is the result of insufficient water intake prior to the onset of exercise, not water loss due to body temperature regulation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypohydration on anaerobic performance following voluntary water intake reduction. METHODS: Fifteen healthy adults (8 women, 7 men) completed two exercise sessions, euhydrated (EUD) and hypohydrated (HYP). Subjects were asked to voluntarily limit water intake during the 24-hours prior to the hypohydrated trial. Sessions consisted of baseline anthropometric and blood lactate measurement followed by a 30-second Wingate test and 3 maximum vertical jump trials. The vertical jump trials were completed approximately 1 minute after finishing the 30-second Wingate test and used to measure anaerobic performance in an anaerobically challenged state. Additional blood lactate measurements were taken immediately and at 5, 10, and 15-min post Wingate test. RESULTS: The hypohydration protocol resulted in a significant 1.5% reduction in body mass (EUD 69.1 ± 17.2kg, HYP 68.1 ± 16.6kg, p = 0.039). The 30-sec Wingate peak power (EUD 971 ± 302W, HYP 960 ± 316W, p = 0.578) was not different between conditions, nor was maximum vertical jump height (EUH 26.4 ± 4.5cm, HYP 26.6 ± 3.6cm, p = 0.778). Blood lactate (p ≤ 0.001) was elevated immediately following the 30-sec Wingate test and remained elevated throughout the remainder of the trial. There were no differences in blood lactate between conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Acute anaerobic power and exercise performance are not negatively affected by mild voluntary hypohydration during and following a single 30-second Wingate test.

Effects of Acute Preworkout Supplement Ingestion on Hemodynamic Responses, Cognitive Function, and Exercise Performance in Resistance‐Trained Males

PURPOSEThe use of multi‐ingredient preworkout supplements (PWS) has been shown to increase among athletes due to their purported ergogenic benefits. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of acute PWS ingestion to improve hemodynamic responses, cognitive function, and exercise performance in resistance‐trained males.METHODSWe recruited eight apparently healthy resistance‐trained males with at least six months immediate prior history of resistance training (19±1.1 yr, 173±2.6 cm, 66±2.9 kg, and 13.6±3% body fat) to participate in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover, and placebo‐controlled manner. We instructed participants to maintain their current diet and training regimens throughout the study. Supplements were a 6.5 g maltodextrin placebo (PL) and a commercially available PWS containing 1.6 g beta‐alanine, 1.0 g creatine nitrate, 1.0 g arginine alpha‐ketoglutarate, 321 mg explosive energy blended (including 160 mg caffeine anhydrous, l‐tyrosine, Tea Cor, tetramethyluric acid), 250 mg ascorbic acid, 30 mg niacinamide, 500 mcg vitamin B6, 150 mcg folate, and 20 mcg vitamin B12. In the first and second testing sessions interspersed with a seven‐day washout period, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and visual and auditory reaction time (RT) were measured immediately before and 30 min after ingesting the assigned supplement (i. e., at minutes 10, 20, and 30). Then, the exercise testing protocol was initiated, and strength was assessed as a bench and leg press volume, defined as repetitions to fatigue during set three following two sets of 10 reps at 70% of 1RM for each lifting movement. Additionally, the Wingate test was performed to measure the anaerobic peak and mean power. Repeated‐measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and Student’s t‐test were used to analyze data. Results are expressed as mean±SD.RESULTSNo significant differences were observed in the HR, SBP, and DBP at any point between treatments (p&gt;0.05). There were also no significant differences in the visual and auditory RT at any point between PWS and PL treatments (p&gt;0.05). Nevertheless, a significant improvement was seen in the bench press (PL 1,313±186 kg; PWS 1,463±238 kg, p=0.001), and the leg press performances only in the PWS, not the PL treatment (PL 5,566±616 kg; PWS 6,212±503 kg, p=0.001). Moreover, there was a significant improvement in the Wingate peak power (PL 906±40 Watt; PWS 993±52 Watt, p=0.001) and mean power (PL 473±42 Watt; PWS 510±31 Watt, p=0.001) after ingesting the PWS. The percent changes by ingesting the supplement were 12.62%, 12.66%, 9.61%, and 8.15% for bench press, leg press, peak power, and mean power, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe PWS formula used in this study appears to improve exercise performance, but did not affect hemodynamic responses and cognitive function. It may suggest that a more extended period of study is necessary to determine the potential ergogenic benefits of such a supplement regimen on hemodynamic responses and cognitive function.

