Wingate Anaerobic Cycling Test Research Articles

Relationship Between Strength And Power In Elite Short Track Speed Skaters

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between strength and power in elite short track speed skaters. METHODS: Ten males (mean ± SD; age 21.1 ± 1.9 y; height = 177.2 ± 5.3 cm; mass = 71.3 ± 4.8 kg) and five females (age 22.8 ± 1.3 y; height 169.1 ± 4.3 cm; mass = 60.4 ± 1.3 kg) elite short track speed skaters volunteered and consented to an IRB approved informed consent to participate. Anthropometric measurements were recorded followed by a dynamic warm-up. The athletes completed four assessments: isometric (ISOM) torque, isokinetic (ISOK) torque, vertical jump (VJ), and Wingate testing. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess ISOM and ISOK torque for both right and left knee extensors and flexors. For ISOK torque, participants completed one set of five repetitions at a velocity of 60°/s. ISOM assessment used a stationary 60-degree knee angle, where participants completed three repetitions for three seconds each. Peak torque for quadriceps (QUAD) and hamstrings (HAM) for both right leg (RL) and left leg (LL) were used for analysis. The VJ test was completed on an AMTI force plate, where peak power (PP) output was used for analysis. Lastly, participants conducted a Wingate anaerobic cycling test at a load of 9 g/kg of body mass, where PP output was used for analysis. SPSS 24 was used to analyze Pearson r correlations between strength and power variables. RESULTS: There was a moderately strong significant (p = 0.006) correlation (r = .669) between VJ PP and ISOK RL HAM PT. There was a moderately strong significant correlation between Wingate PP and ISOK LL QUAD PT (p = 0.004; r = .695) and ISOK RL HAM PT (p = 0.002; r = .721). There was a moderate significant correlation between Wingate PP and ISOK RL QUAD PT (p = 0.029; r = .562), ISOK LL HAM PT (p = 0.028; r = .565), and ISOM LL QUAD PT (p = 0.037; r = .542). CONCLUSIONS:Short track speed skaters train to focus on repeatable explosive movement during competition which corresponds to their lower extremity strength. During a race, short track speed skaters’ LL is in a more fixed position while the RL is isokinetically moving, which relates to our findings that the ISOM LL QUAD was correlated with PP and RL HAM and QUAD ISOK were correlated with PP. Practitioners may use this as a reference to gain insight on the benefits of training for power and strength to enhance performance.

The effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment on anaerobic performance and lactate clearance in male athletes: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, crossover study.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) on anaerobic performance and lactate clearance in male athletes. This study was a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled and crossover trial. Fourteen male athletes were volunteered to participate this study. All subjects visited to laboratory 3 times in total: familiarization session, test session 1, and test session 2, respectively. At the beginning of the study, the subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups. In sessions 1 and 2, 1) 30-minute OMT or sham treatment before Wingate Anaerobic Cycling Test (WAnT), 2) 30-second WAnT Test, and 3) 10-minute OMT or sham therapy between 5th and 15th minutes of passive rest after WAnT was applied to all subjects, respectively. In both groups blood samples were taken at rest and 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the WAnT for the determination of lactate concentrations. There was no significant differences in WAnT parameters such as peak power, mean power and fatigue index between the OMT and sham treatment. Blood lactate levels were significantly higher 5, 15 and 30 minutes after the WAnT when compared to the rest and were lower 15 and 30 minute after the WAnT when compared to 5 minute after the WAnT in both groups (P<0.05). In addition, blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in OMT than sham treatment at 15 and 30 minute after the WAnT (P<0.05). This study suggests that OMT may improve lactate clearance while not affecting anaerobic performance in athletes.

Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Physical Performance and Body Composition Following Offseason Training in Division I Athletes

Purpose: To determine the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation, in the form of red spinach extract (RSE), on adaptations to offseason training in collegiate athletes. Methods: Sixteen Division I male baseball athletes (20.5 ± 1.7y, 90.4 ± 0.5 kg) enrolled in this study and were randomized into a RSE (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8; PL) group. Athletes completed an 11-week resistance training program during the offseason, which consisted of 2-3 workouts per week of upper and lower-body exercises and baseball-specific training. Athletes consumed a RSE (2 g; 180 mg nitrate) or PL supplement daily for the entire offseason training program. Pre and post-training, all athletes underwent one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing for the bench press and completed a Wingate anaerobic cycle test (WAnT). Body composition analysis was completed via a 4-compartment model, as well as muscle thickness (MT) measurement of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) via ultrasonography. Resting heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were also obtained. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze all data. Results: Significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects for time were observed for improved bench 1RM, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, RF MT, and VL MT. No significant group x time interactions (p > 0.05) were found for any measure of performance, body composition, or cardiovascular health. However, a trend for improved peak power in the WAnT was observed (p = 0.095; η2=0.200). Conclusions: These data suggest that daily RSE supplementation had no effect on performance, body composition, or cardiovascular measures in male Division I baseball players following offseason training.

The Acute Effects of High-Intensity Cycling Exercise on Arterial Stiffness in Adolescent Wrestlers.

The aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of high‐intensity cycling exercise on the variables of carotid artery compliance, distensibility and beta stiffness index in elite adolescent wrestlers. The subjects were elite athletes competing in national, European and World Championships, who attended a training camp in the province of Kahramanmaras organized by the Turkish Centre for Olympic Preparation. The study sample comprised 31 male elite wrestlers with a mean age of 15.90 ± 0.87 years, body height of 165.97 ± 9.7 cm and body mass of 66.3 ± 18.45 kg. The arterial stiffness variables of the wrestlers were measured with high‐resolution Doppler ultrasonography before and 5 min after 30 s of high‐intensity cycling exercise (the Wingate Anaerobic Cycling test). The results showed a statistically significant correlation between mean power performance and carotid artery compliance at the 5th min after a single cycling sprint exercise (p < 0.05). No correlation was determined between peak power and the arterial stiffness variables (p > 0.05). The study results indicate that acute changes in arterial stiffness variables are associated with the performance level of high‐intensity cycling exercise in a group of elite adolescent wrestlers.

Reliable and Feasible Fitness Testing for Children on the Autism Spectrum

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study examined the test-retest reliability and feasibility of select fitness assessments in 7–12 year old children on the autism spectrum. Method: Participants (N = 14; n = 1 female; Mage = 9.5 ± 1.7 years) completed 7 fitness assessments, administered in a random order, on two occasions: Bruce protocol; Modified 6-minute walk test (M6MWT); Wingate anaerobic cycling test; muscle power sprint test (MPST); sit & reach; standing long jump; and grip strength. Intraclass correlations (two-way mixed with absolute agreement) were computed to examine test-retest reliability. Feasibility was assessed by questionnaire following the first administration of each test. Results: The Wingate (ICC = .956), standing long jump (ICC = .925), grip strength (ICC = .913), and sit and reach (ICC = .829) tests demonstrated good- to- excellent reliability, while the Bruce protocol (ICC = .811), M6MWT (ICC = .510), and MPST (ICC = .703) demonstrated moderate- to- good reliability based on the 95% confidence intervals of the ICC. All tests demonstrated assessor-rated feasibility scores of 70/100 or higher and child-rated feasibility scores of 66/100 or higher. Conclusion: The results demonstrate moderate- to excellent test-retest reliability for select fitness tests. Short, single-instruction (e.g., standing long jump) tests may be more reliable than lengthier assessments (e.g., M6MWT) in this population. Implications of this work include the ability of practitioners and researchers to feasibly and reliably measure the fitness of school-aged children on the autism spectrum for ongoing health and behavioural monitoring and intervention purposes.