Mild dehydration following voluntary water intake reduction does not affect anaerobic power performance.

Dehydration is common among athletes. The negative impact of dehydration on aerobic performance is well characterized. However, little is known about the effect of dehydration on anaerobic performance particularly when dehydration results from insufficient water intake, not water loss due to body temperature regulation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dehydration on anaerobic performance following voluntary water intake reduction. Fifteen healthy adults completed two exercise sessions, euhydrated (EUD) and dehydrated (DEH). Sessions consisted of baseline anthropometric and blood lactate measurement followed by a 30-second Wingate test and three vertical jump trials to measure anaerobic performance. Additional blood lactate measurements were taken immediately and at 5, 10, and 15 minutes after taking the Wingate test. The dehydration protocol resulted in a reduction in body mass (EUD 69.1±17.2 kg, DEH 68.1±16.6 kg, P=0.039). The 30-s Wingate peak power (EUD 971±302 W, DEH 960±316 W, P=0.578) was not different between conditions, nor was the vertical jump height (EUH 26.4±4.5 cm, DEH 26.6±3.6 cm, P=0.778). Blood lactate (P<0.001) was elevated immediately following the 30-s Wingate test which remained throughout the trial. There were no differences in blood lactate between conditions. Acute anaerobic power and exercise performance is not negatively affected by voluntary dehydration.

Comparison of Anxiety and Narcissism Levels of Different Performance Groups in Female Handball Players.

This study aimed to compare the anxiety and narcissism levels of different performance groups in female handball players. A total of 59 athletes between the ages of 15 and 37 participated in the study, taking the first 4 places from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus senior women handball 1st league in the 2017-2018 season. Wingate peak power (WPP), Wingate average power (WAP), handball agility test (HAST), 10 m speed (10S), 20 m speed (20S), 20m shuttle run (SR), hands on waist vertical jump (HEVJ), hands free vertical jumping (HFVJ) test, Beck anxiety scale (BAI), 5-factor narcissism scale-short form (FFNI-SF), and sociodemographic data form were used. The athletes were divided into upper performance (UPG) and lower performance groups (LPG) using the median value according to the results of the physical measurement tests (FST). It was determined that the anxiety level of the participants in the LPG group was higher than that in the UPG group. The narcissism level of the participants in the UPG group was found to be higher than that in the LPG group. The scores of consent seeking, arrogance, leader/authority, insecurity, claiming rights, exhibitionism, carelessness, lack of empathy, and adventurousness were higher than LPG. In the correlation analysis, a positive and low level of relationship between anxiety and 20S and a negative and low level of significant relationship between HEJV were found. It was observed that there was a positive and low level significant relationship between narcissism and WPP, HFJV, and HEJV. It has been revealed that anxiety and narcissism variables have a predictive effect on the physical performance average score. The findings suggest that in female handball players, high levels of narcissism may affect the performance positively and high anxiety levels negatively. As a result of this study, it was revealed that anxiety and narcissism have a predictive effect on physical performance average score in women's handball.

Acute Effect of Quadriceps Myofascial Tissue Rolling Using A Mechanical Self-Myofascial Release Roller-Massager on Performance and Recovery in Young Elite Speed Skaters.