Physiological responses to high-intensity exercises using tethered swimming and Wingate cycling in competitive swimmers

Introduction: The Wingate anaerobic cycling test (WAnT) is most commonly used to evaluate the anaerobic capacity and to determine peak and mean force values using a cycle ergometer. The tethered swimming test (TST) was developed by adapting a Wingate-style protocol during swimming; it is the most widely used method of estimating propelling force during swimming. Theoretically, the maximal tethered swimming force corresponds to the propelling force that a swimmer must produce to overcome hydrodynamic resistance at the maximal swimming speed. Peak and mean forces during maximal TST are significantly correlated with the sprint swimming speed. This study aimed to compare several physiological responses (e.g., blood lactate concentration, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, peak force, and mean force) between the TST and WAnT and to investigate the reliability of the TST for evaluating the anaerobic capacity of competitive swimmers.

Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance in exercise-trained women and men: a randomized-sequence crossover trial.

Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets cause mild, subclinical systemic acidosis. Anaerobic exercise performance is limited by acidosis. Therefore, we evaluated the hypothesis that a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance, as compared to a high-carbohydrate diet. Sixteen men and women (BMI, 23±1 kg/m2, age 23±1 years) participated in a randomized-sequence, counterbalanced crossover study in which they underwent exercise testing after 4 days of either a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LC; <50 g/day and <10% of energy from carbohydrates) or a high-carbohydrate diet (HC; 6-10 g/kg/day carbohydrate). Dietary compliance was assessed with nutrient analysis of diet records, and with measures of urine pH and ketones. Anaerobic exercise performance was evaluated with the Wingate anaerobic cycling test and the yo-yo intermittent recovery test. The diets were matched for total energy (LC: 2333±158 kcal/d; HC: 2280±160 kcal/d; P=0.65) but differed in carbohydrate content (9±1% vs. 63±2% of energy intake; P<0.001). LC resulted in lower urine pH (5.9±0.1 vs. 6.3±0.2, P=0.004) and the appearance of urine ketones in every participant. LC resulted in 7% lower peak power (801±58 watts vs. 857±61 watts, P=0.008) and 6% lower mean power (564±50 watts vs. 598±51 watts, P=0.01) during the Wingate Test. Total distance ran in the yo-yo intermittent recovery test was 15% less after LC diet (887±139 vs. 1045±145 meters, P=0.02). Short-term low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets reduce exercise performance in activities that are heavily dependent on anaerobic energy systems. These findings have clear performance implications for athletes, especially for high-intensity, short duration activities and sports.

Effects of a Commercial Supplement of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum on Physiological Responses to Maximal Exercise in Healthy Young Participants.

Cordyceps sinensis (=Ophiocordyceps sinensis) and Ganoderma lucidum are 2 medicinal mushrooms that have been suggested to have the potential to enhance exercise capacity. We used a commercial supplement combining a traditional Chinese medicine and G. lucidum and tested its effects on human physical, aerobic, and anaerobic capacities. Physical education students (n = 96; 43 women, 53 men; mean ± standard deviation age, 26.3 ± 3.21 years) were randomly divided into 3 groups: low-dose treatment, high-dose treatment, and placebo. Participants received the supplement or the placebo for 28-33 days. Both before and after the intervention, the participants performed a graded maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) test on a treadmill and a Wingate anaerobic cycle test (on a different day). The following parameters were measured and recorded during the maximal graded treadmill test: heart rate, oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilation. The following parameters were calculated from the Wingate anaerobic cycle test: maximal anaerobic power, mean anaerobic power, and fatigue index. The supplements did not affect Vo2max or the physiological responses upon maximal exercise during the graded treadmill test. In a similar way, they had no effect on peak or mean power, or fatigue index, as measured by the Wingate anaerobic test. A borderline interaction indicated a somewhat lower heart rate at rest after treatment; however, post hoc analysis did not reveal any further statistically significant differences (P = 0.047; F = 3.169). The findings indicate that dual supplementation with C. sinensis and G. lucidum had no effect on Vo2max, on physiological responses at peak exercise load during a graded maximal treadmill test, or on the parameters of anaerobic capacity.

Sex-Based differences of Six Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performances

A recent investigation has demonstrated that an active recovery leads to a greater mean anaerobic power output when more than two Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Tests (WAnT) are performed successively. However, to date, less is known regarding the impact of sex on successive WAnT performances PURPOSE: To determine the effect of sex on six repeated WAnT performances. METHODS: Ten participants, five males (M: age = 21.60 ± 3.05 yr, ht = 1.75 ± 0.03 m, wt = 65.81 ± 5.12 kg, BMI = 21.42 ± 1.17 kg·m-2, %BF = 7.01 ± 1.91 %) and five females (F: age = 19.60 ± 0.55 yr, ht = 1.59 ± 0.04 m, wt = 64.30 ± 5.15 kg, BMI = 25.42 ± 2.65 kg·m-2, %BF = 27.61 ± 2.44 %) completed two identical lab sessions, seven to fourteen days apart. The first lab session served as familiarization, “dry run”, trial in which data was collected but not reported. During both sessions, participants were asked to warm-up by pedaling on a stationary bike for five minutes, at 50 revolutions per min (RPM) with no resistance, before performing six repeated WAnT against a resistance equal to 7.5% of their body weight. The recovery period between tests consisted of three minutes of active recovery (pedaling at 50 RPM with no resistance) and one minute of passive recovery. RESULTS: Peak and relative peak anaerobic power were significantly higher in the M group compared to the F group (M: 497.56 ± 25.63; F: 380.60 ± 17.67 W and M: 7.55 ± 0.22; F: 5.93 ± 0.25 W/kg, p<0.05) with no time effect. There was no significant difference between the M and the F groups when peak anaerobic power was expressed relative to lean body mass (M: 8.12 ± 0.20; F: 8.20 ± 0.38 W/kg, p>0.05). Mean and relative mean anaerobic power were significantly higher in the M group compared to the F group (M: 355.49 ± 17.09; F: 256.88 ± 8.40 W and M: 5.39 ± 0.11; F: 4.01 ± 0.13 W/kg, p<0.05) and a significant time effect (p<0.05) was apparent. There was no significant difference between the M and the F groups when mean anaerobic power was expressed relative to lean body mass (M: 5.80 ± 0.12; F: 5.53 ± 0.15 W/kg, p>0.05) but time effect (p<0.05) was apparent. CONCLUSION: Both the M and the F groups demonstrated similar anaerobic performance trends although the M group achieved higher peak and mean absolute and relative power performances, however, the variances seemed to be related to the differences in body composition between the M and the F groups.

Effects of a Short-Term Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on Strength and Power Performance

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of switching from a habitual diet to a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) on strength and power performance in trained men (n = 16) and women (n = 15). Subjects performed handgrip dynamometry, vertical jump, 1RM bench press and back squat, maximum-repetition bench press, and a 30-second Wingate anaerobic cycling test after consuming a habitual diet (40.7% carbohydrate, 22.2% protein, and 34.4% fat) for 7 days and again after following a CRD (5.4% carbohydrate, 35.1% protein, and 53.6% fat) for 7 days. Before both testing sessions, body weight and composition were examined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Three 2 × 2 multiple analyses of variance were used to compare performance variables between the habitual diet and CRD. Subjects consumed significantly fewer (p < 0.05) total kilocalories during the CRD (2,156.55 ± 126.7) compared with the habitual diet (2,537.43 ± 99.5). Body mass decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Despite a reduction in body mass, strength and power outputs were maintained for men and women during the CRD. These findings may have implications for sports that use weight classes, and in which strength and power are determinants of success. A CRD may be an alternative method for short-term weight loss without compromising strength and power outputs. The use of a 7-day CRD could replace weight loss methods employing severe dehydration before competition.