Objectives: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of myofascial tissue rolling on endurance performance and recovery using a novel designed mechanical self-induced multi-bar roller-massager. Methods: a randomized crossover, repeated measure design was used. Eight national levelled, junior and neo-senior, speed skaters underwent a 10 min myofascial quadriceps rolling pre- and fifteen minutes post- a stepwise incremental cycling-test to exhaustion followed by a Wingate performance-test. The myofascial quadriceps rolling was used in one out of two laboratory testing-days. Time to exhaustion, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentration during 30 min of recovery, and peak- and mean- power during the consecutive Wingate test were recorded. Results: Myofascial quadriceps rolling using roller-massager resulted in higher blood lactate concentration at exhaustion and a larger blood lactate clearance after 10 min to post exhaustion test (both p < 0.05), a tendency for a positive effect on Wingate peak-power (p = 0.084; d = 0.71), whereas no marked differences were observed on VO2peak, time to exhaustion and Wingate mean-power. Conclusion: Despite indications for potential benefits of the quadriceps myofascial tissue release using the mechanical self-induced multi-bar roller-massager on blood lactate concentration and Wingate peak-power, the myofascial tissue release gave no marked performance improvements nor indications of negative effects. Future studies could examine the long-term effects of myofascial tissue release on performance and recovery. Furthermore, integrating a measure of the participants’ subjective experience pre- and post the myofascial tissue release would be of great interest.

Cardiac Parasympathetic and Anaerobic Performance Recovery After High-Intensity Exercise in Rowers.

To determine the effect of different high-intensity interval-training (IT) sessions on the postexercise recovery response and time course across varying recovery measures. A total of 13 highly trained rowers (10 male and 3 female, peak oxygen uptake during a 6-min maximal test 4.9 [0.7]L·min-1) completed 3 IT sessions on a rowing ergometer separated by 7 d. Sessions consisted of 5 × 3.5min, 4-min rest periods (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]); 10 × 30s, 5-min rest periods (glycolytic); and 5 × 10min, 4-min rest periods (threshold). Participants were instructed to perform intervals at the highest maintainable pace. Blood lactate and salivary cortisol were measured preexercise and postexercise. Resting heart-rate (HR) variability, post-submaximal-exercise HR variability, submaximal-exercise HR, HR recovery, and modified Wingate peak and mean power were measured preexercise and 1, 10, 24, 34, 48, 58, and 72 h postexercise. Participants resumed training throughout the measurement period. Between-groups short-term response differences (1 h post-IT) across IT sessions were trivial or unclear for all recovery variables. However, post-submaximal-exercise HR variability demonstrated the longest recovery time course (threshold = 37.8 [14.2], glycolytic = 20.2 [11.0], and VO2max = 20.6 [15.2]; mean [h] ± confidence limits). Short-term responses to threshold, glycolytic, and VO2max IT in highly trained male and female rowers were similar. Recovery time course was greatest following threshold compared with glycolytic and VO2max-focused training, suggesting a durational influence on recovery time course at HR intensities ≥80% HRmax. As such, this provides valuable information around the programming and sequencing of high-intensity IT for endurance athletes.

Leucine Metabolites Do Not Enhance Training-induced Performance or Muscle Thickness.

We aimed to conduct a double-blind randomized controlled pragmatic trial to evaluate the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements of α-HICA, HMB-FA, and HMB-Ca on resistance training-induced changes in muscle thickness and performance. Forty men were randomly assigned to receive α-HICA (n = 10, fat-free mass [FFM] = 62.0 ± 7.1 kg), HMB-FA (n = 11, FFM = 62.7 ± 10.5 kg), HMB-Ca (n = 9, FFM = 65.6 ± 10.1 kg), or placebo (PLA; n = 10, FFM = 64.2 ± 5.7 kg). The training program consisted of whole body thrice weekly resistance training for 8 wk (seven exercises per session, three to four sets per session, at 70%-80% one repetition maximum). Skeletal muscle thickness by ultrasound, performance measures, and blood measures (creatine kinase, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth hormone, cortisol, and total testosterone) were evaluated at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Time-dependent changes were observed for muscle thickness (P < 0.001), one repetition maximum bench press and squat (P < 0.001), Wingate peak power (P = 0.02), countermovement jump height (P = 0.03), power (P = 0.006), creatine kinase, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, and cortisol (all P < 0.001). No significant between-group or time-group interactions were observed. No leucine metabolite resulted in any ergogenic effects on any outcome variable. Supplementation with leucine metabolites-α-HICA, HMB-FA, or HMB-Ca-is not a supplementation strategy that improves muscle growth and strength development in young adult men.