Validity of the Muscle Power Sprint Test in Ambulatory Youth With Cerebral Palsy

To validate the Muscle Power Sprint Test (MPST) against the Wingate Anaerobic cycling Test (WAnT) in a group of youth with cerebral palsy (CP). Twenty children and adolescents (11 boys and 9 girls; mean age = 14.8 years) with spastic CP, and classified as either level I or II of the Gross Motor Function Classification System, completed the study. Very strong significant correlations were seen for peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) from the MPST and WAnT PP and MP values (PP: r = 0.731, P < .001; MP: r = 0.903, P < .001). The results of this study show that the MPST is a valid test for measuring anaerobic capacity in children with CP, and that this test can be used as an evaluation tool for anaerobic performance in exercise interventions focusing on children and adolescents with CP who are able to walk or run independently.

Validation of a Nonexercise Prediction Equation of Anaerobic Power

This study examined the validity of estimating anaerobic power in college-aged students using anthropometric data and a paper and pencil test. Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were determined for 157 subjects (92 men and 65 women) using a standard Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) at a resistance of 0.075 and 0.10 kg·body mass for women and men, respectively. Subjects completed previously established paper and pencil tests for assessing aerobic capacity and rated their ability to perform tasks related to anaerobic power, such as their vertical jump height relative to peers. Descriptive statistics were generated, and multiple regression was performed using SAS v9.1 to assess the ability of paper and pencil tests to predict PP and MP from the WAnT. Mean (±SD) age, height, body mass, body mass index, PP, and MP for subjects were 22.1 ± 2.5 years, 175.6 ± 7.5 cm, 78.5 ± 11.4 kg, 25.4 ± 3.0 kg·m, 1015.2 ± 169.7 W, and 784.5 ± 122.1 W and 22.0 ± 3.0 years, 163.6 ± 7.4 cm, 61.1 ± 10.4 kg, 22.8 ± 3.4 kg·m, 593.0 ± 102.4 W, and 478.8 ± 72.8 W, respectively. Mean estimated jump height (EJHt) rating values were 5.8 ± 1.5 and 4.7 ± 1.5 (on a 1-9 Likert-type scale) for men and women, respectively. The following multiple regression models were developed:PP = -34.5 + 249.6 (gender; female = 0, male = 1) + 8.1 (BMkg) + 27.8 (EJHt) (R = 0.82, SEE = 106.6 W);MP = -37.7 + 163.7 (gender) + 6.7 (BMkg) + 22.8 (EJHt) (R = 0.87, SEE = 65.5 W).It was concluded that valid estimates for PP and MP could be obtained from anthropometric data and a single question paper and pencil test asking subjects to estimate relative jumping ability, without the need for performing the Wingate anaerobic cycle test.

Optimizing the Wingate Anaerobic Cycling Test for Youth With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) can assess muscle function in youth with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Our objective was to compare peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) when the WAnT is performed with a standard vs. an optimized braking force. Eight patients with JIA between the ages of 8 and 18 participated in two sessions. Optimal braking force was determined with a series of 15-s force-velocity tests performed against braking forces ranging from 3.5 to 8.5% of body weight. Participants then performed two randomized WAnTs against the standard (4.5%) and optimal braking forces. PP tended to be greater in the optimized vs. standard WAnT (12.5 ± 2.6 vs. 10.8 ± 1.0 W/kg, respectively; p = .07). No differences were observed for MP (standard: 6.2 ± 0.9 vs. optimized: 6.2 ± 1.1 W/kg; p = .9). Optimization of the WAnT tended to increase PP by 10-28% in youth with JIA.

The Effects Of Alcohol Consumption On Measures Of Anaerobic Performance

Although alcohol is a depressant drug, some athletes believe it can be used as an ergogenic aid to improve athletic performance. Despite this belief, studies have shown that alcohol has a detrimental effect on endurance and work performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute alcohol ingestion by achieving a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.06% on muscle strength, power, endurance, and anaerobic capacity in college aged males and females. METHODS: Twenty five (13 females, 12 males) college aged males and females (22 ± 3 yrs, 173 ± 12 cm, 70 ± 17 kg, 45 ± 8 ml/kg/min, and 16 ± 7% body fat) completed 1 repetition maximum bench press, vertical jump, abdominal crunches, and the Wingate anaerobic cycling test under placebo (PLA) and alcohol condition (ALC). Trials were completed using a randomized, crossover design (Female: ALC=2.1 g/kg of alcohol + 4.3 g/kg CHO; PLA=6.4 g/kg CHO; Male: ALC=2.6 g/kg of alcohol + 5.3 g/kg CHO; PLA=7.9 g/kg CHO). During the ALC trial, mean BAC during testing was 0.060 ± 0.008. Performance differences were determined by paired t-tests with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between trials for the bench press, vertical jump, and abdominal crunches. Peak watts during the Wingate were similar between trials, but mean watts produced over 30 seconds were reduced during ALC compared to PLA (520 + 166 watts and 538 + 176 watts for PLA and ALC trials, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Achieving a BAC of 0.06% through acute ingestion of alcohol limits sustained anaerobic power output but has minimal impact on measures of muscle strength, endurance, and power.

Effects of Low Dose Buccal Caffeine on Muscle Endurance and Anaerobic Performance

To date there have been a number of studies that have assessed the effects of caffeine on both anaerobic and aerobic performance. However, there is little information about the effects of caffeine on RPE and pain during strength endurance or anaerobic activity. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effects of low-dose caffeine administration on performance, RPE and pain scores after both the YMCA 1-min pushup test and the Wingate Anaerobic cycling test. METHODS: Ten college-aged males were recruited to participate in the investigation. The subjects were given either a piece of caffeine gum that is designed to deliver 100 mg of Caffeine in a buccal manner, or a placebo gum with identical shape and flavoring in a double-blind, placebo controlled, repeated measures design. The subjects chewed the gum (either caffeine or placebo) for five minutes to allow for caffeine absorption and subsequently performed the YMCA 1-minute push-up test followed by the Wingate anaerobic test. Subjects responded to the standard Borg RPE scale and an analogue 10pt pain scale immediately after each test. RESULTS: Repeated measures Mancova (Treatment × Exercise Type covaried for weight) revealed a significant main effect for Treatment (F = 18.534, ηp = 0.698, p = 0.003). The caffeine treatment resulted in lower scores on peak power (Caffeine: 958.5 ± 248.2 watts vs. Placebo: 991.99 ± 193.3 watts) and higher scores on power drop (Caffeine: 776.1 ± 231.2 watts vs. Placebo: 689.2 ± 272.2 watts) during the Wingate and a lower score on the YMCA push-up assessment (Caffeine: 54.2 ± 22.9 reps vs. Placebo: 57.3 ± 23.1 reps). Further analysis via repeated measures Mancova did not reveal any significant main or interaction effects for Pain or RPE. With caffeine supplementation subjects reported slightly lower values on the RPE scale (15.05 ± 0.622 vs. 15.15 ± 0.500) and slightly higher values on the pain scale (4.20 ± 0.398 vs. 4.15 ± 0.661). CONCLUSION: Based upon these data it would appear that low-dose caffeine administered in a buccal manner inhibits performance in tests of strength endurance and anaerobic performance, and has no effects on pain and RPE reporting during those assessments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These findings suggest that low-dose buccal caffeine is not likely to improve strength endurance based or anaerobic based performance, and also is not likely to decrease perceived exertion or pain during these tasks. Therefore, it is not recommended during these types of activities for the purposes of increasing performance or decreasing sensation.

Physiological Determinants of the Candidate Physical Ability Test in Firefighters

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative importance of physiological characteristics during firefighting performance, as assessed by the Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT). Subjects included career and volunteer firefighters aged 18-39 (N = 33). Upper- and lower-body strength, muscle endurance, lower body muscle power, body composition analysis, aerobic capacity, anaerobic fitness, and the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure response to stair climbing were assessed to determine the physiological characteristics of the subjects. To quantify firefighting performance, the CPAT was administered by members of the fire service. Absolute and relative mean power during the Wingate anaerobic cycling test (WAnT), relative peak power during the WAnT, and absolute maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were significantly higher in those who passed the CPAT (N = 18), compared to those who failed (N = 15; p < 0.01). Mean power during the WAnT, fatigue index during WAnT, absolute VO2max, upper body strength, grip strength, and the HR response to stair climbing were significantly related to CPAT performance time (p < 0.01). Absolute VO2max and anaerobic fatigue resistance during WAnT best predicted CPAT performance (Adj. R2 = 0.817; p < 0.001). Performance on the ceiling breach and pull was the only CPAT task that was not significantly related to the physiological characteristics assessed. Measures of anaerobic and cardiovascular fitness best predict overall CPAT performance, and individual task performance. Remedial programs aimed at improving firefighting performance should target anaerobic and aerobic fitness qualities.

Concurrent Verbal Encouragement and Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test Performance in Females: Athletes vs. Non-Athletes

To examine the effect of concurrent verbal encouragement on the performance of the WAnT in female athletes vs. female non-athletes. College-age female subjects were recruited where ten of the subjects were intercollegiate athletes (ATH, n1 =10) and the nine were non-athletes (NON, n2 =9). The WAnT was novel to all subjects and the subjects were blinded to the study's purpose. Prior to the experimental trials, subjects were measured for body composition and performed a familiarity WAnT trial without verbal encouragement. Subjects then performed the WAnT twice, once with concurrent verbal encouragement (VE) and once without (NVE), in a balanced cross-over design. Peak (PP) and mean power (MP), and total work (TW) were compared between ATH and NON across VE and NVE using an ANOVA (1 between, 1 within), α=0.05. ATH and NON did not differ (p>0.05) in age or body composition with the exception of fat-free mass which differed significantly (ATH=53.7±6.6, NON=46.1±5.7 kg) (p<0.05). A significant (p<0.05) main effect for ATH/NON was observed where ATH outperformed NON when pooled across VE/NVE trials for PP (ATH=13.0±1.4, NON=11.3±1.7 W·kg-1), MP (ATH=7.7±1.1, NON=6.7±0.9 W·kg-1) and TW (ATH=232±35, NON=201±26 J·kg-1). When pooled across all subjects (ATH and NON), the VE/NVE trials did not differ (p>0.05) for PP (VE=12.4±1.7, NVE=12.0±1.9 W·kg-1), MP (VE=7.3±1.1, NVE=7.2±1.2 W·kg-1) and TW (VE=219±33, NVE=215±35 J·kg-1). The ATH/NON interaction with VE/NVE was not significant (p>0.05). Concurrent verbal encouragement does not affect performance on the WAnT in females, nor does it affect WAnT performance in female athletes and non-athletes differently.

Non-exercise Prediction Of Anaerobic Power

Previous studies have documented that reasonable estimates of maximal oxygen uptake can be obtained through the combination of selected anthropometric data and a paper and pencil test. PURPOSE: This study examined the possibility of predicting anaerobic power as measured by the Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test using anthropometric data and a questionnaire. METHODS: Ninety-seven (54 males and 43 females) subjects volunteered to participant in this study. Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were determined using a standard Wingate protocol at a resistance of 0.075 and 0.10 kg*kgbw-1 for females and males, respectively. A series of eight questions were generated corresponding to variables associated with anaerobic power, using a Likert-type scale to quantify the response. Additionally, previously published scales from papers investigating non-exercise aerobic power estimates were also included in the analysis (Jackson et al, 1995 and George et al, 1997). Descriptive statistics were generated and multiple regression were performed on SAS v9.0 with an alpha level of p<0.05. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) age, ht, wt, BMI, resting heart rate (RHR), PP, and MP, for males and females were: 21.9±2.5yrs, 175.0±7.8cm, 79.2±12.4kg, 25.8±3.3, 67.3±12.1BPM, 1055.7±192.2W and 800.7±125.7W; and 22.4±3.3yrs, 163.7±7.6cm, 61.0±11.2kg, 22.7±3.8, 69.7±10.3BPM, 607.9±121.6W and 481.7±71.0W; respectively. The mean estimated jump height (EJHt) Likert-scale values were 5.7 ± 1.5 and 4.7 ± 1.3 (on a 1-9 scale) for the males and females respectively. The mean activity code (AC) (Jackson et al. 1995) was 4.9 ± 1.6 and 5.1 ± 1.5 for males and females respectively. Multiple regression revealed the most parsimonious models to predict PP and MP were: PP = 195.97 + 257.05(gender; female=0, male=1) +8.48(wtkg) + 2.81(EJHt)2 -2.48(RHR), R2 = 0.80, SEE = 122.9 W; MP = 214.83 + 180.93(gender) +0.06(wtkg) 2 - 0.16(BMI) 2 + 66.31(AC) -5.97(AC) 2 + 14.8(EJHt) -1.54(RHR), R2 = 0.91, SEE = 60.0 W. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that reasonable estimates for Peak and Mean power could be estimated from a combination of anthropometric data and a questionnaire without performing the Wingate anaerobic cycle test.

The Effect of Light Color on Muscular Strength and Power

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the color of light in a room on muscular strength and power. A convenience sample of 18 men (M age = 20.4 yr., SD = 1.2) performed a modified Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test for muscular power and a hand grip strength test in each of the following conditions: red, blue, and white (neutral) ambient light. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated that average muscular power was significantly higher when performing the test in the room with red light compared to rooms lit with blue light or white light. The results also indicated that grip strength was significantly higher in the room lit with white light as compared to the room lit with blue light.

The Effects of Mid-Level Altitude on the Anaerobic Power Output Of Athletes

PURPOSE: Avast amount of research has demonstrated the hindering effects of altitude, and the hypoxic conditions it presents, on cardiovascular endurance performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relatively unknown field of how such conditions affect anaerobic fatigue, average anaerobic power (M-AnP) and maximal anaerobic power (Wmax). METHODS: 15 highly trained NCAA collegiate athletes, 8 males and 7 females, performed a testing protocol that included vertical jump, repeated hang cleans, and Wingate anaerobic cycling. Each subject participated in the testing at both sea level and altitude (2835 meters), thus acting as their own control. RESULTS: Results from the study suggest that there is no difference between vertical jump performance at sea level and at altitude. The Wingate cycle test also indicates that hypoxic conditions are not a major factor in anaerobic performance. The performers peak anaerobic power (Pk-AnP), fatigue index, and total work showed no significant differences. However, a greater drop off between PkAnP and power output at the 5-second interval was noted during the altitude performances. Hang clean performances produced mixed results, and clear differences were present between the results of male and female performers. Male subjects showed a slight increase in power output when tested at altitude, whereas altitude had no affect on the performance of the female subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Although the difference noted in the early stages of the Wingate anaerobic cycling test falls just outside the range of statistical significance (S>0.05), this could point to a somewhat impaired ability to maintain a high power output in hypoxic conditions, possibly caused by a delay in the initial activation and replenishment of the ATP-PC energy system. Although not definitive, hang clean results also suggest that altitude could influence Wmax and levels of columnar power production. The results of this study are handicapped to some extent by the limited size of the subject pool, possibly explaining the lack of statistical significance found in some of the areas described. Therefore more research is required to confirm and supplement these findings.